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Todd Zakrajsek, Associate ProfessorDepartment of Family Medicine
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill919-636-8170
Teaching for Learning
2013 FALCON Conference Our Role as Teachers
November 8, 2013
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Teaching is not easy…
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Roadmap not always helpful…
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Teach for Learning
Some material presented will be scary at times, but, seriously, teaching can be SO MUCH FUN!!!
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Managing the
Course
FUNDAMENTAL TASKS OF TEACHING
Knowledge of the
Subject Matter
Interacting with
Students
Designing Learning Experienc
es
Beginning of the Course
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Taxonomy of Significant Learning
CaringDeveloping new…
Feelings Interests Values
Learning How to Learn
Becoming a better student
Inquiring about a subject
Self-directing learners
Human DimensionsLearning about:
Oneself Others
IntegrationConnecting:
Ideas People Realms of life
Foundational KnowledgeUnderstanding and remembering:
Information Ideas
Application Skills Thinking: Critical, Creative, & Practical
Managing projects
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Teach for Learning
I don’t understand this stuff at all? What are you talking about in class???
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Design for Learning
What is your anticipated outcome?
How will you accomplish that outcome?
How will you know you were successful?
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Card passing
What is one issue or concern you have with respect to your students and creating an effective learning environment?
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Bligh, 2000, What’s the Use of Lectures? 2000, p.51; Hartley & Davies, 1978, Programmed Learning and Educational Technology:15:207-224.
Body’s Reaction to Lecturing
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Lecture Breaks Increase Students’ Attention
Bligh, What’s the Use of Lectures? 2000, p.51.
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Is this stuff really important, or do I just need to know it for the test???
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What do you want your students to know or be able to do 5 years after graduation?
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I shouldn’t have wasted all that time preparing for the presentation. It was a disaster…
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Learn how to make better (good) assumptions!!!
The only real valuable thing is intuition. - Einstein
Assumptions
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I learned this stuff last year. This is such a waste of time…
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DF04XPBj5uc
Long-Term Potentiation
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I can’t learn in her class. I am a visual learner and she almost never has good pictures in her Powerpoint slides.
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Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence-- vision and olfactory very important
Pashler, McDaniel, Rohrer, & Bjork, 2009
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Doyle and Zakrajsek, 2013
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http://www.theonion.com/articles/parents-of-nasal-learners-demand-odorbased-curricu,396/
Parents Of Nasal Learners Demand Odor-Based CurriculumMarch 15, 2000
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Basketball….
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I can’t do math…I am not a good writer…
I can’t give presentations…I am terrible at tests…
I can’t learn…
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Effort vs. Entity
Mueller & Dweck, 1998
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mugnightvasesvector
http://www.manythings.org/anagrams/
gumthingsavescovert
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marchingnamelesslicensedteachingthickens
charming
salesman
silenced
cheating
kitchens
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hostinch fiberglaresisters
shot
chin
brief
large
resists
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Trial 1 Trial 3
# P
robl
ems
Sol
ved
Standard
Place “Smart” and “Effort” in Proper Place
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Trial 1 Trial 3
# P
robl
ems
Sol
ved
Standard
Effort
Smart
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Carol Dweck, 2006
Entity – fixed, less risk, look smart, criticism is about self
Incremental – growth, accepting challenge, failure is opportunity, criticism is about task
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I study all the time….but I never seem to get good grades.
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Popular Study Techniques
1. ___ Elaborative Interrogation2. ___ Self-Explanation3. ___ Summarization4. ___ Highlighting/underlining5. ___ Keyword Mnemonic6. ___ Imagery for text7. ___ Rereading8. ___ Practice Testing9. ___ Distributed Practice10. ___ Interleaved Practice
Learning Techniques: Promising Directions from Cognitive and Educational Psychology, APS, Psychological Science, (2013) Dunlosky, Rawson, Marsh, Nathan, & Willingham.
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Popular Study Techniques
1. Elaborative Interrogation (M)2. Self-Explanation(M)3. Summarization(L)4. Highlighting/underlining(L)5. Keyword Mnemonic(L)6. Imagery for text(L)7. Rereading(L)8. Practice Testing(H)9. Distributed Practice(H)10. Interleaved Practice(M)Learning Techniques: Promising Directions from Cognitive and Educational Psychology,
APS, Psychological Science, (2013) Dunlosky, Rawson, Marsh, Nathan, & Willingham.
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I learn the stuff, but when I need it I can’t seem to remember it…
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Prop
orti
on o
f id
eas
reca
lled
Retention Interval For Final Test
1 Week5 Minutes
SSSS
SSSTSTTT
Karpicke & Roediger, 2007
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
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Selected References
Angelo, T. A., & Cross K. P. (1993). Classroom assessment techniques (2nd ed.) San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bjork, R. A., & Linn, M. C. (2006, March). The Science of Learning and the Learning of Science: Introducing Desirable Difficulties. American Psychological Society Observer, 19, 29- 39. Bransford, J.D., Brown, A.L., & Cocking, R.R. (1999). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Chickering, A., & Ehrmann, S. (1996). Implementing the seven principles: Technology as lever. AAHE Bulletin, October, 3-6. Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R. B., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using normative appeals to motivate environmental conservation in a hotel setting. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 472-482. Halpern, D. F. & Hakel, M.D. (2002). Applying the science of learning to university teaching and beyond. New Directions in Teaching and Learning, 89. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
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Selected References
Karpicke, J.D., & Roediger, H.L. (2007). Repeated retrieval during learning is the key to long-term retention. Journal of Memory and Language, 57, 151-162. Mueller, C.M. & Dweck, C.S. (1998). Intelligence praise can undermine motivation and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 33-52. Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2009). Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9 (3), 105-119. Available Online - http://psi.sagepub.com/content/9/3/105.full Recht, D.R., & Leslie, L. (1988). Effect of prior knowledge on good and poor readers’ memory of text. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 16 – 20. Wilson, T.D., Damiani, M. & Shelton, N. (2002). Improving the academic performance of college students with brief attributional interventions. In Joshua Aronson, Ed., Improving Academic Achievement: Impact of Psychological Factors on Education. (pp. 91-108). New York: Academic Press.