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Today: Monogamy
xkcd.com
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Reproduction reduces survival
CB53.8
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What different reproductive strategies exist, and what are the benefits and risks?
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These birds are nesting together, they must be an “item”
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10-40% of offspring in “monogamous” bird species are fathered by an extra-pair male
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•Social Monogamy = pair lives/works together, but not “faithful”•Sexual Monogamy = pair raise young and only copulate with each other
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Mating pairs share genetic information and possibly help in child-rearing
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In mammals, child-rearing is most commonly done by the female. She provides milk.
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Less than 0.01% of mammals are monogamous
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Do Males and Females have different attitudes toward sex and relationships?
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On a college campus an attractive male or female asked the opposite sex: “I have been noticing you
around campus. I find you very attractive…”Male answers:…Would you go out
with me tonight?= 50% yes
Female answers:…Would you go out
with me tonight?= 50% yes
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On a college campus an attractive male or female asked the opposite sex: “I have been noticing you
around campus. I find you very attractive…”Male answers:…Would you go out
with me tonight?= 50% yes…Would you come to
my apartment tonight?
= 69% yes
Female answers:…Would you go out
with me tonight?= 50% yes…Would you come to
my apartment tonight?
= 6% yes
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On a college campus an attractive male or female asked the opposite sex: “I have been noticing you
around campus. I find you very attractive…”Male answers:…Would you go out
with me tonight?= 50% yes…Would you come to
my apartment tonight?= 69% yes…Would you go to bed
with me tonight?= 75% yes
Female answers:…Would you go out
with me tonight?= 50% yes…Would you come to
my apartment tonight?= 6% yes…Would you go to bed
with me tonight?= 0% yes
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Why do Males and Females have different attitudes toward sex and relationships?
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The male perspective on monogamy
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Eggs require large resource input.
A clutch of bird eggs can be ~20% of bird’s weight.
Sperm are cheap.
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A female kiwi ready to lay an egg.
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Eggs require large resource input.
A clutch of bird eggs can be ~20% of bird’s weight.
Sperm are cheap.
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Female mammals provide additional resources in form of milk.
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Why might females choose to mate with multiple males?
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Gunnison’s Prairie DogsSexually monogamous female prairie dogs have a 92% chance of successfully giving birth.
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Gunnison’s Prairie DogsSexually monogamous female prairie dogs have a 92% chance of successfully giving birth.
Non-monogamous females have a 100% chance of giving birth
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Mating pairs may be genetically incompatibleCystic Fibrosis: F= normal, f= cystic fibrosis
Mom=Ff
Dad=Ff
fF
F
f
FF Ff
ffFfMom=Ff
Dad=FF
fF
F
F
FF Ff
FfFF
Versus
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_08.html
Can females detect compatible genes?
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Genetic quality and sexual selection: an integrated framework for good genes and compatible genes.Neff and Pitcher Molecular Ecology (2005) 14 pg19– 38
Benefits for females choosing mates for good genes vs compatible genes
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Genetic quality and sexual selection: an integrated framework for good genes and compatible genes.Neff and Pitcher Molecular Ecology (2005) 14 pg19– 38
Benefits for females choosing mates for good genes vs compatible genes
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How can a female know which male has successful genes?
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Females may choose traits, like large displays, that are disadvantageous for male survival.
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How can females determine “good” males?CB 51.30
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Color:Bright coloring can be correlated with health…
CB 51.30
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But a male with a mate is judged as being high quality even if he is less colorful
CB 51.30
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Choosing a mate and reproductive strategies are based on methods to succesfully pass on
genes
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VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
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Oxytocin(hormone)
Water/salt balance
Contraction of womb and milk production
Encourages bonding between individuals
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Hormones are molecules produced in one cell and signal another.
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Oxytocin(hormone)
Water/salt balance
Contraction of womb and milk production
Encourages bonding between individuals
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VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
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VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
Same levels of oxytocin
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Hormones are molecules produced in one cell and signal another.
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VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
• More receptors
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
• Less receptorsSame levels of oxytocin
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VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
• More receptors
• ?
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
• Less receptors
• ?
Same levels of oxytocin
Inject hormone into brain
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VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
• More receptors
• Monogamous
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
• Less receptors
• Nonmonogamous
Same levels of oxytocin
Inject hormone into brain
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VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
• More oxytocin receptors
• ?
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
• Less oxytocin receptors
• ?
Same levels of oxytocin
Block receptors
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VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
• More oxytocin receptors
• Nonmonogamous
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
• Less oxytocin receptors
• Nonmonogamous
Same levels of oxytocin
Block receptors
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VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
• More oxytocin receptors
• Monogamous
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
• Less oxytocin receptors
• Monogamous
Same levels of oxytocin
Increase levels of receptors (genetically) in ventral pallidum
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VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
• More receptors
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
• Less receptorsSame levels of oxytocin
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xkcd.com