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Today:Genetically Modifying Organisms
(see textbook section 38.3)
Exam #4 W 5/5(bring cheat sheet)
Q&A T 5/4 from 4-6pm in WEL 2.224
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Human resource production and use
http://www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/Grain/2006.htm
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Worldwide Grain Production per Person
http://www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/Grain/2006.htm
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Land use in USA, 1997
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from Teosinte MaizeBy artificial selection that began ~10,000 years ago.
Fig 38.16
Artificial Selection
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Hunter-Gatherer
Agricultural
Industrial
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Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA
Fig 20.2
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We can now insert new genes or modify existing genes of organisms
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Genetically modified plants
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Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting some of their DNA into the plants genome and forming a gall.
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Fig 20.25
Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting some of their DNA into the plants genome.
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After inserting a gene into the Agrobacteria, they will insert that gene into the plant's DNA.
Fig 20.25
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Global area planted with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
And http://www.monsanto.com.au/_images/global_area_chart.gif
Texas=70ha
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The agricultural release of genetically modified plants is the largest scale
experiment that has ever been performed.
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Why Change a Plant’s DNA?
•Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristicsStress resistance (cold, drought, disease...)Insect resistance (Bt toxin)Herbicide resistance (Round-up)
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% of T
otal US
A
cres
Common GM Crops in the U.S.
http://blog.wired.com/
wiredscience/2007/09/
monsanto-is-hap.html
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Why Change a Plant’s DNA?
•Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristicsStress resistance (cold, drought, disease...)Insect resistance (Bt toxin)Herbicide resistance (Round-up)
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Have GMO's been beneficial, and what are the risks?
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more precise application vs unintended release
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Human impacts:
Dead zone in Gulf of
Mexico from
Mississippi River
http://blog.nola.com/times-picayune/2007/06/despite_promises_to_fix_it_the.html
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Pollen is easily transferred from plant to plant, and to related species.
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GM crops illegal
GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states
Genetic information moves.
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GM crops illegal
GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states
Genetic information moves, and is self-replicating.
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Monsanto's is one of the largest sellers of GMO's
Monsanto Stock price
http://research.scottrade.com/public/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp
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Monsanto, and other makers of GMO's, protect their product by patents...
Monsanto Stock price
http://research.scottrade.com/public/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp
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Domesticated animals have also been genetically modified:
•Atryn- antithrombin protein produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
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Have GMO's been beneficial, and what are the risks?
… It's complicated.
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We have genetically modified both plants and domesticated animals...What about humans?
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Fig 20.22
Using viruses to add genes to humans
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As with computer technology, the plunging cost of DNA sequencing has opened new applications in science and medicine.Graph: ADAPTED FROM GRAPH PROVIDED BY JEFFREY SCHLOSS/NHGRIGENE SEQUENCING: The Race for the $1000 Genome (17 March 2006) R Service Science 311:1544 - 1546
The material cost will soon be ~$1,000 to sequence a complete human genome at a consumer cost of ~$5,000http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081006/full/news.2008.1151.html
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How close are we to picking our offspring?
Karyomapping is a new technique developed at a British fertility clinic can test for 15,000 known genetic disorders. It takes DNA from 8-day-old in vitro fertilized embryos as well as from the parents and possibly other relatives.The test costs ~$2,300.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7688299.stm
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How close are we to picking our offspring?
“…the test could also be used, more controversially, to detect a genetic profile which showed a susceptibility to conditions such as heart disease or cancer.”
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7688299.stm
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When does picking the ‘best’ become choosing traits?
Sex ratio in China, est. 2008
at birth: 1.11 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
Compare to U.S. at birth 1.05 male(s)/femalehttp://www.indexmundi.com/china/demographics_profile.html
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When does picking the ‘best’ become choosing traits?
What ‘abnormality’ might a parent choose?
One study found that each inch above average may be worth $789 more in salary per year.
Journal of Applied Psychology T. Judge and D. Cable (Vol. 89, No. 3).
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Hunter-Gatherer
Agricultural
Industrial
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Exam #4 W 5/5(bring cheat sheet)
Q&A T 5/4 from 4-6pm in WEL 2.224