Download - TOBI, continued
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TOBI, continued
January 29, 2008
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The Outlook1. Return course project reports.
2. New course schedule.
3. Today:
• Continue the discussion of English Intonation
• And the nuts and bolts of TOBI transcription.
4. Afterwards:
• A discussion of respiration and pulmonic airflow.
5. For Thursday:
• Work on new TOBI exercise files in the computer lab.
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Course Project LanguagesMandarin
Cantonese
Farsi (3)
Welsh
Urdu
Hindi
Dutch (Flemish)
Tamil
Hungarian
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TOBI, so far• English has pitch accents, which align with stressed
syllables in an utterance.
• We’ve seen two pitch accents:
1. H* : peak in F0
2. L* : trough in F0
• English also has boundary tones, which align with the ends of intonational phrases.
• There are also two of these:
1. H%
2. L%
• Boundary tones are not associated with a particular syllable.
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For Example
L* H%
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For Example #2
H* L%
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Information• Note that there’s a tendency to accent new information in the discourse.
• 4 different patterns for 4 different contexts:
H*
H*: Manny came with Anna.
H*
H*: Manny came with Anna.
L*
L*: Manny came with Anna?
L*
L*: Manny came with Anna?
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Question Formation• Note that not all questions end in L* H%.
• What’s the intonational difference between these two?
Did you see Bob?
L*H%
Where did you go?
H* L%
• The upsloping intonation only applies to yes/no questions.
• Also note: “Uptalk”
• = application of L* H% pattern to declarative sentences.
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Break Indices• Intonation organizes utterances into phrases
• “chunks”
• Boundary tones mark the end of intonational phrases
• Intonational phrases are the largest phrases
• In the transcription of intonation, phrase boundaries are marked with Break Indices
• Hence, TOBI = Tones and Break Indices
• Break Indices are denoted by numbers
• 1 = break between words
• 4 = break between intonational phrases
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Break Index Transcription
Tones: L* H%
Breaks: 1 1 1 4
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0 Level Boundaries• 0 level boundaries are marked wherever there is clear coarticulation across a word boundary
• Also for flaps across word boundaries, as in “got it”
0 1 1 4
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Downstepping• There can be more than one pitch accent within an intonational phrase.
• Successive H* accents tend to drift downward in F0 within an intonational phrase.
• = downdrift, or downstepping
• This provides further evidence for phrasal organization.
• Downstepped H* accents are denoted with a !H*
• Anna gave Manny a mango.
H* !H* !H* L%
• There’s a lovely, yellowish, old one.
H* !H* !H* L%
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Downstepping Pitch Track
H* !H* !H* L%
=271 Hz =238 Hz =200 Hz
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Intermediate Phrases• A downstepping pattern can be reset by the presence of an intermediate phrase boundary.
• Example:
It’s lovely, and yellowish, and it’s an old one.
H* !H* L- H* L-L%
• Intermediate phrase boundaries are marked with a break index of 3.
• At the end of each intermediate phrase is an phrase accent
• Either Low (L-) or High (H-)
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Intermediate Phrase Transcription
H* !H* L- H* L-L%
1 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 4
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One Phrase vs. Two Phrases• No intermediate phrase boundary:
“I” means insert.
H* H*L-L%
1 1 4
• An intermediate phrase boundary, with a L- phrase accent:
“I” means insert.
H* L- H*L-L%
3 1 4
• Note: intermediate sense of disjuncture, between word and intonational phrase.
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One Phrase vs. Two Phrases• No intermediate phrase boundary:
Marianna made the marmalade.
L* L* H-H%
1 1 1 4
• An intermediate phrase boundary, with a H- phrase accent:
Marianna made the marmalade.
L* H- L* H-H%
3 1 1 4
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Filling the Gap• Another feature of phrase accents is that they fill in the gap between the nuclear accent and the boundary of the intermediate phrase.
L* + H L- H%
1 0 1 1 4
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Combinations• Different combinations of phrase accents and boundary
tones have different connotations.
1. L-L% Declarative sentences
2. H-H% Yes/No questions (usually)
3. L-H% Continuations
4. H-L% A “plateau” pattern
• Upstep: boundary tones after H- are higher than normal.
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Upstepping
• H-H%
• H-L%
“My name is Marianna.”
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A Chunking Reviewutterance
intonational phrase (intonational phrase) ...
intermediate phrase (intermediate phrase) ...
(pitch accent) nuclear accent
(stressed syllable) stressed syllable
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Break Indices• 4 marks boundaries between intonational phrases
• associated with a boundary tone (H% or L%)
• sense of complete disjuncture
• 3 marks boundaries between intermediate phrases
• associated with a phrase accent (H- or L-)
• lesser sense of disjuncture
• 1 marks boundaries between words
• 0 marks non-boundaries between words
• (2 marks uncertainties or apparent mismatches)
• rarely used
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Bitonal Pitch Accents• In addition to H* and L*, there are two bitonal pitch accents
• L + H*
• L* + H
• The starred element denotes the tone which is associated with the stressed syllable
• L + H* = high peak on stressed syllable, preceded by a sharp rise in pitch
• L* + H = low pitch target on stressed syllable, followed by a sharp rise in pitch
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H* vs. L + H*• Marianna won it.
H*
L + H*
Note: informative vs. contrastive function
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L* vs. L* + H• Only a millionaire.
• Marianna made the marmalade.
H* L* + H L- H%
L* L* H-H%
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L + H* vs. L* + H• There’s a lovely one at Bloomingdale’s.
L* + H
L + H*
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More Downstepping• Bitonal pitch accents can also undergo downstepping.
L + H* L + !H* L + !H* L-L%
1 1 1 1 1 4
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Pitch-Accents Round-up• There are four pitch accents:
• H*
• L*
• L + H*
• L* + H
• They attach to stressed syllables
• The final pitch accent in an intonational phrase is the nuclear accent.
• Generally perceived as more prominent.
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Practice Time…