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Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)Development and Implementation
Hua Zhang
Tetra Tech, Inc.
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Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) The
Pollutant Diet
y TMDL is a pollution budget the amount ofpollutants that can be put into a stream before water
quality standards are violatedy TMDL development is required by the Clean Water
Act for all impaired streams. Many TMDLs are resultsof environmental lawsuits.
y TMDL = 7WLA + 7 LA + MOSy WLA = wasteload allocations (point source)
y LA = load allocations (nonpoint source)
y MOS = margin of safety
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Continuous Efforts of TMDL Development and
ImplementationInform
InterestedParties
Identify WaterQuality
Endpoints
Water QualityMonitoring
Evaluate StreamCondition
ImpairedStream List(303d list)
Pollutant SourceTracking
Source andWater QualityData Analysis
ModelDevelopment
and Calibration
Scenario
Analysis
Stakeholder
Negotiation
SourceAllocation and
Reduction
Report
Development
PublicComments
Response andRevision
Federal Approval TMDLImplementation
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Water Quality Standards A Moving Target
Water quality standards
DO, pH, temperature, nutrients, sediments, pathogen, metals, pesticides, emergingpollutants,
Evaluation, revision and EPA approval
Numerical criteria Specifics: maximum, average, chronic, acute, total, dissolved, ..
Biological Criteria
Use of ecological index (e.g., benthic community assessment)
Stressor identification
Reference waterDescriptive criteria
fishable and swimmable
no significant adverse impact to aquatic ecosystems
Change of Designated Use
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Development of TDS/Conductivity
Endpoint A Case Study
Biologicalimpairment
caused by ionic
stress
TMDLrequired
Mountaintopremoval andvalley fill
Marcellus shalenatural gas
drilling
Protests andthreaten of
lawsuits fromenvironmental
activists
Fishkillaccidence
EPA ScienceAdvisory Boardrecommendedconductivity
level
Potentialconflictions
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Stream Assessment An Evolving Processy Spatial coverage and assessment unit
y Sampling frequency and duration
yHydrological, chemical, and biological parameters
y Stressor identification for biologically impaired streams
y Preliminary pollutant source identification
y 303d List: the list of impaired waters all states to submit
for EPA approval every two yearsy New listing and delisting of impaired streams in 303d list
New listing TMDL under development TMDL developed Meet criteria, Delisting
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Pollutant Source Tracking Capture the
Watershed Dynamics
National Polluant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permits
Industrial : Facilities, Construction, Power Plants, Mining, Landfill
Urban : CSOs, SSO, MS4, POTWs, WWTPs
Agricultural : CAFOs
Non-Point Sources
Residential : Stormwater, Unsewered households
Agricultural : Crops, Pastures
Pre-Law Mining Instream : Bank erosion, Polluted sediments
Natural Background
Weather
Topography
Hydrology and hydraulics
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Data Processing Flexible Systems
Permits Land Uses
Streamchannel Climate Data
TopographyManagement
PracticesMonitoring
data
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Water Quality Modeling Customize for
Application
Raw Data
InterfaceGIS
Database
Output
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Watershed Modeling RelateWater Quality to
Pollutant Sources Formatted databasePreprocessing
SubwatershedsWatershed delineation
Processing unitLanduse manipulation
Coupled modulesModel selection
Model configurationSensitivity analysis
Optimized hydrology parametersHydrology calibration
Chemical and biological parametersWater quality calibration
Baseline pollutant loadBaseline simulation
Load reduction limitsScenario assessment
TMDLs, WLAs, LAsSource allocation
Final documentsPost processing
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Margin of Safety (MOS) Reduce Uncertainty
Uncertainties in the data used for TMDL development
Variability of natural water quality contributions Reliability of the models used for estimating load capacity
MOS should account for
Implicit: TMDL development based on conservative assumptions
Explicit: Allocate a fraction of the TMDL as MOS
Current approach
Uncertainty and error propagation analysis of the water quality models
Rarely used because of the technical difficulties
Scientific approach
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Source Allocation Balance between
Environment and Economyy Baseline and allocated loading
capacity
y Reserve load for future economy
growthy Prioritize various pollutant sources
through stakeholder negotiation
y Consider the political and legalrestrictions
y Evaluate the cost-effectiveness ofallocation scenarios
y Search for the practically achievablescenario of attaining water qualitycriteria
EconomyDevelopment
EnvironmentProtection
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TMDL Allocation
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Meet pH &
dissolved Al WQ
endpoint?
Yes
Alkalinity addition to neutralize
acidic atmospheric deposition
Reduce total Al concentration of
AMD seeps to 0.75 mg/L
Meet dissolved Al
WQ endpoint
(0.75m /L)?
Yes
No need for TMDL
Final TMDL
No
Reduce total Al load of land based
AML to background
Meet dissolved Al
WQ endpoint
(0.75mg/L)?
Reduce bond forfeiture sites and
technology based mining permits total
Al concentration to 0.75 mg/L
Meet pH &
dissolved Al WQ
endpoint
(0.75mg/L)?
Meet pH &
dissolved Al WQ
endpoint for
trout water
(0.087mg/L)? (if
applicable)
Yes
AMD seep alkalinity
addition to attain pH and
dissolved aluminum
endpoints
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TMDL Allocation
Abandoned Mine
Land37%
BankErosion
14%
BarrenLand2%
BondForfeitur
e Sites1%
Harvested Forest
5%
Oil andGas
0%
OtherNPS29%
Permitted Mines
1%
FutureGrowth
4%
Urban/Res/Road
7%
NPDES0%
Cheat River WatershedBaseline Iron Load
Abandoned Mine
Land
2%
BankErosion
23%
Barren
Land3%
BondForfeiture
Sites1%
HarvestedForest
5%
OilandGas0%
OtherNPS49%
PermittedMines
1%
FutureGrowth
7%
Urban/Re
s/Road9%
NPDES
0%
Cheat River WatershedTMDL Iron Load
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
TotalIronLoad
(tons/yr)
Cheat River WatershedTotal Iron Allocation
Baseline
TMDL
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TMDL Implementation
Economy
Available Resources
Cost Effectiveness
Impact on economygrowth
Water quality trading
Politics
Equitable betweeninvolved parties
Public perception
Political boundaries andjudiciary authorities
Inter-agency cooperation
Technologies
Water qualityInformation
Suitable sites
Best ManagementPractices (BMPs)
Monitoring
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TMDL Implementation Two Systems
NPDES Permits : Legal authority
Water Quality based effluent limits
Technology based effluent limits
Stormwater runoff
NPS Program : Volunteer and cooperative efforts
Best management practices (BMPs)
Stream and riparian restoration
Stormwater management (green infrastructure)
Agricultural BMPs
Forest BMPs
Brown fields Technical and financial resources
Available Funding
Water Quality information
Potential implementation sites
Public outreach and education
Stakeholder engagement
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Nonpoint Pollutant Source Reduction
Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Selection Placement
DesignConstruction
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BMP Implementation Cost Effectiveness
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Adaptive Implementation Phased Approach
ImplementationPlan
ImmediateActions
Long-TermActions
Experiments
Monitoring
Water quality
target
Interim target
Avoid Further
Degradation
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Public Participation
PublicOutreach
InformationGathering
VolunteerSource
Tracking
StakeholderNegotiation
TMDLAllocation
CommunityInvolvement
WatershedOrganization
PublicEducation
Fund Raisingand Volunteer
Activities
LandownerCooperation
ImplementBMPs
Monitoringand
Assessment
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AdaptiveW
atershed Management
Public
Raising Awareness and interest
Economy development
Environmental activists
Nature
Climate change
Restoration efforts
Ecosystem response
Policy
New Laws
Regulation changes
Administrative activity
Science
Data availability
Model advancement
Treatment technologies
AdaptiveWatershedManagement
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Email: [email protected]