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Title: Virus Diseases of the Grapevine
Speaker: Naidu A. Rayapati
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Virus Diseases
of the Grapevine Lecture 1
Naidu A. Rayapati Department of Plant Pathology
WSU - Irrigated Agriculture Research & Extension Center
Prosser, WA
509-786-9215
YOUTH & FAMILIES AGRICULTURE HEALTH ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT ENERGY COMMUNITIES
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• Brief overview of viruses
• Grapevine virus diseases
• Conditions which mimic
virus disease symptoms
• Management of grapevine
virus diseases
Topics to be covered
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History’s most deadly events
Event Deaths (millions)
HIV/AIDS Pandemic : 20 (dead) +
40 (living with HIV)
Influenza/Flu Pandemic : 20-40
(1918-1919)
Black Death/Plague : 20-25
(1348-1350)
World War II : 15.9
(1937-1945)
World War I : 9.2
(1914-1918)
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Humans are in a constant battle with viruses
Severe Acquired Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic
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Humans are in a constant battle with viruses
HIV/AIDS pandemic
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Mass cull of sheep due to
Foot-and-Mouth Virus crisis
2001 Epidemic in United Kingdom
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Viruses cause damage to agriculture
Tomato Peanut
Tobacco
Pepper
Potato
Ornamentals
Cucumber Radish
Grapes Peanut
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Crop Virus Countries Loss/Year Rice Tungro SE Asia $1.5x109
Rice Ragged stunt SE Asia $1.4x108
Hoja blanca S. & C. America $9.0x106
Barley Barley yellow dwarf UK £6x106
Wheat Barley yellow dwarf UK £5x106
Potato Potato leafroll UK £3-5x107
Potato virus Y
Potato virus X
Sugarbeet Beet yellows UK £5-50x106
Beet mild yellows
Citrus Citrus tristeza Worldwide £9-24x106
Cassava Africa cassava mosaic Africa $2x109
Many crops Tomato spotted wilt Worldwide $1x109
Cocoa Cocoa swollen shoot Ghana 1.9x108 trees*
*Number of trees eradicated over about 40 years
Some examples of crop losses due to viruses
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Viruses are very much a part of life on earth
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Viruses are different
Virus Bacterium
Electron microscope pictures
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Viruses are sub-microscopic infective agents
logarithmic, metric scale
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Plant cell
Size of leafroll virus: Length: 1/500th of a millimeter
Diameter: 1/90,000th of a millimeter
Size of fanleaf virus: Diameter: 1/40,000th of a millimeter
Leafroll virus
Fanleaf virus
The size of viruses relative to different pathogens
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Viruses have different shapes and sizes Rod-shaped Spherical
Bullet-shaped
Pleomorphic
Long, highly flexuous
Short, moderately flexuous
(Leafroll virus)
(Stem pitting virus)
(Fan leaf virus)
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Coat protein
Viral genome
(RNA or DNA)
Rod shaped viruses Spherical viruses
RNA: Ribonucleic acid
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
Viruses have simple genomes
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Viruses: How do they spread ?
Ground level
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The effectiveness of
the different means of virus spread
Method Local Distant
Contact + -
Seed transmission + +
Pollen transmission + +
Active vectors + +
Less active vectors + -
Vegetative propagation + +
Soil-borne + -
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• No direct method to control viruses (e.g. fungicidal chemicals to control fungal diseases,
antibiotics to control bacterial infections)
• Control methods for viruses are indirect to: avoid infection
prevent infection
limit spread by insect vectors
• Prevention is better than cure
Can we control viruses ?
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Holistic approach to prevent losses due to viruses
• Understand the nature of virus
characterization
strains/variants
diagnostic tools
• Find the mode of transmission
insect vector
seed
vegetative cuttings
• Learn ecology and epidemiology
spread of virus in time and space
cultural practices
vector behavior
• Deploy resistant/immune varieties
through breeding