Download - Tick and Disease caused by them
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Tick Rajeev Kumar Mishra
L2015v38M
COVs, GADVASU,Ludhiana
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Ticks
• Class Arachnida– closely related to mites
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Ticks
• Class Arachnida– closely related to mites
• obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites– vectors
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Ticks of Veterinary Importance
Ixodidae
• sclerotized dorsal shield– “hard ticks”
Argasidae
• unsclerotized– “soft ticks”
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Ticks of Veterinary Importance
Ixodidae
• sclerotized dorsal shield– “hard ticks”
• sexually dimorphic– females larger– male scutum covers dorsum
Argasidae
• unsclerotized– “soft ticks”
• little sexual dimorphism
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Ticks of Veterinary Importance
Ixodidae
• primarily off host– “sit-and-wait”
• mate on host• require days to complete
engorgement• live outdoors
Argasidae
• live in close proximity to host
• mate off host• require mins - hrs to feed
and feed repeatedly• live in dwelling/sleeping
places of hosts
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Life cycle of a tick
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Differences in Life Cycle (1)
hard ticks soft ticks
L.C. O->L->N->A O->L->N1->N2->N3->A
Habitat Free range spp. Attack host in the day
Burrow inhabiting spp. nocternal feeder
Nymph 1 instar Several (5-7) instars
Adult feeding 1 blood meal Intermittent feeders (5-12 or more)
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Differences in Life Cycle (2)
hard ticks soft ticks
Hosts 1-3 hosts More than 10 hosts
Egg laying Thousands / single batch
Less than thousand in several batches
Life span 2 months – 3 years
Long duration (as long as 16 years)
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Argus persicus: fowl tick/blue bug.
Otobius mengnini: spinose ear tick.
Ornithodoros moubata :eyeless tampan of Africa.
Family:- Argasidae
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Ixodes ricinus : castor been tick
Boophilus microplus : the topical catle tick
Boophilus decoloratus : blue tick
Rhipicephalus sanguineus : brown dog tick
Rhipicephalus evertsi : red legged tick
Haemaphysailis leachi leachi : yellow dog tick
Family:- Ixodidae
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Tick Pathogenesis
• anemia– heavy infestations
Picture credits: UC Davis Veterinary School (top) and http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_93608.html (bottom)
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Tick Pathogenesis
• anemia• dermatosis– inflammation, swelling, itching, ulceration from
tick’s saliva and mouthparts
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Tick Pathogenesis
• anemia• dermatosis• paralysis– neurotoxin present in saliva of some species
Dermacentor sp.
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Tick Pathogenesis
• anemia• dermatosis• Paralysis• Tick toxicosis.• vector-borne diseases– viral, bacterial, and protozoal
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Tick-borne Viral Diseases
• Colorado tick feverrodents Dermacentor human
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Tick-borne Viral Diseases
• Colorado tick feverrodents Dermacentor human
• tick-borne encephalitishumans, cattle, horses, dogs
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Tick-borne Viral Diseases
• Colorado tick feverrodents Dermacentor human
• tick-borne encephalitishumans, cattle, horses, dogs
• African swine fever wild suids Ornithodorus pig
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Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases
• Rickettsia rickettsiiRMSFrabbits, rodents Dermacentor dogs, humans
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Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases
• Rickettsia rickettsii• Anaplasma sp.
bovine anaplasmosis: cattle Dermacentorcanine anaplasmosis: rodents, ruminants, dogs Ixodes
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Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases
• Rickettsia rickettsii• Anaplasma sp.• Ehrlichia sp.
canine ehrlichiosisdogs, white-tail deer Rhipicephalus
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Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases
• Rickettsia rickettsii• Anaplasma sp.• Ehrlichia sp.
obligate intracellular parasites
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Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases
• Rickettsia rickettsii • Anaplasma sp.• Ehrlichia sp.
• Coxiella burnetti...no longer grouped with Rickettsia– Q fever
obligate intracellular parasites
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• Borrelia sp. Lyme disease
bovine borreliosis
avian spirochetosis
Tick-borne Bacterial Diseases
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• Borrelia sp.
• Mycoplasma haemocaniscanine hemoplasmosis
dogs Rhipicephalus
Tick-borne Bacterial Diseases
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• Borrelia sp. • Mycoplasma haemocanis• Francisella tularensis
tularemia
rabbits various ticks humans, dogs
Tick-borne Bacterial Diseases
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• Hepatozoon canisRhipicephalus dog
Tick-borne Protozoal Diseases
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• Hepatozoon canis• Babesia sp.
bovine, canine, feline babesiosis, equine piroplasmosis
Rhipicephalus
Tick-borne Protozoal Diseases
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• Hepatozoon canis
• Babesia sp.
• Cytauxzoon feliswild felids Dermacentor cats
Tick-borne Protozoal Diseases
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Hepatozoonosis............................
• etiologic agent: – Hepatozoon canis...an intracellular parasite in various tissues
– transmitted via ingestion of infected tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineous)
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Differential diagnosis:-
Tick infestation can be differentially diagnosed
by grossly examining the sample.
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Tick removal:- Pull straight upward, slowly and
steadily, do not tug or twist. Avoid rupturing the tick body Wash and disinfect bite area
Tick control
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Tick control cont...
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Cont…. • Use of tick repellent on the coat
of animal.Daily grooming of animal can reduce the infestation.
Anti tick bath can be used
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Treatment
• powder 5% as dust• Liquid 10% is used as spray.
Carbaryl :–
Ivermectin :- 1% is given S/C. Bolus/tablet o.2mg/kg b.w 0.5% used as pour-on
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Tick control cont...Doramectin :-
1% is given S/C 0.2mg/kg b.w
Shampoo like ketochlore Or frontline plus can be used for bathing of dog.
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Vaccines
Produced using biotechnology from crude extract of partially engorged female tick.
The immune mechanism is totally different form that induced by tick infestation.
TickGARD™
Gavac™
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References• Craig, T.M. 1998. Hepatozoonosis, pp 458-465, In: Infectious Diseases of
the Dog and Cat, 2nd Edition; Craig E. Greene (Ed), W.B. Saunders, Pennsylvania.
• Greiner, E.C. 2006. Diagnosis of arthropod parasites, pp 185-263, In: Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, 7th Edition; Anne M. Zajak and Gary A. Conboy (Eds), Blackwell Publishing, Iowa.
• Holman, P.J., and K.F. Snowden. 2009. Canine hepatozoonosis and babesiosis, and feline cytauxzoonosis. Vet Clin Small Anim 39: 1035-53.
• Little, S.E. 2009. Vector-borne diseases, pp 240-253, In: Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians, 9th Edition; Dwight D. Bowman (Ed), Saunders Publishing, Missouri.
• Panciera, R.J., Mathew, J.S., Ewing, S.A., Cummings, C.A., Drost, W.T., and A.A. Kocan. 2000. Skeletal lesions of canine hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon americanum. Vet Pathol 37: 225-230.
• Shaw, D. and S. Ihle. 2006. Joint diseases, pp 439-450, In: Small Animal Internal Medicine; Shaw, D. and S. Ihle (Eds), Blackwell Publishing, Iowa.
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