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Thirty Years’ War(1618-1648)
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Based on this map of the HRE on the eve of the 30 Years’ War, what caused the war?
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Causes
• Violations of Peace of Augsburg (1555) freak out Catholics and Protestants alike:– Lutheran acquisition of Catholic bishoprics– Spread of Calvinism– Jesuit reconversion of Lutheran princes
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The Sides
• Protestant Union (1608)• Catholic League (1609)
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The Goal
• Maintain land and influence … don’t let either side advance religiously or territorially
• Religious + political motives
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4 Phases
1. Bohemian (1618-1625)2. Danish (1625-1629)3. Swedish (1630-1635)4. French / international (1635-1648)
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It all began with my favorite historical event …
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Phase 1: Bohemia
• Civil war in Bohemia:– Protestant Bohemians vs. Catholic Habsburgs– Catholic victory Protestantism eliminated in
Bohemia
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Phase 2: Danish
• more Catholic victories• Albert of Wallenstein – leader of Catholic
forces, but more interested in his own gain• Edict of Restitution (1629) – reaffirmed
Augsburg; gave Catholics properties lost to Protestants
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Phase 3: Swedish
• Protestant victories under Gustavus Adolphus
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Phase 4: French/International
• French (Catholic) aid Protestant forces in HRE and declare war on Spain to weaken Habsburgs
• Int’l: German Protestants, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Finns, France on Protestant side
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Peace of Westphalia (1648)
***turning point: end of religious wars***1. recognized sovereignty of ≈300 German princes2. affirmed independence of United Provinces 3. French land gain (Alsace) + weakened HRE4. Swedish $$$ & land gain (German territories in
Baltic)5. ended papal participation in central Euro. religious
affairs6. affirmed Augsburg, + added Calvinism
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Based on the next 2 maps, what can you conclude about the impact of the 30 Years’
War?
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More Consequences
• destroyed agriculture & commerce• deaths: est. 1/3 urban + 2/5 rural ppl• nobles gained