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THEORY AND PRACTICE IN APPLIEDSPORT SCIENCE
Johnny Nilsson
The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences
Graduate student lecture at theLatvian Academy of Sport Education
April 2011
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Aim
To present different examples how Sport Science can beintegrated with practice in sport education and training
To briefly describe different types of research methods related to sport science
Lecture design
1. Wrestling
2. Physical activity & neuro-motor training in physical education & sports
3. Cross-country skiing and Alpine skiing
4. Wheelchair racing
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Laboratory of Applied Sport Science
The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences
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WRESTLING
Analysis of physical demands in Graeco Roman style wrestling
World Championships 1998 & 1999
• Work time profile
• Blood lactate accumulation
• Rated Perceived Exertion RPE
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Arbetsperioder
Viloperioder
Blodlaktathalt
Högintensivt aerobt
arbete & anaerob
belastning
Work time intervals
Rest time intervals
• Blood lactate accu-mulation
• High intensity aerobic work load
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”Dubbel metabolism”
Absolut muskelspänning & blodocklusion Träning
High RPE in forearm muscles
Specific endurance strength training for
”grip” muscles
Wrestling=”double metabolism”; Local muscular enduranceGeneral aerobic endurance
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• ”Local” endurance
• General endurance
• Leg muscle endurancestrength to push opponent forward
• High mean power level
Power= Force • velocity
P= F • v
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Powerboxen
P= F • s/t
Utvecklingsarbete i
syfte att träna
critical power
The Power Box
Prototype 1
Prototype 2
Prototype 3
• Specific leg muscle endurance strength
• Simultaneous feedback
• Logging of training performance
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•Parterrlyft
•Poängutdelning
•Lyftproblematik
• The lift capacity is important for performancein wrestling
• Muscular power: P=F•v ; Absolute strength and speed
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kg
A/D PC Printer
Power-lift
The Power Lift
The Power Lift
• Specific lift power training
• Direct feeback on relevant parameters
• Logging of training performance
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Kvalitativ och kvantitativ teknikanalys; ”The NEAT system”
Qualitative analysis of technique learning
• Digital video & video analysis software
• Feedback on important details in movement technique
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Physical Activity & neuro-motor trainingin Physical education & Sports
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Grammar school
Junior high
Junior high
High school
Motor activity – children play – motor development
R= BreakT=Theory lessonI= Physical education lesson
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Level: Grammar Junior High High
Heart rate (beats/minute)
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Motor activity lesson Route & motor activity choice
Bird perspective
• To study spontaneousand directed motoractivity
• To study and developmotor functions during play
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
5
10
15
20
Lektionstid 36 min
Fp: x
Lek i motorikbana
Glid
a/ru
tcha
Stå
ende
/balan
s
Arm
styr
ka/b
alan
s
Kullerb
ytta
Kry
pa
Klätte
rgån
g
Klättr
a
Pen
dla
i lina
Tram
petth
opp
Förb
ered
else
Gån
g/ba
lans
Vila
/sto
pp
Tran
spor
t
An
tal uppre
pnin
gar
under
lektion
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0
5
10
15
20
Fp: x
Lek i motorikbana
Glid
a/ru
tcha
Stå
ende
/balan
s
Arm
styr
ka/b
alan
s
Kullerb
ytta
Kry
pa
Klätte
rgån
g
Klättr
a
Pen
dla
i lina
Tram
petth
opp
Förb
ered
else
Gån
g/ba
lans
Vila
/sto
pp
Tran
spor
t
Pro
cent av tota
ltid
• Quantity of training = necessity for motor development
• How many repetitions are acceptable for a well designed lesson
• Quality analysis
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Skiing playground
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Combination training: Motor skill & aerobic training
Volleyball
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GIH Motor Lab
Stimulate spontaneousmotor activity
Screening test for teachers a o
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Prototype 1 Prototype 2
The Music Motor Plate
• Motor development with music
• Stimulate people with low motor function to perform music
• Increase motor activity among children and adults
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• Pedagogical dual action
• Combined motor & aerobic training
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Cross-country skiing and Alpine skiing
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Cross-country skiing – Double poling
• Which is the technique of the best skiers?
• Is there a typical co-ordination pattern?
• Effektive ways to test and train double poling
• Need for precise feedback
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Hur stakar eliten ? (Nilsson & Holmberg)
Kinematik, EMG-mönster och muskelaktiveringsgrad vid stakning på snö
EMG-pattern, activation level and joint angular displacement during doublepoling
Recorded muscles Electrogoniometers
• Elite cross-country skiers• Double poling at different speeds• Video recording
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Three step rocket
Step 2Step 1
Step 3
Beginning of thrustEnd of thrust
The winner of the Wasa race
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Hög
Kontroll-
nivå
CNS
Låg
Konroll-
nivå
PNF
Ryggmärg
Receptorer
CENTRAL PROCESSOR
MOVEMENT PATTERNGENERATION
Effectorsignal
EMGsignal
•Time of activation
•Activation level
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Further studies on DP technique
2D and 3D movement analysis
• Pole forces• Joint torques• EMG
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Raw recording from elgons and EMG & video sequence
Hip angle
Knee angle
EMGRectusfemoris
Ext.
EMGRectusabdominis
Flex.
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Three step rocket
Hip
Shoulder
Elbow
Sequential activationOrder of EMG peaks
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The double poling ergometer
The feeling and technique close to DP on skis
• Need for testingdouble poling (DP)performance
• Need for a trainingapparatus giving detailed feedback
A
B
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Po
wer
(W) 150 W
176 W
83 W
Whole body Trunk & arms Arms
A B C
Testing for a weak link in the three step rocket
A more detailed knowledge of power production in DP
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30 s peak och 30 s mean &
30 s peak och 6 min. mean
Correlation between 30p and 30mean
R2 = 0.98
0
100
200
300
400
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
30peak
30m
ean
Correlation between 30peak and 6mean
R2 = 0.87
0
50
100
150
200
250
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
30peak
6m
ean
Strong correlation between short timePower production and endurance power
Specific strength important for DP endurance ?
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B
A
AB
Krav på
absolut
power
Power-kvoten - ” komfort styrka”
Teorin om betydelsen av
stor styrka för hög
medeleffekt
Typ I
Typ IIa
Typ IIx
Sty
rka
fö
r p
ow
er
Intensitet
Strength vs EnduranceStr
eng
thfo
r po
wer
Theory: The importance of high max srength for high mean power and low relative load
Mean powerdemand
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EMG och ledvinklar vid telemarkskidåkning och
barmarksövningar för telemark (Nilsson & Haugen)
•När och i vilken omfattning aktiveras främre lår-
muskulaturen (VL) i telemarkskidåkning ?
•Ledvinkelamplitud och ledvinkelhastighet ?
•Hur specifika är barmarksövningarna; imitationshopp,
knäböj, plyometriska hopp och slide-board ?
Alpine Skiing - Telemark Skiing
• When and how much are the quads (VL) activatedin Telemark skiing and dryland exercises?
• Strength specificity in: -Muscle action-Joint angle amplitude-Angular velocity
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•Fp: 5 manliga åkare i Norges telemarkslandslag
•EMG VL: timing och amplitud
•Ledvinkelrörelser; amplitud och vinkelhastighet
•Datasampling: logger med interface till dator
• Elite male Telemark skiers
• Electromyography EMG
• Electrogoniometry
• Insole pressure
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
100110120130140150160
EM
G V
L (
au)
Time (s)
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
60
80
100
120
140
160
Knee a
ngle
(degre
es) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
020406080
100120140
Foot-
sole
pre
ssure
(au)
Raw recording
Normalized plot
Specificitet
•Amplitud
•Muskelaktionstyp
•Vinkelhastighet
• Telemark skiing
• Telemark jumps
• Barbell squats Muscle action
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1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120 *
*
*
Barbell
squats
Telemark
jumps
Telemark
skiing
E1E1E1 F1F1F1
Net
knee a
ng
ula
r am
plit
ude (
deg
rees)
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Barbell
squats
Telemark
jumps
Telemark
skiing
M
ean E
MG
am
plit
ude
(P
erc
ent)
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
**
*
*
F1 E1 F1 E1
Barbel
squats
Telemak
jumps
Telemak
skiing
F1 E1
Knee a
ngula
r velo
city
(degre
es p
er
second)
• Joint angle amplitude
• Angular velocity
• EMG activation level
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ECCON - Apparatus for test and training of eccentric and concentric leg muscle strength
• Bilateral force recording
• Direct force feedback
• PC data logging
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Wheelchair racing
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Aim
• Learn more about the muscle coordination patternin wheelchair racing
• Learn more about speed dependence in muscle coordination and EMG amplitude
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Competition technique - muscle activity
•Elektromyography - EMG
Tric. Brachii
Bic. Brachii
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
•Elbow angle
•Trunk angle
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•Speed registration: Laser camera + speed logger
•Video filmning
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Wheelchair movement cycle
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60 70 80 90 100
0
40
80
120
160
85 1007565
EM
G B
ic b
r dxt
Relativ hastghet %
60 70 80 90 100
075
150225300375450
EM
G T
ric b
r dxt 60 70 80 90 100
0306090
120150180
EM
G P
ect dxt
60 70 80 90 100
0306090
120150180
EM
G L
ats
dxt
Speed versus EMG amplitude
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The End