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Theories of Learning
Rogelyn P. Diola BSE-English
DE LA SALLE ARANETA UNIVERSITYVictoneta Avenue, Malabon City
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory
Late 1800s and early 1900sPavlov observed that if meat powder was
placed in or near the mouth of a hungry dog, the dog will salivate.
The meat powder is referred to as an unconditioned stimulus.
Salivation occurred automatically in the presence of meat, this response called unconditioned response.
Neutral stimulus (ringing of the bell) paired with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and gains the power to prompt a response similar to that produced by the unconditioned stimulus.
Several Principles of Classical Conditioning
Stimulus Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Thorndike’s S-R TheoryEdward Thorndike’s work on animal
behavior and the learning process led to the theory of connectionism.
A theory that proposes letting children learn themselves rather than receiving instruction from teachers.
Law of Effect states that if an act is followed by a satisfying change in the environment, the likelihood that the act will be repeated in similar situations increases.
• Law of Readiness states that when an organism, both human and animal is ready to form connections to do so is satisfying and not to do so is annoying.
• Law of Excercise states that any connection is strengthened in proportion to the number of times it occurs and in proportion to the average vigor and duration of the connection.
B. F. Skinner Operant Conditioning Theory
Focused on the relation between behavior and its consequences.
The use f pleasant and un pleasant consequences to change behavior is often referred to as operant conditioning
reinforcement is defined as any behavioral consequence that strengthens( that is, increases the frequency of) a behavior.
• Positive reinforcers are events that are presented after a response has been performed and that increases the behavior or activity they follow.
• Negative reinforcers are escapes from unpleasant situations or ways of preventing something unpleasant from occurring.
• Primary reinforcers are those that satisfy basic human needs.
• Secondary reinforcers are those that require reinforcing power because they have been associated with primary reinforcers.
Social Learning Theory
It is a major outgrowth of the behavioral learning theory tradition and developed by Albert Bandura
Focuses to a much greater degree on the effects of cues on behavior and in internal mental processes, emphasizing the effects of thought on action and action on thought
Four Phases Attention. An observer must attend to and
recognize the distinctive features of the model’s response because mere exposure to a model does not ensure acquisition of behavior.
Retention. Reproduction of the desired behavior implies that a student symbolically retains the observed behavior.
Motor reproduction processes. symbolic coding produces internal models of the environment that guide the observer’s future behavior.