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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Overview
• Then and Now• How We Got to Now• The Future
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
THEN AND NOW
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Then and Now
MOr9x30Uw
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Then and Now
VDOT: Hampton Roads Then and Nowhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLMOr9x30Uw
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Then and Now
VDOT: Shirely Highway Then and Nowhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKAUkDCz6YA
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Then and Now
VDOT: Shirely Highway Then and Nowhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKAUkDCz6YA
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Then and Now
VDOT: Shirely Highway Then and Nowhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKAUkDCz6YA
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
HOW WE GOT TO NOW
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
1880
• League of American Wheelman (LAW) founded
1885
• Invention of the Safety Bicycle
1893
• Office of Road Inquiry created
• 1st
American automobile: “gas buggy” “horseless carriage”
1896
• Rural Free Delivery
1899
• 1st U.S. motor vehicle crash, pedestrian killed in NYC
Late Nineteenth Century and the Popularity of Bicycling
http://bicycling.about.com/od/thebikelife/ss/History.htm#step5
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Rise of Motor Vehicles in the Early Twentieth Century
1905
• 78,000 registered automobiles
1908
• Ford Model T is released, the 1st automobile available to most of the middle class
1911
• Centerline painted in Michigan
1913
• Lincoln Highway
1914
• 1st electric traffic signal installed in Cleveland, OH
1915
• 1st STOP sign appears in Detroit, MI
1916
• Bureau of Public Roads is created
1918
• 10,723 traffic crashes
• 5.55M registered vehicles
• WI is 1st state to erect official route signs as part of its maintenance functions
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Rise of Motor Vehicles in the Early Twentieth Century
1920
• Transportation Research Board is established
• 1st 3-color traffic signal installed in Detroit, MI
1924
• 1st national conference on highway safety held, Washington, DC
1926
• Uniform Vehicle Code is developed during the 2nd
highway safety conference
1929
• 31,215 traffic crashes
1932
• Revenue Act of 1932 establishes 1st national gas tax at 1 cent per gallon
1935
• 1st Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) published
1938
• AASHO adopts “Balanced Design” concept
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Consequences, Cause and Effect
• Speeding• Crashes
– Centerlines– Wider pavements– Straighter roads
• Faster speeds• Increase in crashes• Focus on Safety
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Balanced Design for Safety
• Highway engineers to concerned about inconsistency between posted speed limits and safe design speed on curves.
• In 1935, Barnett of the BPR proposed that all new rural roads conform to an “assumed design speed,” a comfortable top speed for drivers outside of urban areas
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
The 40’s and Post War Development and Growth
1940
• Pennsylvania Turnpike opens
• Federal Highway Act
• 32M registered vehicles
1941
• Defense Highway Act
1944
• Congress approves development of National System of Interstate Highways and Federal Aid Highway Act
1954
• 58M registered vehicles
1956
• Federal-Aid Highway Act dedicated funding stream to support interstate highway system
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
The 60’s
1963
• 83M registered vehicles
1964
• 47,700 highway related deaths; 10% increase above 1963 highway fatalities
1966
• Highway Safety Act and National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Acts are signed, creating the U.S. Department of Transportation
1968
• 1st Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard requiring seat belts is passed
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
The 70’s and 80’s
1970
• 106M registered vehicles
1971
• 1st Federal safety standard requiring child passenger restraints (FMVSS 213)
1973
• Oil embargo leads to energy crisis
• Highway Safety Act of 1973, introduction of National Maximum Speed Law
1974
• Safety standard requiring motorcycle helmets is passed
1979
• Oil crisis in the wake of the Iranian Revolution
1984
• New York becomes 1st State to pass mandatory seat belt law
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Multimodal Shift in the 1990s
1990
• 1st U.S. modern roundabout built in
• Summerlin, Las Vegas, NV
1991
• ISTEA is passed, adding a multimodal perspective to the Fed-aid program
1993
• Gas tax increased to 18.4 cents per gallon
1995
• National Maximum Speed Law is repealed
1998
• TEA-21 is passed, calling States to adopt a 0.08% blood alcohol content limit for drivers
http://www.roundaboutsusa.com/
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Legislation in the 21st Century
2005
•SAFETEA-LU is passed
2006
•244M registered vehicles
2009
•1st diverging diamond interchange (DDI) built: Springfield, MO
2012
•MAP-21 is passed
2014
•32,744 traffic fatalities
•254M registered vehicles
2015
•FAST Act is passed
•35,092 traffic fatalities; 7.2-percent increase over 2014
•> 4800 roundabouts in the U.S.
•> 60 DDIs in the U.S.
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
TRENDS
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Changes in Number of Fatalities
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Overall Decline in Fatalities
Traffic Fatalities in the U.S. by Year, 1983-2013 (Source: NHTSA FARS)
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Increasing Number of Vehicles
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Overall Decrease in Fatality Rate & Increase in Travel
Fatality Rate and Vehicle Miles Traveled (1966-2013)
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Congestion Today
28
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Congestion Tomorrow
29
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Limits on Creating New Capacity
30Source: http://www.dot.gov/BeyondTraffic
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
THE FUTURE
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Connected Automated Vehicles
The path toward connected vehicles will ultimately lead to automated vehicles.
32
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
What is a Connected Vehicle?
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Automated Vehicle Terminology
• Connected vehicles are those which use wireless technology to communicate among vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and other road users
• Automated vehicles are those in which at least some aspect of a safety-critical control function (e.g., steering, throttle, or braking) occurs without direct driver input.
• Autonomous vehicles are those which operate in isolation from other vehicles using internal sensors
• Connected automated vehicles are those which leverage autonomous and connected vehicle capabilities
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
• Connectivity is critical to safe and efficient operations
• Partial automation will likely provide significant transportation system benefits
• Full automation has the potential to revolutionize the transportation system
Automation In Transportation
35
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
Primary Enabling TechnologiesPOSITION, NAV & TIMING MAPPING
COMMUNICATIONS
SENSORS
HUMAN FACTORS
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Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation
More Information
• Contact [email protected]
• History of the Interstate System and more….http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/interstate.cfm