The World Before War

1919 - 1939

TotalitarianismGovernment that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life

Dynamic LeaderUnites peopleSymbolizes govt.Encourages popular support through force

IdeologySets and glorifies state goalsJustifies govt actions

State Control of Individuals

Controls EVERYTHING Business, labor, housing, education, religion, the arts, etc.

Methods of EnforcementTerrorCensorshipPersecution

Use of TechnologyMass communicationAdvanced weaponry

Totalitarian Rulers in the 2oth Century

Adolf HitlerBenito MussoliniJoseph StalinKim Il SungSaddam Hussein

The Rise of Mussolini

Italy’s Conditions After WWI

Had fought w/Allies but didn’t get all they were promisedHuge war debtsNo markets to sell goods

Mussolini’s Background1883: Born to a working class family1919: Formed the Fascist party

Facism:Totalitarian system of governmentDefended private property and class structureCause of nation advanced at all costs

1920: Began to campaign for power1921: Mussolini’s followers, Blackshirts, physically attacked political opponents and drove elected officials from office

Democratic govt did nothing to stop them

1922: Fascists stages March on Rome to protest

King Victor Emmanuel III named Mussolini Prime Minister

1924: Blackshirts ensured Italians voted for Fascist candidates

Mussolini began calling himself “Il Duce” – “the leader”Banned non-Fascist partiesFascists arrested, assaulted or murdered anyone who voted against them

Mussolini’s Accomplishments

1.Brought order to Italy2.Built up armed forces3.Solved unemployment

problem4.Rekindled patriotism

The Rise of Adolf Hitler

1889: Born in Austria1913: Rejected by Austrian army 1914: Joined WWI w/German army1918: Received military award1919: Joined German’s Workers’

Party = future Nazi party

1920: Put in charge of Nazi propaganda

1923: Beer Hall PutschTried to seize power of govt.Sent to prisonWrote Mein Kampf = “My Struggle”

1933: President Hindenberg invited Hitler to be Chancellor

Nazis got 44% of vote in the next election

1934: Hindenberg diedGovt. combined Chancellorship and PresidencyHitler became der Fuhrer = “the leader”