Download - The workplace war on drugs
The Workplace War on Drugs:
Historical and Modern
Warfare
Richard Evers
Research and Development Manager,
Synergy Health
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
History of the War on Drugs
+ Origins of Workplace Drug Testing
+ SAMHSA
+ Drug Testing in the United Kingdom
+ Parliamentary Report/Statistics
+ Opiates
+ Legal Highs
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
The War on Drugs
+ Nixon Administration Slogan in 1971
+ Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
+ Repealed mandatory minimum sentences for cannabis
possession
+ Began Federal Demand Reduction programs
+ Drug Treatment Programs
+ Appointed first Drug Czar (Robert DuPont)
+ 1973 Drug Enforcement Administration formed
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Vietnam
+ US military begins drug testing (Nixon, July 1971) for rehabilitation after
tours of duty
+ 1972 DoD amnesty program results in 16,000 soldiers admitting a problem
+ September 1971 survey of returning soldiers: -
+ 45% of military had used heroin, opium, speed or barbiturates
+ Heroin was ‘constantly and universally available’
+ April 1974 – Random testing
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
USS Nimitz
+ 26th May 1981 off coast of Florida
+ EA6B Prowler surveillance aircraft
crashed on landing
+ 14 dead, 45 injured
+ 3 planes destroyed, 9 damaged
+ Cost $150,000,000
+ Flight crew tested positive for cannabis
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
President Reagan
+ December 1981
+ Authorised punitive action on results of drug tests
+ Just Say No (1986)
+ Executive order 12564 – 15th September 1986
+ Drug Free Federal Workplace
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Chase, Maryland
+ 4th January 1987
+ 3 Conrail engines passed a signal and moved
onto the main line, then stopped
+ Amtrak train 94 filled with holidaymakers hit
the Conrail train at 108mph
+ 16 dead and many injured
+ Conrail drivers were smoking cannabis in the
cab
+ Congress approves Random drug testing
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Exxon Valdez
+ 24th March 1989, Prince William Sound, Alaska
+ 11,000,000 barrels of oil, largest in the US
(until Deepwater Horizon)
+ Multiple causes
+ Failed radar system
+ Short staff
+ Excessive hours
+ Captain accused of being alcoholic
+ Blood Alcohol 10 hours after collision was 0.61‰
+ No preservative used
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Drug Testing Legislation
Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (1988)
+ Scientific and Technical Requirements
+ Certification of Laboratories
Model Plan for a Comprehensive Drug-Free Workplace Program (1989)
+ Specifies Cocaine, Marijuana (cannabis), Opiates, Amphetamines and PCP
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
SAMHSA
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
+ NIDA – National Institute on Drug Abuse
+ Drug research facility
+ Responsible for the Federal Workplace testing programs
+ Promotes rehabilitation and Employee Assistance Programs
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Staten Island Ferry, 2003
• Ferry hit pier at full speed
• 71 injured
• 11 killed
• Pilot taking Tramadol
• Damages to victims >$54million
• Ferry director imprisoned for 366 days
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Truck Driving in the USA
• Trucker hit a family BMW from
behind
• Car balanced over the edge of
the highway for over an hour
• Mother, 10 year old son and 10
week old baby
• Truck went through the railings –
driver killed
• Driver was high on
methamphetamine
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
“Truck driving is one of the deadliest jobs in America”
• Drugs present 7 times as often
as alcohol on weekend nights
• “Driving while intoxicated is
regarded as one of the leading
causes of fatal truck accidents
today”
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Eltham Well Hall
+ 11th June 1972
+ Eltham, South London
+ Curve (20mph speed limit) taken at 65mph
+ Driver and 6 passengers killed, 126 injured
+ Driver BAC 2.78‰ (probably drinking in cab)
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Cannon Street
+ 8th January 1991
+ 07:58 from Sevenoaks
+ Commuter train failed to stop
+ Hit buffers at 10mph
+ 2 killed, 524 injured
+ Causes
+ Old train carriages
+ Driver had cannabis in his system
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Transport and Works Act 1992
+ Safety of Railways etc.
+ Simpler route to parliamentary approval of major projects
+ Part 1, Chapter 1
+ Introduced drink and drugs legislation to the railways
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
UK Legislation
+ Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)
+ Class A, B and C drugs
+ Criminal Justice treatment of drugs
+ Misuse of Drugs Regulations (1985 and 2001)
+ Schedules I to V
+ Healthcare requirements for drugs
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
UK Laboratory Guidelines for Workplace Drug Testing (2001)
+ Prepared by laboratories, taking comments from: -
+ Suppliers
+ Regulatory Bodies, and
+ Key Clients (HM Prisons, Railtrack)
+ Defined processes still followed today
+ Followed by EU Guidelines in 2002
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
UK Reports
+ Drug Testing in the Workplace (2004)
+ Independent enquiry
+ Drugscope
+ Joseph Rowntree Foundation
+ New Economics Foundation
+ Drug Testing on Trial (2003)
+ All Party Parliamentary Drug Misuse Group
+ 6 officers including David Cameron MP
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
M5 coach crash, March 2012
• Driver parked coach in the slow
lane after breaking down
• Coach hit by a lorry at 54mph
• 2 dead, 39 injured
• Roadside breath test
46µg/100mL
• Evidential breathalyser 2 hours
later below the limit
• Drink-drive conviction 12 years
ago after falling asleep and
crashing bus
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Drug Use in the UK
+ British Crime Survey
+ Lifetime Cannabis use ~ 35%
+ Last month Cannabis use
+ Lifetime use of Class A drugs
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
UK Guidelines
+ Wider range of drugs
+ Dihydrocodeine
+ LSD
+ Methaqualone
+ Allows use of LC-MS
+ Less proscriptive
+ Not backed by the law
+ Benzodiazepines
+ Barbiturates
+ Methadone
+ Buprenorphine
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Standard Tests
+ Synergy Health UDS3 drug screen
+ Opiates
+ Amphetamines
+ Cocaine
+ Methadone
+ Tests for the principle abused drugs in the UK at this time
+ Benzodiazepines
+ Cannabis
+ Barbiturates
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Opiates
• Heroin
• Morphine
• Codeine & Dihydrocodeine
• Poppy seeds
• 2001 US SAMHSA raised opiate cutoff from 300 to 2000ng/mL
• Reduced number of “false positive” opiate results
• SAMHSA Guidance on opiate use
• Familial use
• MRO results on codeine
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Poppy Seeds
• Determination of metabolites of poppy seeds
• Noscapine
• Papaverine
• Thebaine
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Changing Drug Use
+ Barbiturates
+ Buprenorphine
+ Ketamine
+ Legal Highs
+ Steroids
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
The changing face of medicine
• Non-opiate painkillers
• Propoxyphene
• Oxycodone
• Tramadol
• Fentanyl
• Heroin rehabilitation treatment
• Diamorphine
• Buprenorphine
• Tranquillisers
• Barbiturate use down
• Benzodiazepine use up
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Spice
+ 2008
+ JWH-018
+ Synthetic Cannabis
+ Increasing popular in prisons as it avoids
drug tests
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Mephedrone
+ 2010
+ Huge press publicity
+ Several deaths attributed to ‘miaow miaow’
+ Classified by the Home Office in 2010
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Novel Psychoactive Substances
+ 70+ new substances detected in 2012
+ 16 new substances by April 2013
+ Very difficult for labs to keep up with users
+ Drug Identification
+ Reference materials
+ Immunoassays
+ How can policies be worded to include these substances
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Synergy Health Routine Drug Screen (2014)
+ Remove Barbiturates
+ Add Ketamine and Buprenorphine
+ Other drugs by request
+ Anabolic Steroids
+ Legal Highs
+ Specified drugs
+ Tramadol
+ PCP
+ LSD
+ Methaqualone
+ Barbiturates
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Drug Driving Law
• Allows prosecution without proving impairment
• Allows medical use of prescription drugs
• Sets limits for a range of drugs
• Becomes law on March 2nd 2015
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare
Thank you for listening
Are there any questions?
The Workplace War on Drugs: Historical and Modern Warfare