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The VitaminsThe Vitamins
Chapter 10 & 11Chapter 10 & 11
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The Water-Soluble Vitamins:The Water-Soluble Vitamins:
B and CB and C
(there are 8 B Vitamins)(there are 8 B Vitamins)
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins:The Fat-Soluble Vitamins:
A, D, E, and KA, D, E, and K
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What are Vitamins?What are Vitamins?
- small organic molecules- small organic molecules
- essential nutrients- essential nutrients
- required in very small quantities- required in very small quantities
e.g.e.g. 5 5 g / day of Vit Dg / day of Vit D
400 400 g / day of folateg / day of folate
14 14 g / day of bioting / day of biotin
Compare this to the energy nutrientsCompare this to the energy nutrients
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Energy NutrientsEnergy Nutrients
Assume a 2000 kcal / day dietAssume a 2000 kcal / day diet
% Carbs:% Carbs: ??
% Lipids:% Lipids: ??
% Proteins: % Proteins: ??
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Energy NutrientsEnergy Nutrients
Assume a 2000 kcal / day dietAssume a 2000 kcal / day diet
% Carbs:% Carbs: 55% x 2000 kcal = 1100 kcal 55% x 2000 kcal = 1100 kcal
% Lipids:% Lipids: 30% x 2000 kcal = 600 kcal 30% x 2000 kcal = 600 kcal
% Proteins: 15% x 2000 kcal = 300 kcal% Proteins: 15% x 2000 kcal = 300 kcal
275 g Carbs, 67 g Lipids, 75 g Protein275 g Carbs, 67 g Lipids, 75 g Protein
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What do Vitamins look like?What do Vitamins look like?
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What do Fat Soluble Vitamins look like?What do Fat Soluble Vitamins look like?
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What do Vitamins actually do?What do Vitamins actually do?
- they are co-factors or co-enzymes- they are co-factors or co-enzymes
- they help proteins perform various - they help proteins perform various functions within the body.functions within the body.
e.g. - enzymes in energy metabolisme.g. - enzymes in energy metabolism
- vision (Vit. A)- vision (Vit. A)
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Coenzyme Action
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The Water-Soluble Vitamins:The Water-Soluble Vitamins:
B and CB and C
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Metabolic pathways
involving B Vitamins
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Getting Proper Levels of Vitamins
If the guidelines of diet-planning are followed, individuals in the developed world should not have a problem.
However, there are things to consider:
1) Bioavailability2) Stability3) Solubility4) Toxicity
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Understanding Dose Levels vs Health Effects
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The B VitaminsThe B Vitamins
- Thiamin- Thiamin - Riboflavin- Riboflavin
- Niacin- Niacin - Biotin- Biotin
- Pantothenic acid- Pantothenic acid
- Pyridoxine- Pyridoxine
- Folate- Folate
- Cyanocobalamin- Cyanocobalamin
Lets look at 2……
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©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Thiamin
Pork is the richest source of thiamin, but
enriched or whole-grain
products typically make
the greatest contribution to a day’s intake because of the
quantities eaten.
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Thiamin (TPP) - Vit BThiamin (TPP) - Vit B11
- involved in the- involved in theconversion of pyruvateconversion of pyruvateto acetyl-CoAto acetyl-CoA
- deficiency results- deficiency results
in a condition knownin a condition known
as beriberias beriberi
- damage to nervous- damage to nervous
system, brain function,system, brain function,
heart and muscles.heart and muscles.
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©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Folate(Folic Acid)
Leafy green vegetables,
legumes, liver, and
some fruits are
naturally rich in folate.
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Folate (Folic acid)Folate (Folic acid)
- involved in the synthesis of DNA, - involved in the synthesis of DNA, especially in newly formed cellsespecially in newly formed cells
- deficiency results in anemia and GI - deficiency results in anemia and GI tract deteriorationtract deterioration
- in the developing fetus, neural - in the developing fetus, neural tube defects have been linked to low tube defects have been linked to low folate levelsfolate levels
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When dietitians say “vitamin C,” people think “oranges,” but these foods also are rich in vitamin
C.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
- deficiency results in scurvy- deficiency results in scurvy
- involved in the synthesis of - involved in the synthesis of collagencollagen
NH2
+
O
ONH2
+
O
O
OH
Ascorbic Acid(Vit. C)
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Vitamin C
RDA(75 - 100 mg/day)
Linus Pauling
Common coldAnd
Heart Disease75
90
2000
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The Fat-Soluble Vitamins:The Fat-Soluble Vitamins:
A, D, E and KA, D, E and K
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Forms of Vitamin A
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Vitamin A Deficiency
- 100 million children worldwide suffer from some form of Vit A deficiency
- Infectious Disease - Measles kills 2 million children each year
- Night Blindness and Xerophthalmia
- Keratinization
(RDA = 700 - 900 g / day)
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©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The carotenoids in
foods bring colors to
meals
….. the retinoids in
our eyes allow us to see them.
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Retinol’s Role in Vision
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Vitamin D Deficiency
- rickets in children
- osteomalacia in adults leading to osteoporosis
(AI = 5 g / day)
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Vitamin D synthesis
and activation
Part from diet
Part from biosynthesis
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Vitamin D synthesis and Latitude
©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
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©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Vitamin D can be synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight or obtained from foods derived from animals. A deficiency causes rickets in childhood. Fortified Milk is an important food source.
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Vitamin E Deficiency: -tocopherol
- Primary deficiency is very rare
- Secondary deficiency:(usually associated with a lack of fat absorption)
- Erythrocyte hemolysis
- Neuromuscular dysfunction
(RDA = 15 mg / day)
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Free Radical Formation
O2 O2 H2O2 OH + H2O
e- 2 H+e- H+e-
.- .
protein
or
lipids(PUFA)
.OH+
protein
or
lipids(PUFA)
.
.
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Anti-oxidant Protection AgainstFree Radicals
protein
or
lipids(PUFA)
.+ Vit. E
protein
or
lipids(PUFA)
.+ Vit. E
(active) (inactive)
.
Vit. E
(inactive)
+ Vit. C Vit. E
(active)
+ Vit. C.
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Vitamin E Supplements
Vitamin E has 3 stereogenic centres
Therefore, when made synthetically:
2 x 2 x 2 = 8 different forms
ONLY 1 is the NATURAL & ACTIVE form
1 / 8th
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Vitamin K Deficiency
- Primary deficiency is rare because it is produced from bacteria in the GI.
- Secondary deficiency: 1) altered fat absorption2) drugs such as antibiotics kill or
disrupt bacterial production of Vit. K
(AI = 90 - 120 g / day)
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Vitamin K Deficiency
- Hemorrhagic disease
(uncontrolled bleeding)
- Bone Health - i.e. osteoporosis(involved in the activation of 3 bone
health related proteins)
- Calcification of Arterial Plaques(increased risks of heart disease
and arterial sclerosis)
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Notable food sources of vitamin K include:
milk, eggs, brussels sprouts,
collards, liver, cabbage,
spinach, and broccoli.
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Phytochemicals in Disease Prevention
Phytochemicals -
metabolites produced by plants
e.g.
1) Antioxidant activity2) Phytosterols
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Anti-oxidant Protection AgainstFree Radicals
protein
or
lipids(PUFA)
.+ Phyto chemical
protein
or
lipids(PUFA)
.
(active) (inactive)
.
+ Phyto chemical
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Phytochemicals in Disease Prevention
Broccoli SproutsApples: Flavonoids
Garlic & Onions: Allicin (S)
Tomatoes: Lycopene
Flax: Lignan
Red Wine: Resveratrol