Download - The uses of Tables & graphs
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Tables & Graphs
Franco ValdésConstanza Martínez
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IMPROVING THE CLARITY OF TABLES
1.- How they are constructed 2.- How they are presented.
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How they are constructed
Clarity of tables can be improved by paying attention to:
Size, complexity and organisation Captions and the prose descriptions of the tables
Large tables and figures are comparatively rare in most research articles Appendix
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Rules
1. Split large tables into smaller ones2. Produce one overall summary table rather
than several small tables3. Provide clear captions that say what the table
is about, or tell the reader what the table shows (some people look at the tables first before reading the text)
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Rules4. round off the numbers so that readers can make
meaningful comparisons more easily (giving data to four or five decimal points gives a misleading measure of accuracy)
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Rules
5. Consider including averages (averages not only summarise the data but they also allow the reader to grasp better the spread of the scores presented)
6. Use the same layout for a series of tables to avoid subsequent confusion for the reader
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Presenting tables
Common problems:
a) The positioning of the tables on the pageb) How tables are fitted into the space allocated
to themc) The space between the columns is
manipulated to make the table fit the space available, without taking into account whether or not that space is used to group the data appropriately
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Prose descriptions of tables
Tables, and their contents, have to be explained to readers in the text
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Prose descriptions of tables
‘Statistics-based’
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Prose descriptions of tables
‘Reader-based’
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Concepts you need to know: Variable: An element, feature, or factor that is
liable to vary or change. Frecuency: the frequency of a particular data value
is the number of times the data value occurs Axis: The vertical and horizontal lines that make
up the quadrants of a coordinate plane. The vertical axis is usally referred to as the y axis and the horizontal axis is usually referred to as the x axis.
Before starting…
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Mainly problems of typesetting can affect the
appearance of graphs. And, like tables, graphs can be separated to make them fit in the space available, which can affect the perceived importance of the results.
The clarity of graphs
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Pie charts, bar charts and line-graphs
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Bar charts are easy to construct and are
usually clear, but, again, difficulties arise with the labelling if several different components on each measure are presented.
Bar charts
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Line graphs are good for showing the
performance of two or more groups in different conditions, especially when the data from the different groups vary according to the condition they are in – technically, when there is an ‘interaction’ between them
Line graph
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Tables and graphs provide different ways of
presenting data, each with their advantages and disadvantages.
Tables are probably best for displaying exact numbers; graphs for displaying trends in the data.
Trend: If the values of one set of data increases and the values of other set also increases then the two sets of related data shows a positive trend (outcome).
Notes
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A pie chart is a circular chart divided into
sectors, illustrating relative magnitudes or frequencies. In a pie chart, the area of each sector is proportional to the quantity that represents. Together, the sectors create a full circle.
Pie charts are difficult to label and to read if they contain several segments.
Pie chart
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Many of the features of tables and graphs discussed above are also relevant to their presentation in conferences. However, in conference presentations, it is best to present data drastically simplified.
Tables and graphs in conferences