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The Use of Radio Frequency
Identification in Pharmacy
as presented byPeter O Omondi
Pharmacy Department
Princess Elizabeth Hospital
(Health & Social Services Dept, The States of Guernsey)
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIMLondon Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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The Proposed Use of RFID to
Track Patient MedicationCompounded in the Pharmacy
Production Unit at UniversityCollege London Hospital
Project Dissertation
ByPeter O Omondi,
MScMBIT
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIMLondon Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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What is RFID?
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) - the
technology that allows people to identify
items uniquely by using electronic taggingtechniques in which electro-magnetic radio
waves are used to exchange data. This data is
stored in a silicon chip, between movable
tagged objects and fixedreaders in specific
locations. Landt (2005)
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIMLondon Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Types of RFID Systems(Landt, 2005)
Uni-directionalRead Only (R).
Bi-directional/Two-wayRead/Write (RW).
Write Once Read Many - WORM
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIMLondon Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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History of RFID
RADAR in 1940s in WWII Leon Theremin (1946)
Listening Device TX incident Radio waves
with sound information diaphragmmodulated reflected radio frequency.
Not essentially ID tag.
Widely considered to be predecessor of RFIDtech.
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIMLondon Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Investors in RFID Manufacturing - >USD 6bn by 2010 (US and
Europe = USD 3bn). Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Packaged Goods
(CPG) and Automobiles.
(RFID in Manufacturing, 2005)
Boeing - Massive savings in 787 Dreamliner
(Business Week, 2009)
Retail Tesco, Target - Suppliers adopt andincorporate RFID tech.
Walmart - RFID to reduce o/s by 30% (RFID Journal,09)
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIMLondon Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals(Business Week, 2009)
Feb 2004FDA in US allowed entire pceuticalsupply chain to implement and use RFID by
2007
Oct 2004 ER dept of Washington HospCentre in DC used RFID for tracking status and
exact location pts, staff and essential equip.
Tagging of pts in hosp challenges (invasion ofprivacy) Caldicott???
Data collected improve medical processes,
decision-making and resource management.Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIMLondon Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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UCLH at a glance
UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust wasformed in 1994.
Mission - UCLH Committed to:
patients safety.
Improved patient services.
Comply with DoH standards and performanceindicators.
Pharmacy Aseptic Unit.
(uclh.nhs.uk)
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIMLondon Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Patient reports to clinic
Blood screening in outpatient.
Prescription generated.
Prescription sent to Pharmacy by hand. Prescription received and screened by
pharmacist.
Worksheets (W/S) and labels generated.
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIMLondon Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Workflow inside the unit (Ref: Fig2)
Worksheets and labels sent to assembly point.
Raw materials assembled and checked
W/S and Raw Materials sprayed into CleanRoom.
Chemo compounded and sent out to checking
and labelling area.
Checked off by pharmacist and put in
collection box.
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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.
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Supply Chain Workflow
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Outside the unit (Ref: Fig3)
Nurse phones unit to enquire about
prescription.
If outpatient nurse collects.
If inpatient porter collects at designated
pick-up times.
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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.
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Problems & Opportunities Difficult to know the progress of the chemo
while production is going on.
Standards & Guidelines
Dept of Health (DoH)
>=20yrs for Prescriptions Waiting times
MHRA Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
Royal Pharmaceutical Society of GB (RPSGB)guidelines
Std Operating Procedures (SOPS)
ISO Services
IEEE, BCSPeter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
Findings...
Unit has a stand-alone PC that records the
entrance and exit of the prescription.
Porter/nurse collects prescription tracking
lost.
Need to improve on the current
documentation process.
Need to manage waiting times positively.
RFID has potential.
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Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
Available Technology: Tracking and Tracing
Tracking Following products as they move
through the supply chain stage by stage (Barcoding).
Tracing Getting information about a specific
product. Mostly done at the end of the supply chain(downstream). e.g. finding out which
actor/technician has been involved in the
manufacture of a product and then the information
is traced backwards (RFID).(Symonds and Parry, 2008)
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Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)27 January 2010
Barcode TechnologyTypical Barcode
Barcode Readers
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Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
RFID Tags and Readers(RFID Journal, 2009)
.Tag Tag
Handheld Reader Reader Demo
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Intellitag Ready-to-Go Evaluation KitCourtesy of: Barcoding.com (2009)
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Barcode Vs RFID
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Types of RFID tags
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Project Objectives
Potential benefits of RFID to theNHS
Introduce RFID technology intoNHS
Working prototype application
How Viable/Affordable? To gain hands-on experience
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
High-Level Project Plan
Literature Review
Requirement Elicitation Requirement Specification
Choice of methodology PRINCE2, Agile
Methods, Extreme Programming (XP). Risk Analysis (ID, classify, mgt plan) Risk Log
Resource Planning
Resource Allocation
Task and Time Allocation
(Nuseibeh and Easterbrook, 2000)
l h
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A typical RFID Architecture
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
P d UCLH RFID A hit t
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Proposed UCLH RFID Architecture
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
UCLH P d ti U it Fl Pl
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UCLH Production Unit Floor Plan
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
Cost consideration - Adapted from the module Managing Mobile Technologies in MScMBIT,
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Cost consideration Adapted from the module Managing Mobile Technologies in MScM IT,
LSBU, coursework in Semester 2, Omondi, P (May 2009).
Solution Characteristic & Cost
Manual systemExisting costs based on salaried existing members of staff.
Barcoding Set-up Costs: Need to have labels printed, purchase scanners, software
and install these onto system, staff training.
Cost: Existing + Barcode set-up costs, scan twice (beginning and end
dedicated staff member, hence takes up more time and commits staff).
RFID Set-up costs: Slightly higher than Barcoding (but offset by long-term
benefits of the technology).
Cost: Existing + RFID set-up costs.
Recommended The Strategic Orientation at UCLH favours the introduction of RFID
technology, as they would like to have better tracking with much focus on
the tracing elements of RFID applications.
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Implementation
Prototype
Test Prototype function V specs
Re-evaluation of Prototype
Implementation of System Maintenance of System
Data Quality, Integrity
Use of Data Gathered - to improve system,decision-making process, resource and asset
management.Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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References
Arnott, S. (2007). Minister prescribes RFID tags for NHSComputing.co.uk
http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2183863/minister-
prescribes-rfid-tags (accessed 10 May 2009).
Barcoding.com (2009). How much does an RFID tag cost?.
http://www.barcoding.com/faq/rfid-tag-cost.shtml [Accessed 30
September 2009].
British Journal of Healthcare Computing and Information Management
(2008) NHS hospitals adopting barcode and RFID technology to improve
patient safety http://www.bjhcim.co.uk/news/2008/n807018.htm#
[Accessed Jul 2009].
IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques (2009). "A Chipless
RFID Sensor System for Cyber Centric Monitoring Applications".
Jones, P., Clarke-Hill, C., Shears, P., Comfort, D., &Hillier, D. (2004). Radio
frequency identification in the UK: Opportunities and challenges.
International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 32(3), 164-171.
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2183863/minister-prescribes-rfid-tagshttp://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2183863/minister-prescribes-rfid-tagshttp://www.barcoding.com/faq/rfid-tag-cost.shtmlhttp://www.bjhcim.co.uk/news/2008/n807018.htmhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=4909499&arnumber=4806180http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=4909499&arnumber=4806180http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=4909499&arnumber=4806180http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=4909499&arnumber=4806180http://www.bjhcim.co.uk/news/2008/n807018.htmhttp://www.barcoding.com/faq/rfid-tag-cost.shtmlhttp://www.barcoding.com/faq/rfid-tag-cost.shtmlhttp://www.barcoding.com/faq/rfid-tag-cost.shtmlhttp://www.barcoding.com/faq/rfid-tag-cost.shtmlhttp://www.barcoding.com/faq/rfid-tag-cost.shtmlhttp://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2183863/minister-prescribes-rfid-tagshttp://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2183863/minister-prescribes-rfid-tagshttp://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2183863/minister-prescribes-rfid-tagshttp://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2183863/minister-prescribes-rfid-tagshttp://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2183863/minister-prescribes-rfid-tagshttp://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2183863/minister-prescribes-rfid-tagshttp://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2183863/minister-prescribes-rfid-tags -
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References (Cont)
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency[MHRA] (2009). Good Manufacturing Practice,http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Inspectionandstandards/GoodManufacturingPractice/index.htm[Accessed 06 June 2009].
Roberts, C. M., (2006) Radio frequency identification(RFID) Science Direct. compute r s & s e c u r i t y 2 5 ( 2 0 06 ) pg18 26.
The Department of Health (2009) Pharmacy in the Future:Implementing the NHS planhttp://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publications PolicyAndGuidance/DH_4005917(Accessed 16 March 2009).
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Inspectionandstandards/GoodManufacturingPractice/index.htmhttp://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Inspectionandstandards/GoodManufacturingPractice/index.htmhttp://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Inspectionandstandards/GoodManufacturingPractice/index.htmhttp://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publications%20PolicyAndGuidance/DH_4005917http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publications%20PolicyAndGuidance/DH_4005917http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publications%20PolicyAndGuidance/DH_4005917http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publications%20PolicyAndGuidance/DH_4005917http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publications%20PolicyAndGuidance/DH_4005917http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publications%20PolicyAndGuidance/DH_4005917http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Inspectionandstandards/GoodManufacturingPractice/index.htmhttp://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Inspectionandstandards/GoodManufacturingPractice/index.htm -
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Thank you for your time
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)
27 January 2010
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Questions ???
Peter O Omondi, MScMBIT Faculty of BCIM
London Southbank University (LSBU)