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The European Commission’s science and knowledge service Joint Research Centre
The support to enable the use of biomass for energy in the EU
Manjola Banja
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The support to enable the use of biomass for energy in the EU
Manjola Banja Martin Jégard
Jean-François Dallemand Richard Sikkema Vincenzo Motola
EUBCE 2018 Bella Center, Copenhagen
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• Aim: • Overview of the support for bioenergy • Policy framework: • EU climate and energy strategy • Data used/sources: • →EU Member States Progress Reports on renewables • (2011, 2013, 2015) • →RES-Legal EU •
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Outline
Bioenergy in the EU Sustainability of bioenergy Conversion efficiency Overall support measures for bioenergy in the EU Who applies what? Key takeaways
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Bioenergy in the EU, 2005 -2016
116 Mtoe in 2016 →a rise by 78% comparing with 2005
Almost 60% of final RES (196 Mtoe) Biomass (E+HC) – 52% of final RES in 2016
The growth mainly due to biogas Biogas (E+HC) – 5 times fold 2005 level Germany (9 fold), Italy (5 fold), United Kingdom (2 fold)
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Voluntary schemes • → 20 schemes recognized (14 active) Regulations for bioenergy emissions – part of the support schemes • → AT, BE (Flemish, Wallonia), NL and UK Prohibition use of certain feedstock’s • → BE (woody feedstock for wood-processing) • →PL, HU (stem wood with diameter above a certain size) • →FI (coarse round wood) • →NL (woody residues for energy only as a by-product) Cascading principle – use for energy last step • →BE, HU, NL (different approaches)
Sustainability of feedstock’s bioenergy
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Relevant for public support schemes beyond 2025 Heating production Higher energy conversion efficiency rates are applying in some front running EU Member States • → Austria (60%), Germany (70%), France (75%)
Electricity production So far, only GHG reduction goals in the supply chain • → Denmark, United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands
Conversion efficiency
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Overall support measures for bioenergy (2005-2015)
41,4%
46,9%
7,8%
3,9%
47,6%
33,1%
2,4%9,7%
6,5%
95,3%
4,7%
Electricity Heating/Cooling Transport
Bioenergy
Biofuels
Biogas
Bioliquids
Biomass
CHP
Cogeneration
DH
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Who applies what ? Bioelectricity Bioheat Biofuels
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Bioelectricity Feed-in-tariff – 18 BG, CZ, DE, IE, EL, FR, HR, IT, CY, LV, LU, HU, AT, PL, PT, SI, SK, UK Constant FIP – 13 CZ, DK, DE, EE, EL, FR, HR, IT, LU, HU, NL, PL, FI
Sliding FIP – 3 DE, LT, SI
Green certificates – 3 BE, RO, SE
Auctions – DE, FR, IT, LT, HR, HU, PL, PT, SI, UK
Mainsupportbioelectricity
FIT
FIT/FIPc
FIT/FIPc/Tender
FIT/FIPs/Tender
FIT/FIPc/FIPs/Tender
FIT/CfD/Tender
FIPc
FIPs/Tender
TGC
n.a
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Changes in the support schemes after 2014 bioelectricity
Germany, France, Italy United Kingdom →combination of tariffs and premiums with auctions
Croatia, Ireland, Latvia, Bulgaria
→combination of tariffs with premiums
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Incentives for bioelectricity >350 incentives >40% biogas, landfill and sewage gas CZ, EL, NL, DE, HU, UK
largest number of incentives for bioelectricity
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
NumberofIncentives-Biomasselectricity
otherbiomass
Biogas
Landfill&sewagegas
Co-firingpure
CHP
Waste
Anaerobicdigestion
Forestry
Manure
Co-firingcoal
Solidbiomass
Anaerobicfermentation
Bioliquids
Conversion
Gasification
Agriculture
Cogeneration
Energycrops
Biogas
26,6%
otherbiomass
28,6%
Landfill&sewagegas
10,5%
CHP
4,8%
Co-firing
7,6%
Waste
4,5%Anaerobicdigestion
4,2%
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Example of an Effectiveness Indicator bioelectricity(2010-2014)
Comparison with 2020 plans Clear pattern in "support schemes – deployment" DE IT UK
SK
LV
PT
PL FI
IE LT
BG
HR
ES
LU
CY
RO SI
FR
MT
EL
BE
0
50
100
PEIbiomass-el(2010-2014)
FIP
FIT
FIT/FIP
FIT/GC
GC
𝐺↓𝑛 =𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑛
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Average support for bioelectricity Italy – the highest average feed-in tariff 2010-2014, at 230 €/MWh France – the highest average feed-in tariff after 2014, at 187,5 €/MWh Average sliding feed-in premium for biogas double that of other biomass
Subsidy
Taxmechanism
FIPs
FIP
Tender
FIPs/Tender
CfD
CfD/Tender
FIT
Averagesupport(€/MWh)
Biogas
Otherbiomass
127
126
124
131
106
131
108
109
103
103
101
113
97
56
26
34
18
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Bioheat Subsidy– 18 BE, BG, CZ, DE, EE, IE, EL, FR, LT, LU, HU, AT, PL, RO, SI, SK, FI, UK
Tax mechanism- 9 CZ, DK, EE, EL, FT, IT, LU, HR, HU, NL, PL, SI, FI
Feed-in Premium – 2 DK, NL
Feed-in tariffs– 1 LT
Auctions – 1 HU, NL
Mainsupportbioheat
Subsidy
Subsidy/Tax
Subsidy/Tax7Tender
FIT/Subsidy
Tax
FIP/Tax
FIP/Tax/Tender
n.a
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Incentives bioheat
58% of incentives for other biomass for heat Feed-in tariff and premium main support for biogas for heat Netherlands –the highest average premium for fermentation in CHP Germany – the highest average subsidy for pellet installations
Averagesupport(€/MWhth)
Otherbiomass
Biogas 52
61
84
31
73
20
50
Pricemechanism
DomesticRHI
Non-domesticRHI
FIP
FIT
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Biofuels Quota– 24 BE, BG, CZ, DK, IE, EL, ES, FR, IT, LV, LT, LU, HR, HU, MT, NL, AT, PL, PT, RO, SI, SK, FI, UK
Tax mechanism- 14 BE, CZ, DK, EL, LV, LT, HU, NL, AT, PT, SI, SK, FI, SE
GHG reduction quota – 1 DE
Subsidy– 6 EE, EL, LT, HU, AT, SI Premium tariff – 1 DK
Mainsupportbiofuels
Quota
Quota/Tax
Quota/Tax/Subsidy
FIP/Quota
GHGreduction
Subsidy
Tax
n.a
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Biofuels blending obligation
• In 2016 • Bioethanol – 3.3% blending share (energy basis) • Biodiesel – 5.8% (blending share (energy basis)
• France – the highest blending share in 2014 (7.7%) • Finland – the higher blending share in 2016 (10%) • Italy, Denmark – mandate for advanced biofuels
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Key takeaways
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• Electricity sector • Support schemes in the focus of policy makers • • →Targets (role of policy) For example: phasing out coal (co-firing) • →Costs (lowering) • →Shifting towards combination FIT & FIP with Auctions • large-scale installations • successful in some countries • →Financial and fiscal incentives • →Technology support : focus on biogas electricity •
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• Heating/cooling sector Support schemes less widespread and aggressive
Main support for other biomass than biogas • →Financial incentives (subsidy, loans and few feed-in tariffs) • →Fiscal incentives (energy tax and carbon tax) • effective in some countries but not in others • →Production-based incentives (Renewable Heat Incentives) • not successful at the desired scale • →Competition with gas/oil prices is getting more feasible
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• Transport sector • Lags behind the expectations • • →Biofuels obligation/mandates (markets for road transport) • →Fiscal incentives (tax mechanism) • →Financial incentives (premium tariff – only Denmark) • →Regulatory measures (the main type applied) →Sustainability criteria (few MS have national schemes) →Competition of advance biofuels from waste, residues and lignocellulose material from food and feed
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