![Page 1: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The SuperCable:Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power
Paul M. GrantEPRI Science Fellow (retired)
IBM Research Staff Member EmeritusPrincipal, W2AGZ Technologies
2004 SuperGrid 225 - 27 October 2004, Urbana, Il
Technical Plenary Session – Levis Faculty Center -- UIUCMonday, 25 October 2004, 9:30 AM
![Page 2: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Discoveries
Leiden, 1914
Onset TC = 40 K !
La- Ba- Cu- O
Onset TC = 40 K !
La- Ba- Cu- O
Zürich, 1986
![Page 3: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
+ +
+ +•e-
+ +
+ +•e-
Superconductivity 101C ooper P r ob lem
2
s ingle particles
pairs
e ik r1
e -ik r2
H(k) + H(-k) + V(k)
V(k) = -V0 0 k f dk e ik(r
1 - r
2)
(r1-r2) = (r1-r2)(s 1,s 2)
2 e-2/N(E f)V 0
F er m ion -B oson F eynm an D iagr am
q
k1
k'1
k2
k'2
)/1exp( 14.1 DCT
(Niobium) K 5.9
,28.0
,K 275
C
D
T
)/1exp( 14.1 DCT
(Niobium) K 5.9
,28.0
,K 275
C
D
T
•-• eeee
![Page 4: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
GLAG
G d rm
i e A i e A a b[ ] [*
( * ) *( * ) * * *] 3 12
1
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(| | )
( / )
/
* *
i f f f
i f f f f f
a b f
A
L
A
A A
A
2 2
2 12
2
12
0
1 0
0
2
![Page 5: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Flavors of Superconductivity
1/4
HC1H
-M
Meissner
HC1
Normal
TCTemperature
Mag
net
ic F
ield
<
Type I
![Page 6: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Abrikosov Vortex Lattice
DipoleForceDipoleForce
H
![Page 7: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Flavors of Superconductivity
1/4
HC1H
-M
Meissner
HC1
Normal
TCTemperature
Mag
net
ic F
ield
HC2
HC2
Mixed
>
Type II
![Page 8: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Abrikosov Vortex Lattice
DipoleForceDipoleForce
J
H
FF
![Page 9: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Flavors of Superconductivity
1/4
HC1H
-M
Meissner
HC1
Normal
TCTemperature
Mag
net
ic F
ield
HC2
HC2
Mixed
>
Type II
NOTPERFECT
CONDUCTOR!
![Page 10: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Abrikosov Vortex Lattice
DipoleForceDipoleForce
J
H
FF
“Pinned”
![Page 11: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
IrreversibilityLineIrreversibilityLine
Meissner
HC1
Normal
TCTemperature
Mag
net
ic F
ield
HC2
Mixed
The Flavors of Superconductivity
R = 0
R 0
Meissner
HC1
Normal
TCTemperature
Mag
net
ic F
ield
HC2
Mixed
![Page 12: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
No More Ohm’s Law
Typical E vs J Power Law
0.0E+00
5.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
2.0E-05
0 25000 50000 75000
J (A/cm^2)
E (
V/c
m)
E = aJn
n = 15
T = 77 KHTS Gen 1
E = 1 V/cm
![Page 13: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ac Hysteresis
1/4
HC1
H
-M
HC2
H
M
H
M
![Page 14: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
TC vs Year: 1991 - 2001
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0
50
100
150
200T
emp
erat
ure
, T
C (K
)
Year
Low-TC
Hig
h-T
C
164 K
MgB2
![Page 15: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor
1. PowderPreparation
HTSC Wire Can Be Made!
A. Extrusion
B. Wire DrawC. RollingDeformation
& Processing3.
Oxidation -Heat Treat
4.
Billet Packing& Sealing
2.
But it’s 70% silver!
![Page 16: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Finished Cable
![Page 17: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Reading Assignment
1. Garwin and Matisoo, 1967 (100 GW on Nb3Sn)
2. Bartlit, Edeskuty and Hammel, 1972 (LH2, LNG and 1 GW on LTSC)
3. Haney and Hammond, 1977 (Slush LH2 and Nb3Ge)
4. Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant, 1997 (5 GW on HTSC, 1000 km)
5. Grant, 2002 (SuperCity, Nukes+LH2+HTSC)
6. Proceedings, SuperGrid Workshop, 2002
These articles, and much more, can be found at www.w2agz.com, sub-pages SuperGrid/Bibliography
![Page 18: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1967: SC Cable Proposed!
100 GW dc, 1000 km !
![Page 19: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
“Hydricity” SuperCables
+v I-v
I
H2 H2
Circuit #1 +v I-v
I
H2 H2
Circuit #2
Multiple circuitscan be laid in single trench
![Page 20: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
Flowing LiquidHydrogen
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
Flowing LiquidHydrogen
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
SuperCable
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thickAl
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thickAl
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thickAl
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
![Page 21: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Power Flows
PSC = 2|V|IASC, where PSC = Electric power flowV = Voltage to neutral (ground)I = SupercurrentASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus
Electricity
PH2 = 2(QρvA)H2, where PH2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H2)ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube
Hydrogen
![Page 22: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Power Flows: 5 GWe/10 GWth
0.383.025,000100,0005,000
tS (cm)DC (cm)HTS J C(A/cm2)
Current (A)
Power (MWe)
Electrical Power Transmission (+/ - 25 kV)
0.383.025,000100,0005,000
tS (cm)DC (cm)HTS J C(A/cm2)
Current (A)
Power (MWe)
Electrical Power Transmission (+/ - 25 kV)
45.34.76405,000
DH- actual (cm)
H2 Flow (m/s)
DH- eff ective (cm)
Power (MWth)
Chemical Power Transmission (H2 at 20 K, per "pole")
45.34.76405,000
DH- actual (cm)
H2 Flow (m/s)
DH- eff ective (cm)
Power (MWth)
Chemical Power Transmission (H2 at 20 K, per "pole")
![Page 23: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Radiation LossesWR = 0.5εσ (T4
amb – T4
SC), where WR = Power radiated in as watts/unit areaσ = 5.67×10-12 W/cm2K4
Tamb = 300 KTSC = 20 Kε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surfaceDH = 45.3 cm WR = 16.3 W/m
Superinsulation: WRf = WR/(n-1), where
n = number of layers = 10
Net Heat In-Leak Due to Radiation = 1.8 W/m
![Page 24: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fluid Friction LossesWloss = M Ploss / ,
Where M = mass flow per unit length Ploss = pressure loss per unit length = fluid density
Fluid Re (mm) DH (cm) v (m/s) P
(atm/10 km)
Power
Loss (W/m)
H (20K) 2.08 x 106 0.015 45.3 4.76 2.0 3.2
![Page 25: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Heat Removal
dT/dx = WT/(ρvCPA)H2, where dT/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/mWT = Thermal in-leak per unit Lengthρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow RateCP = H2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube
SuperCable Losses (W/M) K/10km
Radiative Friction ac Losses Conductive Total dT/dx
1.8 3.2 1 1 7 10-2
![Page 26: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SuperCable H2 Storage
Some Storage Factoids
Power (GW)
Storage (hrs) Energy (GWh)
TVA Raccoon Mountain 1.6 20 32
Alabama CAES 1 20 20
Scaled ETM SMES 1 8 8
One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2
LH2 in 45 cm diameter, 12 mile bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain
![Page 27: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Relative Density of H2 as a Function of Pressure at 77 K wrt LH2 at 1 atm
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Pressure (psia)
Rh
o(H
2)/
Rh
o(L
H2)
Vapor
Supercritical
50% LH2
100% LH2
H2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H2
and 100% at 6800 psia
![Page 28: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
FlowingHigh PressureHydrogen Gas
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
Flowing liquid N2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter DN
HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
FlowingHigh PressureHydrogen Gas
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
Flowing liquid N2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter DN
“Hybrid” SuperCable
![Page 29: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Electrical Issues• Voltage – current tradeoffs
– “Cold” vs “Warm” Dielectric
• AC interface (phases)– Generate dc? Multipole, low rpm units (aka hydro)
• Ripple suppression– Filters
• Cryogenics– Pulse Tubes– “Cryobreaks”
• Mag Field Forces• Splices (R = 0?)• Charge/Discharge cycles (Faults!)• Power Electronics
– GTOs vs IGBTs– 12” wafer platforms– Cryo-Bipolars
![Page 30: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Construction Issues• Pipe Lengths & Diameters (Transportation)• Coax vs RTD• Rigid vs Flexible?• On-Site Manufacturing
– Conductor winding (3-4 pipe lengths)– Vacuum: permanently sealed or actively pumped?
• Joints – Superconducting– Welds– Thermal Expansion (bellows)
![Page 31: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Jumpstarting the SuperGrid
• Do it with SuperCables• Focus on the next two decades• Get started with superconducting dc
cable interties & back-to-backs using existing ROWs
• As “hydrogen economy” expands, parallel/replace existing gas transmission lines with SuperCables
• Start digging
![Page 32: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Electricity Generation - June 2004
Coal49%
Oil2%Hydro
7%
Nukes20%
Gas18%
Renewable2%
![Page 33: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Al-Can Gas Pipeline
Proposals
![Page 34: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Mackenzie Valley Pipeline
1300 km
18 GW-thermal
![Page 35: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Electrical Insulation
“Super-Insulation”
Superconductor
LNG @ 105 K1 atm (14.7 psia)
Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K
Thermal Barrier to
LNG
LNG SuperCable
![Page 36: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
SuperCable Prototype Project
H2 e–
H2 Storage SMES
Cryo I/C Station
500 m Prototype
“Appropriate National Laboratory”2005-09
![Page 37: The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/5514229b550346e7488b589f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Regional System Interconnections