Download - The Study of Language (Etymology)
In the Name of Allah
The Study Of LanguageWord Formation
Saeed Jafari
Researcher on LinguisticsB.A Teaching English as a Foreign Language
Etymology
Etymology is the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. By an extension, the term "the etymology of [a word]" means the origin of the particular word.
Greek and Latin have had the biggest influence on English
This influence started thousands of years ago…
Where do the words we use come from?
• English is a blend of words from many other languages
• These words made their way into the English language in many ways
o Occupation by other countries/cultureso English occupation of other countries/cultureso Brought by immigrantso Cultural trends and fashions
The English language is always changing!
country name, late 14c., from Medieval Latin Turchia, from Turcus (see Turk) + -ia
guinea fowl
How Latin words got into English Language ?
Latin• The Roman Empire expanded into Britain, bringing Latin
Latin•Latin words found their way into the Anglo-Saxon language of the people in Ancient Britain
their way into the Anglo-Saxon language of the people in people in Ancient Britain
Latin word “stratum” means “layered road”
“Stratum” became “straets” in Anglo-
Saxon
Now called “streets” in
modern English
Miles
Miles of streets and roads were
created
Mile is from the Latin word mille, which
means 1,000 The Roman
mile was measured as 1,000 paces
Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes and often from seemingly nothing.
Sources of coined words:
1. Trade names of commercial products that become general terms.
e.g. Google, ebay
2. New words based on the name of a person or a place.
e.g. Volt, Watt, jeans, sandwich, hoover etc.
Coinage
Selfie
a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a
smartphone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website.
Space Tourism
the practice of travelling into space for recreational purposes
Hackerspace
a place in which people with an interest in computing or technology can gather to work on projects while sharing
ideas, equipment, and knowledge
Street Food
prepared or cooked food sold by vendors in a street or other public
location for immediate consumption
Unlike
withdraw one’s liking or approval of (a web page or posting on a social
media website that one has previously liked)
FOMO
FIL
LDR
A / W
anxiety that an exciting or interesting event may currently be happening
elsewhere, often aroused by posts seen on a social media
website
a person’s father-in-law (see also MIL, BIL, SIL).
me time, n. (informal): time spent relaxing on one’s own as opposed to working or doing things for others, seen as an
opportunity to reduce stress or restore energy.
(denoting or relating to fashion designed for the
autumn and winter seasons of a particular year). (See also
S/S)
BorrowingBorrowing is the process whereby new words are formed by adopting words from other languages together with the concepts or ideas they stand for (cf. Brun, 1983; Pei 1966). E.g., tango, mango, taco, burrito from Spanish; fiancé, very (adapted from Old French verai), garage from French; pizza, mafia from Italian so on. Usually, the pro-nunciation and morphology of the borrowings ( borrowed terms or loanwords ) are adapted to the phonology and morphology of the host language (i.e., the language which adopts the terms); e.g., guerrilla \g´"rIl´\ (English), \ge" r@ija\ (Spanish); banana \b´"nœn´\ (English), \ba"nana\ (Spanish); mango (sing), mangoes (pl.) (English), mangos (Spanish).
Latin words borrowed before the settlement in England
Latin words adopted during the Anglo-Saxon period
14th and 15th century 14th and 15th century
ENGLISH WORDS BORROWED FROM ITALIANItalian English Meaning
Sonetto Sonnet a poem, properly expressive of a single, complete thought, idea, or sentiment, of 14 lines.
Novella Novel a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity, portraying characters
Scenario Scenario scene
Balcone Balcony a platform projecting from the wall of a building.
Studio Studio room for study
Banca Bank counter where money-changers transacted their business.
Banca rotta Bankrupt bank broken
Salami , plural of Salame Salami spiced pork sausage
Broccoli Broccoli Vegetable
casino casino
Examples by word class
Modifier Head Compound
noun noun football
adjective noun blackboard
verb noun breakwater
preposition noun underworld
noun adjective snowwhite
adjective adjective blue-green
verb adjective tumbledown
preposition adjective over-ripe
noun verb browbeat
adjective verb highlight
verb verb freeze-dry
preposition verb undercut
noun preposition love-in
adverb preposition forthwith
verb preposition takeout
preposition preposition without
Many of our words come from our close neighbours the French
ChequeChefArtistBureauCaféGallopNatureRestaurantCabinetJustice and so on
Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes combine into a single new word. Compound words may be written as one word or as two words joined with a hyphen. For example:
noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook
adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry
verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom
noun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed
verb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry
adjective-verb compound: high + light → highlight
Compounding
Examples by word classModifier Head Compound
noun noun footballadjective noun blackboardverb noun breakwaterpreposition noun underworldnoun adjective snowwhiteadjective adjective blue-greenverb adjective tumbledownpreposition adjective over-ripe
Examples by word class
Modifier Head Compound
noun noun football
adjective noun blackboard
verb noun breakwater
preposition noun underworld
noun adjective snowwhite
adjective adjective blue-green
verb adjective tumbledown
preposition adjective over-ripe
noun verb browbeat
adjective verb highlight
verb verb freeze-dry
preposition verb undercut
noun preposition love-in
adverb preposition forthwith
verb preposition takeout
preposition preposition without
English compounds may be classified in several ways, such as the word classes or the semantic relationship of their components
Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted. Blends are the compression of two words into one
Examples:
Motor + hotel MotelBreakfast + lunch BrunchWireless + Fidelity Wi-Fi * They will obey the phonological rules of the languagesmoke + fog ≠ sfog
Blending
Some blending patterns become so common that they
seem to create new morphemes
1. Watergate
2. Nannygate
3. Monicagate
4. -gate looks like a suffix meaning ‘scandal’
Blends
television marathon telethon
breakfast lunch brunch
motor hotel motel
frozen cappacino frappacino
situation comedy sitcom
cranberry martini crantini
Blends
ClipingClipping means cutting Off the beginning or the end of a word or both Leaving a part to stand for The whole ;lab , Dorm , Prof , exam
The back-clipped words are those words that lose their forepart , like plane and phone.
*The converse of backformation
*Clipping does not assume a rule but deletes material while obeying the phonological rules of the language
Abbreviations (Clipping)
• Definition: A word which is clipped• Examples:
– Facsimile fax– Hamburger burger Gasoline Advertisement Omnibus
GasAdBus
Clipping
professor profdisrespect diss
gymnasium gymmathematic
s mathmemorandu
m memoattitude tude
Backformation
A new word is created by removing what is mistakenly considered to be an affix
edit from editor;peddle from peddler;enthuse from enthusiasmorientate from orientation
Backformation
burglar burglebeggar beg
enthusiasm enthusehamburger burger
Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing Words , as in misadviseRe-ask
They are immediately Understandable because You know the meaning of the parts.
Derivation stands in contrast to the process of inflection, which means the formation of grammatical variants of the same word, as with determine/determines/determining/determined.
Derivation
Examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:
adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)
adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise) in British English or -
ize (archaic → archaicize) in American English and Oxford spelling
adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)
adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)
noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)
noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)
verb-to-noun (agent): -er (write → writer)
Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category.
Examples:
butter (N) to butter the breadpermit (V) an entry permitempty (A) to empty the litter-bin
Conversion
Acronomy is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or be-ginning segments of a succession of words.
Examples:
severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS
Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus SCUBA
Acronyms
Acronyms
constable on patrol cop
radar detection and ranging radar
aquired immune deficiency syndrome
AIDS
Acronyms
Prefixes and suffixes are sets of letters that are added to the beginning or end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot stand on their own in a sentence: if they are printed on their own they have a hyphen before or after them.
Prefixes and suffixes
Word creation with prefixes and suffixes
Some prefixes and suffixes are part of our living language, in that people regularly use them to create new words for modern products, concepts, or situations. For example:
word prefix or suffix new wordsecurity bio- biosecurityclutter de- decluttermedia multi- multimediaemail -er emailer
word prefix or suffix new wordsecurity bio- biosecurityclutter de- decluttermedia multi- multimediaemail -er emailer
word suffix new wordchild -ish childishwork -er workertaste -less tastelessidol -ize/-ise idolize/idoliselike -able likeable
SuffixesSuffixes are added to the end of an existing word. For example:
word prefix new wordhappy un- unhappycultural multi- multiculturalwork over- overworkspace cyber- cyberspacemarket super- supermarket
PrefixesPrefixes are added to the beginning of an existing word in order to create a new word with a different meaning. For example:
An infix is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word). It contrasts with adfix, a rare term for an affix attached to the end of a stem, such as a prefix or suffix.
Infix
Portuguese
There is an infix construction for the future and conditional tenses:
Eu fá-lo-ei amanhã. Literally: I will ma-it-ke tomorrow. Meaning: I will make it tomorrow.
Eu fá-lo-ia ontem. Literally: I would ma-it-ke yesterday. Meaning: I would make it yesterday.
Spanish
In Nicaragua and neighboring countries, the Spanish diminutive affix becomes an infix it in ⟨ ⟩names: Óscar [ˈoskar] → Osquítar [osˈkitar] (cf. standard Oscarito); Edgar → Edguítar; Victor →
Victítor.
Arabic
Arabic uses a common infix, t ⟨ ⟩ for Form VIII verbs, usually a reflexive of Form I. It is placed ت
after the first consonant of the root; an epenthetic i- prefix is also added since words cannot
begin with a consonant cluster. An example is اجتهد ijtahada "he worked hard", from جهد jahada "he strove". (The words "ijtihad" and "jihad" are nouns derived from these two verbs.)
Here you will find one or more explanations in English for the word kamhmu. Also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word kamhmu and, of course, kamhmu synonyms and on the right images related to the word kamhmu.
Khmu [kʰmuʔ] is the language of the Khmu people of the northern Laos region. It is also spoken in adjacent areas of Vietnam, Thailand and China. Khmu lends its name to the Khmuic branch of the Austroasiatic language family, the latter of which also includes Khmer and Vietnamese.
kamhmu