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The Structure & Function of Cells
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The Cell is the basic functional unit of ALL living things.
There are 2 basic categories of cells:
1. Eukaryotic Cells= contain plasma membrane (cell membrane), organelles, nucleus, cytoplasmMost cells are of this type (body cells, plant cells, Protists, etc.)
Evolutionarily this is a recent advancement
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2. Prokaryotic Cells = contain plasma membrane (cell membrane) and cytoplasm but NO ORGANELLES, NO NUCLEUS
• Bacteria cells are of this type• Ribosomes are the only other real internal
structure• The oldest of cell types are prokaryotic
Question #1
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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
Polysome
On Endoplasmic Reticulum = Rough
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IMPORTANT PARTS OF THE CELL
Cell Cell OROR Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane: separates the internal metabolic events from the external environment surrounding the cell
FunctionFunction= control the movement of materials into and out of the cell
StructureStructure= a double phospholipid membrane (Lipid Bilayer), Polar hydrophilic “water loving” heads pointing toward outside and inside of the cell; Nonpolar hydrophobic “water fearing” tails point toward the inside of the membrane.
Question #2
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“Fluid Mosaic Model” of the Cell Membrane
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Fluid Mosaic Model= describes the structure of the cell membrane. PROTEINS are scattered throughout the flexible lipid bilayer. These proteins can be of 3 different types:
1. Peripheral Proteins: attached loosely to the inner or outer surface of the membrane
2. Integral Proteins: extend into the membrane
3. Transmembrane Proteins: an integral protein that spans across the membrane and appears at both surfaces
Question # 8
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Phospholipid Bilayer with Embedded Proteins
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Proteins in the plasma membrane provide a wide range of functions
including: Question #9●Channel Proteins: provide passageways through the membrane for certain water soluble substances (i.e. polar & charged molecules)
● Transport Protein: use energy to transport materials across the membrane against a concentration gradient
● Recognition Proteins(Glycoproteins): used to distinguish the identity of neighboring cells
● Adhesion Proteins: attach cells to neighboring cells, provide stability
● Receptor Proteins: provide a binding site for hormones or other chemical triggers
● Electron Transfer Proteins: transfer electrons from one molecule to another during chemical reactions
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Features of the Plasma Membrane
It is Semi-Permeable = only small, uncharged, polar, hydrophobic molecules pass freely across the membrane
Permeable = H2O , CO
2 , O
2 , lipid soluble
hydrocarbons
NON-Permeable = large molecules, glucose, all ions
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Lets water flow freely, restricts the flow of glucose molecules
Water passes freely raising the water level on side 2
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Types of Membrane Proteins
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Features of the Plasma Membrane
Cholesterol= provide some rigidity to the fluid nature of the membrane in animal cells. Act as a “Cellular Antifreeze” to keep a cell from freezing in cold temps. or melting in warm temps.
Question #11
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Features of the Plasma Membrane
4. Glycocalyx= carbohydrate coat covering the outer surface of the cell membrane. Used for cell to cell recognition.
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
Organelle = a structure in the cytoplasm (semi-fluid medium between nucleus and cell membrane) of the cell that serves a specific function related to the metabolism of the cell
Nucleus: contains DNA, the hereditary information of the cell.●Surrounded by a nuclear envelope●Normal DNA = Chromatin: spread out in a threadlike matrix●Chromosomes: visible when the cell begins to divide
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The Pores in the Nuclear Envelope:
● Nuclear Envelope = Nuclear Membrane● Provide for the movement of:
Proteins into the nucleus mRNA out of the nucleus Ribosome subunits out of the nucleus
● Endomembrane System: Connects the nucleus to the cell membrane Nuclear Envelope (Pores) --> Rough ER --> Golgi
--> Smooth ER --> Lysosomes --> Cell Membrane
NEW SLIDE!!!!!
Question # 3
Question # 6
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
Nucleolus: produces rRNA & multiple copies of genes ; concentrations of DNA in the process of manufacturing the components of Ribosomes
Synthesis & Storage of Ribosomes
Question # 4
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
Ribosomes: assemble amino acids into proteins in the cytoplasm
Cells producing secretory products have many ribosomes
Question # 14
Has large and small subunits
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): stacks of flattened sacs involved in the production of various membranes & products (#13), looks like a maze when viewed in cross-section, often connected to the nucleus●Rough ER: has ribosomes on it, specializes in protein synthesis; manufacture membranes and other secretory products (#14)●Smooth ER: NO ribosomes, specializes in the production of lipids, detoxification, storage & release of ions etc. (depends on the cell type) (#14)
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL Golgi Apparatus(Complex or Body): a group of flattened sacs arranged like a stack of bowlsᙵhas a Cis and Trans face (opposite fat vs thin ends)●Function to modify and package proteins and lipids, products of Rough ER●Puts the products into Vesicles●Contents of vesicles get released outside the cell
Question # 14
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL Lysosomes: Acidic pH; vesicles that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes to digest macromolecules . NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
Peroxisomes: breakdown various substances●O
2 + H
2 H
2O
2●Common in liver and kidney cells
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
Mitochondria: carry out cellular respiration ●Energy in the form of ATP is obtained from carbohydrates Double membrane sac with Cristae
(folding inner membraene)
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
Chloroplasts: carry out photosynthesis in plants; this is where plants incorporate energy from the sun to make carbohydrates
Thylakoids (Grana): System of flattened sacs inside chloroplast
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL Cytoskeleton: internal structure of the cytoplasmMAINTAIN CELL SHAPE & Anchors Organelles● Microtubules = provide support and motility, made of protein tubulin (spindle fibers during cell division; cilia & flagella) (#10)● Intermediate Filaments = support, maintain cell shape● Microfilaments = made of protein actin, involved in cell motility
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Internal Anatomy of a cell
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL Flagella and Cilia: protrude from the cell membrane, used for movement● Flagella = long and few● Cilia = short and many● Both arranged in “9+2” arrangement
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
Centrioles and Basal Bodies: Microtubule organizing centers
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
Cell Wall: found only in plants; outside of plasma membrane, provides support, made of Cellulose
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
Vacuoles and Vesicles: fluid filled, single membrane bound bodies
● Transport Vesicles= move materials between organelles● Food Vacuoles= temporary food storage● Storage Vacuoles= store starch, pigments, and toxins● Central Vacuole= fill up most of the interior in plant cells,
maintain rigidity of the cell (Plant)● Contractile Vacuoles= collect and pump excess water out
of a cell (Plant or Animal)
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ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
Cell Junctions: serve to anchor cells to one another● Desmosomes= act as “spot welds” to hold adjacent animal cells together in high stress tissues (skin, heart muscle)● Tight Junctions= “stitched seams” between animal cells, prevent movement of material between the cells (cells lining the digestive tract).● Gap Junctions= narrow tunnels between animal cells, allow passage of small ions and molecules, communication through electrical impulses● Plasmodesmata= narrow channels between plant cell
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Types of Cell Junctions
Desmosome
Tight Junction
Gap J unction
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Plant vs. Animal Cells
Plants = cell walls, large vacuole, chloroplastsAnimal = lysosomes, centrioles
Animal Cell Plant Cell
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Prokaryotes vs. EukaryotesProkaryotes: No nucleus, No Organelles,
Single stranded “naked” DNA, Only Bacteria
Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus, Lots of Organelles, DNA in chromosomes, All other cells
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The Movement of Substances
The cell membrane and the membrane of other organelles are Semi-permeable = only certain substances can cross the membrane● Selective Permeability= allowing only specific substances to pass● Water = solvent; dissolved particles = solute● Movement of substances may be from higher to lower concentrations (down or with the concentration gradient) or the reverse (up or against the gradient)● The movement of substances may be active or passive
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Selective Permeability
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Solute concentrations may be compared:
Hypertonic= higher concentration of solutes
Hypotonic= lower concentration of solutes
Isotonic= equal concentration of solutes
………relative to another region.
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Other Types of Movement
Bulk Flow= collective movement of substances in the same direction in response to some force or pressure (blood moving through a vessel)
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Passive vs. Active Transport
Passive Transport= Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient (high low)
Does not require the cell to expend any energy!
1. Diffusion: due to the random nature of molecules in motion (dye in a beaker of water)Rates of diffusion are determined by:● Concentration gradient● Shape and size of the molecules● Temperature (higher temp. = faster diffusion time)● Liquid vs. gas (slower in liquids)
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Passive Transport
2. Osmosis: the diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane● Osmotic Pressure = force water exerts against the inside of a cell● Turgor Pressure = pressure water exerts against the inside of a plant cell, used for structural support
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Passive Transport
3. Dialysis: diffusion of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane
4. Plasmolysis: movement of water out of a cell, results in the collapse of the cell
5. Facilitated Diffusion: use channel proteins embedded in the membrane to transport solutes
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Active Transport
Active Transport= requires the cell to expend energy to move substances against the concentration gradient (low high)
Usually utilizes transport proteins to move: small ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, H+), amino acids, simple sugars
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Active Transport
Exocytosis: Large particles are released from the cell by vesicles forming and fusing with the cell membraneEndocytosis: Large particles enter the cell by vesicles forming and fusing with the cell membrane● Phagocytosis = cell eating (white blood cells attacking bacteria)● Pinocytosis = cell drinking ● Receptor Mediated Endocytosis = special receptors attract certain molecules (cholesterol transport in the blood, hormones)
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