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PermaSenseSustainable Wireless Sensor Networks in
Environmental Extremes
Jan Beutel, ETH Zurich
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PermaSense Project – Alpine Permafrost Monitoring
• Cooperation with Uni Basel and Uni Zurich
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Geo-science motivation to use WSNs
Climate rapidly affects the high-mountain hazard regime.
Anticipation and minimization of adverse effects requires:• Understanding mechanisms of thaw and cryogenic rock movement
• Provision of transient spatial data fields of relevant variables
High lateral variability as well as difficult access and
environmental conditions constrain measurements: • Weight and size of equipment
• Time consumption (installation, maintenance, data gathering)
• Completeness of data recovery
• Robustness (temperature, lightning, mechanical wear)
• Synchronization
• Sacrificial sensors
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PermaSense Scientific Goals – Validation of Models
© Stephan Gruber
[Uni Zurich, Physical Geography]
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Deployment 2006 – Jungfraujoch, 3500m
Focus: heat transfer
Status: ready for upgrade
Data: exploratory datagathering in winter 06/07
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Deployment 2007 – Matterhorn, 3450m
Focus: cryogenicrock movement
Status: productive
Data: Oct 07 - Jun 08 (logging only)
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PermaSense 2007 – Matterhorn Site Details
• Site of recent rockfall due to extreme warming (07/2003)
• Key parameters
– 25 nodes
– Different sensors• Temperatures, electrodes, crack
motion, ice stress, water pressure
– −40 to +65° C
– Rockfall, snow and ice, avalanches
– 30 min. duty-cycle
– 3 years unattended lifetime
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Example Sensor Station on the Mountain
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PermaSense Technology
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PermaSense – System Architecture
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PermaSense – Sensor Nodes
• Shockfish Tiny Node
• Protective shoe, easy install
• Waterproof housing and connectors
• Sensor interface board
• 3-year life with single battery(~300 A average power budget)
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PermaSense Architecture
Mounting Situation
Sensor Node and Enclosure
Dozer [Burri2007]
GSN Data Backend [Salehi2007]
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• Development started in 2007
• Diverse interfaces, low power
• New: 1 GB memory (redundancy and validation)
• Provides very stable measurements
PermaSense – Sensor Interface Board (SIB)
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• Sensor rods (profiles of temperature and electric conductivity)
• Thermistor chains
• Crack meters
• Water pressure
• Ice stress
• Self potential
PermaSense – Sensors
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• Powerful embedded Linux
• 4 GB storage, all data duplicated
• Solar power (2x 90W, 100 Ah, ~3 weeks)
• Backup modem
PermaSense – Base Station
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• Based on a first generation system
• TinyOS-based, fully customized
• Integration of Dozer[Burri, IPSN07]
• DAQ routine, profited from Sensor Network Platform Kit
• Integration of GSN data backend [Salehi VLDB_06]
PermaSense – Software
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• Networking performance
(Deployment-Support Network, MICS)
• Power profiling
• Temperature cycling
• Sensor calibration
• Rooftop system break-in
PermaSense – Testing Facilities
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Key PermaSense Challenges
System Integration Correct Test and Validation
Actual Data Interdisciplinary Team
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PermaSense –Test and Validation
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Performance is Poor – Causes Are Not Understood
[Phil
Levis
, Sta
nfo
rd]
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Methodology and Development Tools
Continuous Integration
Testbed
Infrastructure
Physical Characteriza
tion
Advanced Software Engineering Practices
Extending the Logical View• Detailed physical monitoring• Control of the environment• Physical stimulation• Control of resources
From Platform to Testbed to Multi-Platform• Native execution• Log file analysis• Influence of the environment
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Continuous Integration for the TinyOS Core WG
• On code change all TinyOS-2.x applications are built and analyzed– Service to the TinyOS community, increasing software quality
– Deeper understanding of long term development trends
+4137 TinyOS-2.x regression builds over the last 2 years at TIK
[http://tik42x.ee.ethz.ch:8080]
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Testbed – The Deployment-Support Network
Target Sensor Network
Testbed Functions Remote reprogramming
Extraction of log data
Analysis
Regression testing
[SenSys2004, IPSN2005, EWSN2007]
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DSN Impact – Automated Test Case Generation
• Developed and in-use at Siemens Building Technologies, Zug
• Detailed analysis and replay of simulation and testbed
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Today's WSN Design and Development
Virtualization and Emulation
EmStar [Ganesan2004]
BEE [Chang2003,Kuusilinna2003]
Sca
le
Reality Figure abridged from D. Estrin/J. Elson
Simulation
TOSSIM [Levis2003]
PowerTOSSIM [Shnayder2004]
Avrora [Titzer2005]
Test Grids
moteLab [Werner-Allen2005]
Emstar arrays [Cerpa03/04]
Kansei [Dutta2005]
Can we Emulate Reality in the Lab?
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Physical Characterization Architecture
• Emulating the Environment...
– Temperature Cycle Testing (TCT)
• ... and Resource Usage
– Different Power Sources: Batteries, rechargeable cells, solar, fixed DC power...
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Communication Details – Dangerous Voltage Drops
Vcc_min = 2.8 V
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• Assertions Based on Reference Traces/Specification
• Integrated with each build (regression testing)
Detailed Power Tracing – Automated Validation
[EmNets2007, WEWSN2008, SUTC2008]
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Power Profiling – Trends and Detailed View
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PermaSense –Deployment on the Mountain
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Site Overview
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Transport
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Installation Planning
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An Early Start
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Installation Work
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Moving Between Sensor Sites
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Awkward Working Positions
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Sensor Stations on the Mountain
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Site Visit in Winter 2008
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The Sensor Site Snowed In
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Base Station and Solar Panels
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Top Down and Bottom Up Views
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Metadata and “Sophisticated Field Tools”…
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Thank you
Please look at our
live demo outside
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Acknowledgements
• PermaSense Collaboration– Stefan Gruber, Andreas Hasler, Janette Nötzli, Sandro Schönborn, Igor Talzi,
Christian Tschudin, Christian Plessl
• Related publications– M. Wöhrle, C. Plessl, J. Beutel and L. Thiele: Increasing the Reliability of Wireless Sensor
Networks with a Unit Testing Framework . EmNets 2007.
– J. Beutel, M. Dyer, M. Yücel and L. Thiele: Development and Test with the Deployment-Support Network . EWSN 2007.
– K. Aberer, G. Alonso, G. Barrenetxea, J. Beutel, J. Bovay, H. Dubois-Ferriere, D. Kossmann, M. Parlange, L. Thiele and M. Vetterli: Infrastructures for a Smart Earth - The Swiss NCCR-MICS Initiative. Praxis der Informationsverarbeitung und Kommunikation, pages 20-25, Volume 30, Issue 1, January 2007.
– N. Burri, P. von Rickenbach, and R. Wattenhofer, “Dozer: ultra-low power data gathering in sensor networks,” in Proc. 6th Int’l Conf. Information Processing Sensor Networks (IPSN ’07), pp. 450–459, ACM Press, New York, Apr. 2007.
– A. Hasler, I. Talzi, J. Beutel, C. Tschudin, and S. Gruber, “Wireless sensor networks in permafrost research - concept, requirements, implementation and challenges,” in Proc. 9th Int’l Conf. on Permafrost (NICOP 2008), vol. 1, pp. 669–674, June 2008.