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THE SCIENCE OF LIFE
Unit 1: Ch 1
300
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WHAT IS BIOLOGY???
(living & once living things)
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What do biologists study???• Do they all study the same thing?
– yes & no…
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What is an organism?• a complete
living thing that carries out all life processes
• Organisms have 1 or more cells.
http://www.bigelow.org/bacteria/kingdom_2.jpg
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Living vs. Non-living• How do we know?
–All living things must exhibit each of the “characteristics of life”.
http://www.animationlibrary.com/animation/25626/Fire_burns/http://www.animationlibrary.com/animation/18709/Dolphin_in_frame/
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Characteristics of Life
• 1. Living things are organized.– What is the smallest
(basic) unit of life?• the cell
– What is the largest unit of organization?• the biosphere
– the portion of earth that supports life (all life on earth) complete living
thing carrying out all life processes
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• 2. Living things respond to stimuli.
– What is a stimulus?
• a change in an organism’s (internal or external) environment
– Why is responding to stimuli so important?
• can help an organism survive, stay safe, get what need, etc.
Plants Responding to Light
Characteristics of Life
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• 3. Living things maintain homeostasis.–What is homeostasis?
• ability of an organism/cell to maintain a constant internal environment (balance / equilibrium)– examples:
» body temperature: too hot sweat, too cold shiver
» CO2 level in blood: too high breathe faster
Characteristics of Life
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• 4. Living things grow & develop.–What is the difference?
• growth = increase in size of organism due to increase in size or # of cells
• development = changes in form– ex. from zygote (fertilized egg) to adult stage of life– ex. from tadpole to frog
Characteristics of Life
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• 5. Living things reproduce.– What is the “goal” of reproduction?
• make more organisms & pass on genetic information
– What is the difference between asexual & sexual reproduction?• asexual
– 1 parent
– offspring genetically the same as parent & each other
• sexual– 2 parents
– offspring are genetically different from parents & each other (combined DNA)
Characteristics of Life
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• What is the theory of biogenesis?– all life comes from life
• explains the unity of life
• “Like produces like…” – What does this mean?
• An organism will reproduce an offspring of it’s own type.
• How is reproduction unique as a life function?– Not every organism NEEDS to reproduce
• But, every organism needs to carry out other life functions.
Characteristics of Life
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• 6. Living things have adaptations & evolve.– What is an adaptation?
• characteristic that makes an individual organism better able to survive in its environment
– Over time, beneficial adaptations are “selected for” & the population or species evolves.
» Individual organisms do NOT evolve!!!
Characteristics of Life
Pepper Moth “Game” http://www.techapps.net/interactives/pepperMoths.swf
Principles of Natural Selection "Interactive"
Explains the diversity of life…
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• 7. Living things need energy.– How do organisms get energy?
• nutrition (make own food or eat)
– Why is (chemical) energy needed?• metabolism
– all physical & chemical processes in the body that convert or use energy
» ex. respiration, circulation, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, movement, digestion, excretion, nervous system function, etc.
Characteristics of Life
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Where do organisms get energy?• Almost all the energy
organisms use comes from the sun!!!– What type of organisms make
their own food using the sun?• producers (autotrophs)
– examples:» plants, phytoplankton
– What process do they use to make food (sugars)?• photosynthesis
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• What is the equation for photosynthesis?
• Where is the energy stored?– in the chemical bonds between the atoms
Where do organisms get energy?
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• Some organisms can make their own food without sunlight by chemosynthesis.
– examples:• bacteria at
hydrothermal vents
Where do organisms get energy?
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• What if an organism can’t make its own food? How would it get energy/nutrition?– It has to eat (ingest) food.
• What do we call organisms that have to eat to get energy?– consumers/heterotrophs
• What do we call consumers that eat:– plants?
» herbivores– other animals?
» carnivores– both plants & animals?
» omnivores
Where do organisms get energy?
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• In most organisms, what process releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food (glucose)?– What materials are needed?
– What is given off?• & some “waste” heat
Where do organisms get energy?
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• cellular respiration…– What is the equation?
– What other equation does it look like?
• photosynthesis
• What do organisms use the energy for?– life functions (metabolism)
Where do organisms get energy?
ATP & heat
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Where do organisms get energy?
cellular
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• Can energy be recycled (in the same form)?– NO!!!! It can only be transferred & transformed…
• usually given off as heat
Energy & Nutrients
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• Can nutrients be recycled?– yes
• Why must nutrients be recycled?– so that they can be put back into the soil & used
again by other organisms (usually autotrophs)
Energy & Nutrients
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• What type of organisms recycle nutrients (back into the soil)?– special types of heterotrophs
• detritivores– eat dead organisms
» ex. crabs, worms, snails
• decomposers– break down organic waste (poop)
» ex. fungi & bacteria
Where do organisms get energy?
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Energy Flow: Food Chains
• Does energy only flow through individual organisms?
– No… energy also flows through communities.
• shown by food chains
***Arrow always points toward organism taking in the energy & away from the organism “giving up” the energy.***
Where do almost all communities
get their energy?
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http://www.cnr.vt.edu/forsite/owlpellet/josh/PICTS/foodchain.jpg
1st trophic level
2nd trophic level
4th trophic level
3rd trophic level
5th trophic level
Energy Flow: Food Chains
Trophic level = step in the food chain
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Toxins & Food Chains• What is bioaccumulation?
– Contaminants accumulate in individual over its lifetime.
• What is biomagnification?– Contaminants build up as go
up food chain b/c larger organism is eating MANY smaller, tainted organisms.
• Ex. of toxins that accumulate & magnify in food chains:– DDT– mercury– PCBs
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Food Chains & Food Webs
•food chain just one path of energy
•food web most/all possible paths of energy
Food Web Interactive
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Energy Flow: Food Webs
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What occurs as energy is passed to each trophic level?
• there is less energy available to be passed on
Amount of energy passed on to the next level.
Lost Energy
Lost Energy
20 J
80
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• The 10% Rule of Ecological Efficiency– ~10% energy is passed to next level
• ~90% “lost”– some “lost” b/c used by original organism for its life
processes– most “lost” as heat
» Energy can NOT be recycled, only transferred or transformed.
Energy Flow: Energy Pyramids
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What chain is most efficient? Why?