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The Science of Biology
Chapter 1
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EarthBiosphere includes all living things and the
places they live.Biodiversity (variety of organisms)
increases from the poles to the equator.All species are included in an area’s
biodiversity.A species is a group of closely related
organisms that can successfully reproduce.
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Goal of science Investigate and understand the natural
worldExplain events in the natural worldMake predictionsBiology is the study of living things and
their interactions with their environments.
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Ancient ScienceAsians – herbal medicinesSouth Americans – developed crop
domestication and irrigationEgyptians – mummification of royaltyGreeks
Hippocrates – human body is made of humours
Aristotle – first classification of organisms
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Scientific revolutionScience is limited by rules of society and
government15th century gave rise to study of human
and animal bodies; dissection of corpses aided the understanding of the human body
New technologies (microscopes) allowed discovery of cells and microorganisms
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Characteristics of living things Organization – structured; made of cells Energy- energy needed for metabolism Reproduction – produce offspring Growth and development – increase number of
cells and change Respond to stimuli – react to changes Adaptation – adjust to changes in environment Homeostasis – control internal environment
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HomeostasisControlling internal temperature, blood
sugar, acidity, and other conditionsMaintained by negative feedback
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EvolutionChange in living things over timePart of unity and diversity (similarities and
differences) of lifeCan occur through natural selection of
adaptationsStructures, behaviors, internal processes,
and interactions result from evolutionDoes NOT occur during a single life span
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Scientific MethodUsed by scientists to solve problemsHas 5 major steps
Observations Define the problemHypothesisPredictionExperimentResultsConclusions
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Observations Using your senses to study the world
around youCan involve tools such as computers,
literature, measurement devices
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Define the problemDeveloped from observations, previous
knowledge, and collected data or information
Data can be qualitative-observationsData can be quantitative-measurements
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HypothesisProposed solution to a problem or
questionDeveloped from observations, data, and
scientific literature Involves 2 types of reasoning
Inductive-specific facts to general ruleDeductive-general information to specific facts
(If…then… statements)
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Predictions Must be testableWhat would happen if the hypothesis is
valid?
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Experiment A procedure to test the hypothesis under controlled
conditions Constants are conditions that don’t change during the
experiment Has 2 groups
Control group (used for comparison) Experimental group (test group)
Has 2 variables Independent variable (condition tested or
manipulated) Dependent variable (what is measured or responds)
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ResultsGathering data from the experimentAll data must be recordedData can be
QuantitativeQualitative
Scientists looking forNonsignificant data-data with no effectStatistically significant data-large enough
effect that data don’t occur by chance
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ConclusionsAnalyze your dataWas the hypothesis supported? Is more data needed?Data are confirmed after repeated
experiments.Supported hypotheses can become
theories.
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Theory Proposed explanation for a wide range of
observations and resultsSupported by wide range of evidenceMay be broadly accepted but are never
provenAlways subject to change
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ToolsCan be used to make measurementsUse the metric (SI) systemQuality of a measurement is described as
accuracy and precisionAccuracy-how close the measurement is to
the true value or quantityPrecision-is the exactness of the
measurement
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Metric system (base measurements)
Length – meter (m)Volume – liter (L)Mass – gram (g)Temperature – CelciusTime – second (s)
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Light MicroscopesUse a series of lenses to magnifyFirst used by Anton van Leewenhoek to
see microorganismsVisible light is passed through the object to
make it visibleCan magnigy up to 1500 timesOften use stains to make details stand out
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To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document.
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Electron microscopesBeams of electrons used in a vacuum instead of visible lightCan magnify up to 1,000,000 timesTwo types
SEM-scanning electron microscope passes electrons over surface of objectTEM-transmission electron micro. passes electrons through object
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Medical imagingX-rays used to view the calcified portions
of the body (bones and teeth)Medical resonance imaging (MRI) used to
view soft tissues using strong magnetic fields
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Computers and probewareAllow for easy collection of data and fast
analysisCan model systemsAdvanced knowledge in genetics
Study DNA molecule (molecular genetics)Compare genomes of different organisms
(genomics)
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Biology and the FutureHealth
Healthy food choicesManaging allergiesControlling blood sugar / obesity
EcologyReducing pollutionControlling parasitesManaging water supplies
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BiotechnologyUse and application of living things and
biological processesProduce medicinesProduce larger food cropsGenetic screening