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The Saskatchewan Bakken: Unconventional, Conventional or All
of the Above
Dan Kohlruss, Erik Nickel and Jeff CoolicanSaskatchewan Geological Survey and PTRC
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•Why the Bakken?
•Study Area
•Stratigraphy and Sedimentology
•Reservoir Differences : Conventional vs “Unconventional”
•Mapping and Depositional Model
•Trapping models
•Conclusions
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2500 Wells
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Bakken in SE Sask
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Bakken in SE Sask
The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan at http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/williston_basin.html
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www.er.gov.sk.caFrom Blakey, NAU Geology 2006
Study Area
Late Devonian (Famenian) Paleogeography≈360 Ma
Antler Orogeny
Equator
Old Red Sandstone Continent
Appalach
ian Fo
relan
d
Basin
Antler Foreland Basin
WillistonBasin
Prophet Trough
SGA
Swiftcurrent
Platform
30 s
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www.er.gov.sk.caAntler O
rogeny
Old Red Sandstone Continent
Appalach
ian Fo
relan
d
Basin
Antler Foreland Basin Williston
Basin
Prophet Trough
SGA
From Blakey, NAU Geology 2006
Early Mississippian Paleogeography
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Brock
ton-F
roid
Linea
ment
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Bakken Fm
Mississippian
Three Forks Group
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Bakken Stratigraphy
Nickel and Kohlruss 2010
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0.01 0.1 1 10 1000
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
K90 vs PorosityUnit B
0.01 0.1 1 100
0.020.040.060.08
0.10.120.140.160.18
0.2
K90 vs PorosityUnit A
Core Analysis•Approx 105 analyzed core•Over 1000 total data points
Unit B •Higher porosity in general•more consistent•Direct correlation between porosity and permeability•Conventional traps
Unit A •considerably lower porosity and permeability•More highly variable•Many data points on lower limits of detection •Unconventional
Nickel et al 2011
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www.er.gov.sk.caModified from Kohlruss and Nickel 2009
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T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
T16
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
T16
R30W1R31R32R33R34R1W2R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11R12R13R14R15R16R17R18R19R20R21R22R23R24R25
R30W1R31R32R33R1W2R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11R12R13R14R15R16R17R18R19R20R21R22R23R24R25
0 m
1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
5 m
6 m
7 m
8 m
9 m
1 0 m
11 m
1 2 m
1 3 m
1 4 mHorseshoe patternViewfield
Contour Interval = 50m Bakken Producing Wells
0 10 20 30 40
Kilometres
Unit B Isopach
Modified from Kohlruss and Nickel 2009
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Bakken Depositional Model:
Prograding Delta: Forced or Normal Regression?
1.) Unit A deposited in a prograding, regressive setting
2.) Continued regression and erosion of Unit ‘A’ proximal prodelta deposits, and deposition of the unit ‘B’ delta-front sediments.
3.) Unit C deposited in a transgressive setting
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www.er.gov.sk.caFrom Kohlruss and Nickel 2009 (modified after Plint 1988)
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www.er.gov.sk.caModified from Khan and Rostron, 2002
Hydrogeological Implications and Trapping
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Viewfield Trapping Model
Modified after Kohlruss and Nickel 2009
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Modified from Kohlruss and Nickel 2009
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T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
T16
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
T16
R30W1R31R32R33R34R1W2R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11R12R13R14R15R16R17R18R19R20R21R22R23R24R25
R30W1R31R32R33R1W2R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11R12R13R14R15R16R17R18R19R20R21R22R23R24R25
0 m
1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
5 m
6 m
7 m
8 m
9 m
1 0 m
11 m
1 2 m
1 3 m
1 4 mHorseshoe patternViewfield
Contour Interval = 50m Bakken Producing Wells
0 10 20 30 40
Kilometres
Unit B Isopach
Modified from Kohlruss and Nickel 2009
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www.er.gov.sk.caModified from Kohlruss and Nickel 2009
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www.er.gov.sk.caKreis et al, 2006
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?
Kohlruss and Nickel 2009
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www.er.gov.sk.caModified from Khan and Rostron, 2002
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Maryfield Bakken-Torquay Sub-crop Play
Christopher 1961
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www.er.gov.sk.caModified from Smith and Pullen, 1967
Hummingbird area trapping model
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www.er.gov.sk.caModified from Khan and Rostron, 2002
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Dome et al Hummingbird14-1-2-19W2
2260.4m
Imperial Constance8-36-3-29W2
2054.9m
“Flaser Bedded Facies”
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Dull yellow fluorescenceImmediate green cut
Imperial Constance8-36-3-29W2
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Legend:
Crown Leases
Freehold (private) Rights Bakken Wells Other Oil Wells
Bakken Future Activity Potential
?
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Constance area Land availability
Crown Land Disposed
Free Hold
6m ocm
OC in Core
12m OCM
341m G+OCM
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Bakken Friendly Royalty Regime
•Bakken horizontal wells qualify for a very favorable Royalty Incentive Volume
•For the first 40,000 to 100,000 barrels produced, the royalty rate is 2.5% or less!
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Conclusions• Bakken drilling outside of Viewfield but currently widespread
• Viewfield is a combination of a stratigraphic and permeability trap aided by a strong hydrogeological component.
• Outside of Viewfield, structure plays an important role• Combination of facies pinch-out and possibly associated heat flow
anomaly at Pinto/Bienfait?• Salt tectonics at Hummingbird/Roncott/Constance
• The future of the Bakken play is likely in structural and Stratigraphic traps like seen in Hummingbird pool and Pinto-Bienfait area
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Erik Nickel Jeff Coolican
Kim KreisMy colleagues at the Saskatchewan Geological Survey