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The
Roaring
20’s
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Participation in WWI transformed the United States in the 1920s:
The USA was the richest and most
developed country in the world
Mass production, high wages,
new consumer goods and forms of
entertainment labeled the decade the
“Roaring Twenties”
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In 1920, Americans elected Republican Warren Harding who promised a “return to normalcy”
“America’s present need is not heroics, but healing;
not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but
restoration”
—President Warren Harding
Quick Class Discussion: What would a
“return to normalcy” mean for America after World War I?
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What do these images reveal about America in the 1920s?
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In the 1920s, American foreign policy “returned to normal” by embracing isolationism
The U.S. rejected the Treaty of Versailles and never joined the
League of Nations
Many citizens felt the U.S. was “duped” into joining WWI and became committed
to neutrality
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However, U.S. isolationism was selectivebecause the USA did play a role in world affairs
The USA loaned European nations
billions of dollars to help rebuild after WWI
The U.S. hosted the Washington Naval
Conference (1921-22) aimed to reduce the
military strength of all nations
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The USA joined other world powers in a commitment to world peace by signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Member nations
However, U.S. isolationism was selectivebecause the USA did play a role in world affairs
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In the 1920s, Republican presidents were elected
(Harding, Coolidge, Hoover) who helped America
“return to normalcy” by using pro-business policies
Republicans kept taxes low so Americans could
spend their wages
Republican presidents kept government interference in business to a minimum to allow private enterprise
to flourish
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Pro-business policies meant no new progressive reforms
Americans felt confident that reforms had
limited the influence of monopolies,
cleaned up cities, and regulated the economy
As workers’ wages rose and their hours declined, Americans were happy to spend
their money
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America in the 1920s:
Consumerism
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Consumerism ■The 1920s saw a burst of personal
prosperity & consumer spending
–Mass production led to a huge number of new products: Cars, electric appliances, new fashions
–Advertising boomed to convince people to spend their money
–Companies offered ways for consumers to buy on credit through monthly installment plans
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Consumer Goods, Advertising, & Credit
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America in the 1920s:
Harlem Renaissance
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Harlem Renaissance■The Great Migration during WWI
led to a concentration of African Americans in northern cities
■The Harlem Renaissance was the flourishing of black culture:
–Jazz blended African & European musical traditions into a distinctly “American” style of music
–Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington were popular jazz musicians
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The “Jazz Age”
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Harlem Renaissance
–The most popular author was
Langston Hughes, who wrote
poems & novels about black pride
■Harlem represented the “New
Negro”: the idea that African
Americans should freely express
themselves, embrace their culture,
& strive for racial equality
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America in the 1920s:
The Changing Role of Women
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Changing Role of Women
■Women’s roles changed in the 1920s
–In 1920, the 19th Amendment
granting women the right to vote
(But, many women did not vote)
–New fashion trends, voting rights,
& more leisure time led to an
increased sense of freedom
–Advertisers emphasized women’s
sexuality & appearance
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Changing Role of Women■Many young, unmarried women
embraced their independence & sexuality as “flappers”:
–Fashions like shorter hemlines, “bobbed” hair, & hats
–Smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, danced at clubs, used makeup
–Many had sex outside of marriage & used cars to “park” with boys
■These behaviors were shocking to traditional-minded women
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Flapper Fashion
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America in the 1920s:
Literature
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Literature
■The 1920s produced some of
America’s most important literature
–Authors F. Scott Fitzgerald &
Sinclair Lewis were critical of
1920s consumerism & conformity
–Some authors became part of a
the “Lost Generation” who
rejected war & were very critical
of American society
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Significant Authors of the 1920s
Ernest HemingwayF. Scott FitzgeraldT. S. Eliot
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America in the 1920s:
Sports Mania
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Sports Mania
■New forms of entertainment emerged
in the 1920s as Americans gained
more leisure time & personal income
–Baseball, boxing, & football were
popular sports
–Radio broadcasts brought sporting
events to national audiences
–Sports gave Americans a new
generation of heroes
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Sports Heroes of the 1920s
Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees was the biggest sports hero of the 1920s
Baseball was segregated; Satchel Paige & Josh Gibson were Negro League heroes
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Sports Heroes of the 1920s
Heavyweight boxer Jack Dempsey was so popular, his prize fights set financial &
attendance records throughout the 1920s
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Sports Heroes of the 1920s
Other sports heroes of the 1920s include: Red Grange, Gertrude Ederle, Bobby Jones
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America in the 1920s:
Movies & Radio
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Popularity of Movies & Radio
■Movies & radios became widely popular in the 1920s:
–Over 500 stations connected the nation by broadcasting music, sports, as well as news, religious, comedic, & dramatic programming
–“Talking” movies helped grow Hollywood & celebrity movie stars
–By 1929, over 100 million people went to movies each week
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Radio in the 1920s
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Music of the 1920s
Tin Pan Alley produced 90% of the popular music in the 1920s, focusing on ragtime, dance music, & jazz
Irving Berlin was the most popular of the ragtime composers
of the 1920s
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Movies in the 1920s
“The Jazz Singer” was the first “talking” picture
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America in the 1920s:
Improved Transportation
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Improved Transportation■Automobiles transformed America:
–Henry Ford’s assembly line made cars affordable; By 1929, 1 of 5 Americans owned a car
–Car manufacturing became the biggest industry in the nation & stimulated the U.S. economy
–New roads, gas stations, & shopping centers were built
–Cars gave people freedom & became a symbol of status
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The Automobile
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The Automobile
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Improved Transportation■Airplanes captured the attention of
Americans in the 1920s
–In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the 1st trans-Atlantic solo flight, becoming the biggest celebrity of the 1920s
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