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The Rise of Mass Democracy
Chapter 13Advanced US History
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Two-Party System
Era of Good Feelings
Never entirely tranquil economic distress (Panic of 1819 & MO Compromise) and slavery issue
Change in political campaigns
Strong political parties arise 1828, Democrats form
1830s, Whigs form
Use of banners, badges, parades, barbeques, etc.
voter turnout rose dramatically
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“Corrupt Bargain” 1824
4 presidential candidates (all Republicans)
John Quincy Adams (MA)
Henry Clay (KY)
William H. Crawford (GA)
Andrew Jackson (TN) Strongest personal appeal war hero
No one won a majority of electoral vote
12th amendment House of Representatives must among top 3 candidates (Clay eliminated)
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Election of 1824: Polls
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Election of 1824
Henry Clay William H. Crawford
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Election of 1824
Andrew Jackson John Q. Adams
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The President Elected
Adams elected President
Supposedly Adams bribed Clay with Secretary of State position (“Corrupt Bargain”)
No actual proof
Common practice condemned rising political change
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John Quincy Adams
Ranked as one of the most successful secretaries
One of the least successful presidents
Entered the White House with charges of “Bargain” “Corruption” & “Usurpation”
“Minority President”
Would not create vacancies for party supporters
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Adams’s Nationalist Views
Adams was a nationalist
Nation turning towards states’ rights and sectionalism
Construction of roads and canals
Proposal of national university
Astronomical observatory
Tariff duties
Possibility of slavery
Cherokee Indians in Georgia
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Question
What was the 12th amendment?
What was the corrupt bargain of the election of 1824?
John Quincy Adams was not the popular choice for the presidency. During his presidency what reasoning did the people have to continue to dislike his ideas?
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Going “Whole Hog” for Jackson
Jackson started working on presidential campaign the day John Quincy Adams was elected by the House
National Republicans v. Democratic Republicans
Jackson presented as a frontiersman and a unfaltering champion for common man
Adams presented as corrupt aristocrat
Will of the people thwarted by backstairs “bargain”
Needed Jackson to bring about reform
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Truth Behind Jackson
Not a frontiersman wealthy planter
Born in a log cabin luxurious manor (many slaves)
Adams not corrupt uncompromising morals
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Bare-Knuckle Politics
Followers of Adams Jackson’s mother was a prostitute and wife was an adulteress
Printed black-bordered handbills shaped like coffins
Jackson’s men Adams purchased gaming tables and gambling furniture
Accused of procuring a servant girl for a Russian tsar
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Election of 1828
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Electoral Split
Jackson’s strongest support West and South
Adams won his own New England and Northeast
Popular vote converted to electoral votes Jackson victory
178 to 83 Political center of gravity shifted from
conservative eastern seaboard toward the emerging states across the mountains
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Jackson’s Presidency
Striking figure
Very irritable and emaciated dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, and lead poisoning
“Mischievous Andy”
First president from the West (TN)
2nd President without a college education
Owned many slaves cultivated acres of land lived in a mansion
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Symbolism of Jackson’s Presidency
Ascendancy of the masses
Opened the doors of the White House
“People’s Champion”
“The Inaugural Brawl”
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The Spoils System Spoils System
Name came from Senator William Marcy’s remark in 1832, “ To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy”
Jackson defended spoils system each generation deserved its turn at the public trough
Housecleaning
Question was not “What can he do for the country?”
But, “What has he done for the party?” or “Is he loyal to Jackson?”
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Samuel Swartwout
Said to be untrustworthy
Given the position of collector of the customs of the port of NY
First person to steal a $1 million for the government
Spoils system was important element of the emerging two-party order
Loyalty to party Idea of picking a party
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Jacksonian Democracy
Belief in the common man
Belief in common sense of common man (Jackson)
Expanded suffrage
Expansion of White male suffrage; nominating conventions
Patronage
Spoils system
Opposition to privileged elites
Duty to promote and protect the common man
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Tariff of Abominations
Tariffs protected American industry against competition
Also drove up prices for all Americans (and exported goods)
Tariffs passed between 1816 and 1828 protection tariffs
Jacksonites promoted high-tariff bill passed in 1828
Southern flags lowered to half-mast
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Southerners Angered
Claimed tariff discriminated against south
Old South sold cotton in a world market unprotected by tariffs, but forced to buy goods in American market heavily protected by tariffs
Protection to north but not south
John C. Calhoun South Carolinian against tariff
The South Carolina Exposition
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Nullification Act
S.C. “nullies” need 2/3 vote to nullify
Protective Tariffs of 1828 and 1832
South Carolina wants to nullify tariffs
Congress threatened to use force to enforce tariffs
Force Bill
SC threatens to secede from Union
Congress reduced tariff of 1832 by 10% over 8 years
SC suspends nullification of tariffs and nullifies Force Bill
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Trail of Tears Westward expansion
125,000 + Native Americans east of the Mississippi
Formal treaties (Washington)
Violation by Americans “Civilizing” and Christianizing
Indians
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Native American Tribes
Cherokees of Georgia
Receptive to learn the “ways of the whites”
Cherokee National Council written legal code (1808)
Written constitution (1827)
Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, Cherokees “Five Civilized Tribes”
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“5 Civilized Tribes”
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Steps to Indian Removal Act
1828, GA legislature declared Cherokee tribal council illegal
State jurisdiction over Indian land
Cherokees appeal to Supreme Court
Supreme Court protected Indians
Jackson refused to recognize Court’s decision
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Indian Removal Act of 1830
“Voluntary” emigration
Forced uprooting of more than 100,000 Indians.
Bureau of Indian Affairs-1836
Indian resistance
Osceola
Blackhawk
Ultimate location OK
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Indian Resistance
Osceola Blackhawk
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Questions
What was Jackson’s view on Native Americans?
What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
How did Jackson console himself once he decided to make the Indians move from their homeland?
What was the Trail of Tears?
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The Bank War
Jackson distrusted monopolistic banks and excessively large businesses
“Moneyed Monster”
Minted gold and silver coins, not paper money
Paper notes printed by private banks Acted as a branch of government Private institution, Nicholas Biddle
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Nicholas Biddle
President of Bank of the U.S.
Held an immense amount of power over nation’s financial affairs
Enemies of Bank called him “Czar Nicolas I”
Bank called a “hydra of corruption”
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Bank War, 1832
Daniel Webster and Henry Clay present Congress with a bill to renew charter
Election year Clay vs. Jackson
Alienate Western followers or alienate the wealthy and influential
Jackson declared Bank unconstitutional (veto)
Amplified power of president
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Mother Bank
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Effects of Jackson’s Veto
Found Bank (personally) harmful to nation
Inadvertently claiming 2/3 power vote to the President
If the legislative and executive branches were partners in government, he implied, the president was unmistakably the senior partner
Clay failed to realize Jackson’s veto was more appealing to most than he thought
Bad for the rich, good for the the common people
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Election of 1832
Clay and Jackson battling electoral votes
Jackson originally only wanted to be a 1-term President
Persuaded otherwise
3rd party Anti-Masonic Party
Appealed to evangelical Protestant groups
Seeking political power to effect moral and religious reforms
Jackson was a Mason
National Nominating Conventions
Adoption of formal platforms
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Political Platforms
Henry Clay
National Republicans Bank of the United States
Andrew Jackson
Idol of the masses Final Victory
Buries Biddle’s Bank Financial crisis and panic of
1837
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The Whig Party• Democratic Republicans Democrats
• Called Jackson, King Andrew I
• Recollect 18th century British and
Revolutionary American opposition
to monarchy
• Gained supporters
• Offended by Jackson’s stance on
nullification
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Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren Jackson’s successor
“Little Magician”
Whigs still do not have a presidential candidate
“favorite sons”
General William Henry Harrison, OH
Van Buren wins over Harrison
765, 483 to 739, 795 popular votes
170 to 124 electoral votes
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“Little Magician”
Van Buren, 8th President
First born under the American flag
Experience in legislative and administrative life
Above average intelligence
Resented by many Democrats
Inherited enemies of Jackson
Rebellion in Canada in 1837
Threatened trigger war with Britain
Attempted to be neutral
Battling Panic of 1837
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Panic of 1837
Caused by rampant speculation
Building canals, roads, railroads, and slaves
Bank War
Failures of wheat crops
Europe’s economic distresses
Every major American panic has been affected by conditions over seas
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Whig Proposals to Improve Economy
Expansion of bank credit
Higher tariffs
Subsidies for internal improvements
Jacksonian Democracy did not allow such intervention by government (Van Buren’s hands tied)
“Divorce Bill”
“Divorce” government and banking industry
Establish independent treasury (passed 1840)
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Gone to Texas Americans greedy for land
Wanted TX US abandoned TX trying to
obtain FL in 1819 Mexico gained independence
New regime in Mexico City, 1823 Stephen Austin Had to bring 300 American
families
Immigrants were to be of the established Roman Catholic faith
Upon settlement needed to become properly Mexicanized
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Mexican or Texican?
G.T.T.
Davey Crockett
Jim Bowie
“Genuine Arkansas toothpick”
Issues over slavery, immigration, local rights
1835, explosive issue Santa Anna wiped out all local rights and started to raise an army to suppress Texans
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Lone Star Rebellion
1836, Texans declared independence Lone Star Flag
Sam Houston
Santa Anna The Alamo in San Antonio (200)
“I shall never surrender or retreat… Victory or Death.” Colonel W.B. Travis
American volunteers butchered as “pirates” Goliad
Jim Bowie and Davey Crocket killed “Remember the Alamo!” “Remember Goliad!”
“Death to Santa Anna!”
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Sam Houston
Davey Crockett
Jim Bowie
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Lone Star Rebellion
Houston’s army retreated to east lured Santa Anna to San Jacinto (900 vs. 1300)
April 21, 1836 Houston and Texans captured Santa Anna
Santa Anna signed two treaties 1. withdraw Mexican troops 2. Recognize Rio Grande as southwestern
boundary of Texas Upon release, Santa Anna repudiated
agreement as illegal
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Predicament
Washington Government had obligation under international law to enforce its neutrality rules
American opinion favored Texans
Jackson’s last day in office extended the right had of recognition to the Lone Star Republic
Texans wanted to be part of Union Issue of slavery created hesitation by Uncle
Sam Proximity vs. Conspiracy
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Politics for the People
Election of 1840: 2 Major changes in politics since Era of Good Feelings
1. Triumph of populist democratic style Politicians now forced to favor with
the voting masses Boast of birth in a log cabin
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Politics for the People
2nd change:
2. Two-Party System Democrats and the Whigs grew out of
Jeffersonian republicanism and each laid claim to different aspects of the Republican inheritance
Jacksonian Democrats glorified the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of “privilege” into government
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Similarities of 2-Party System
“Catchall” parties
Both tried to deliberately mobilize as many voters as possible for their cause
Both parties commanded loyalties of all kinds of Americans from all social classes
Horse-trading compromises
Prevented either from assuming extreme or radical positions
Geographical diversity
Stopped the emergence of purely sectional political parties