THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
VENTILATION & RESPIRATION
VENTILATIONVentilation = Breathing – NO gas exchange
Inspiration & Expiration StepsA. Diaphragm contracts & lowers
B. Intercostals contract & lift ribs
C. Lungs expandD. Increased volume in lungs = decreased pressure in lungs
E. Air moves in (high to low pressure)
F. Expiration = opposite!
VENTILATION VISUALS
http://oac.med.jhmi.edu/res_phys/Encyclopedia/AlveolarPressure/AlveolarPressure.HTML
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/animation_quizzes/animate_11.htm
Be sure to look at these sites: copy & paste the URL’s
VENTILATION VISUALS
http://oac.med.jhmi.edu/res_phys/Encyclopedia/AlveolarPressure/AlveolarPressure.HTML
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/animation_quizzes/animate_11.htm
Be sure to look at these sites: type in the URL’s
Lung Volume & Capacities
AssignmentUse text pg 497Label all terms on chart (you can use letters)BRIEFLY define all terms in space around chartDefine “Dead Space”
☆ This will be graded next class with an open-note quiz - you will not turn it in!
RESPIRATION Respiration = actual exchange of gases
1. External = diffusion of O2 CO2 between alveoli blood
2. Internal = diffusion of O2 CO2 between blood cells
3. Cellular = cells use O2 to burn food (glucose) & produce CO2 as waste
Types:
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/animation_quizzes/animate_96.htm
Copy & Paste this URL!
RESPIRATION WRAP-UP
TRANSPORTATION OF GASES: Oxygen
98% of O2 in blood is bound to Hemoglobin (Hb)
Hb + O2 HbO2
How tight the Hb holds on to O2 depends on:1. pH2. Temperature3. Amount of CO2 & O2 present
Ex: In muscles at exercise
TRANSPORTATION OF GASES: Carbon DioxideCan be transported 1 of 3 ways:
1. Dissolved in the plasma – 7%
2. Directly bound to Hb – 23%
3. Converted to carbonic acid & then bicarbonate ion on the RBC – 70%
CO2 + H20 H2CO3 HCO3- +H+
☆ Respiratory Rates are VERY susceptible to levels of CO2 in the blood: too high = too acidic – body response = increased breathing
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
VOCABULARYApnea = absence of breathing
Dyspnea = difficulty breathing
Hypoxia = decreased O2 to cells
☆ Lung Cancer = #1 cause of cancer death in U.S. & >90% of all cases are b/c of smoking!
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Emphysema – degeneration of alveolar walls (permanent)
Normal Alveoli
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Asthma – spasm of bronchioles
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Pneumonia – viral/bacterial infection of alveoli walls
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Pulmonary edema – fluid in alveoli - usually from another condition (like a failing heart!)
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Cystic Fibrosis – genetic disorder fills lungs with mucus – death by age 30 usually!
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Tuberculosis(TB) – bacterial infection- scarring of lungs/death ☆ #1 infectious disease killer in world ☆ > 2 billion infected & becoming resistant to meds!