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The relation between social and digital behaviour of Dutch
Turks and MoroccansMargreet Dorleijn
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Jacomine NortierUtrecht University
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This presentation:
• Turkish and Moroccan communities• Comparison of language choice, stylistic
means and cs in spoken and digital language use by Turks and Moroccans, respectively .
• Examples throughout the presentation• Conclusions
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Turkish and Moroccan migrants in the Netherlands
Real-life sociolinguistic situation
↑↓Digital behavior
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Are linguistic practices the same in real-life and digital communities?
The question about usefulness of digital data will be addressed tomorrow in colloquium 378: Critical views on Methods and Practices in Research on Multilingalism
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Why compare Turks and Moroccans?
Because they are comparable in terms of
• Migration history• Size• Cultural background• Socio-economic status
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Migration history:
• Guest workers in sixties and seventies• Family members joined husbands and
fathers• Chain migration: wedding partners from
countries of origin
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Size:
Total Dutch population
16.334.210 100%
Turkish 364.333 2.23% Moroccan 323.239 1.98%
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Cultural background: Religion: islam
Socio-economic status:• Low educational level• Low income• Poor housing• Younger generations: strong upward
mobility
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Not comparable in terms of sociolinguistic situation:
• Moroccans: bilingual community• Turks: monolingual community
• Moroccans: L1s have low prestige• Turks: L1 has high prestige
• Moroccans: language is not an ethnic core value• Turks: language is core value
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(continued)
• Moroccans: loosely knit community• Turks: closely knit community
• Moroccans: rapidly shifting to Dutch• Turks: not (or slowly) shifting to Dutch
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Linguistic behaviour in real life (as opposed to virtual behaviour)
• Language choice• Stylistic means• Functions of Code Switching
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Language choice in daily life: Turks: Turkish – Moroccans: Dutch
M:(…) I wouldn’t be able to talk with a Turkish group (..) they speak only Turkish, I wouldn’t want to sit with them
I: Since they talk Turkish so that is a real hindrance for you
T:Yes that’s not the case with Moroccan-, they really speak Dutch, you can easily sit or stand with them or whatever (…) I’ve never seen Moroccan girls who speak Moroccan, they go round speaking only Dutch.)
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Moroccan flavoured Dutch as a style
Moroccan (Turkish, etc) teenagers:
Moroccan accent and occasional insertion ofMoroccan functional elements:
Stylistic means to express group membership,solidarity, ‘toughness’, ‘urban’etc.
(Dorleijn & Nortier, 2005; Nortier & Dorleijn, forthc.)
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CS in spoken language
2nd and 3rd generations:• Turks: CS is often default mode of
communication• Moroccans: CS often marked choice with
specific communicative intention; more use of monolingual Dutch
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Digital Behaviour: choice
• Moroccans (either Berber or Arabic): Mainly Dutch, with Arabic/Berber insertions.
• Turks: Depending on topic.
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Choice (continued)Depending on Topic:
• Conveying information about Dutch items: Dutch (with occasional Turkish insertions or alternations)
• Conveying information about Turkish items: Turkish (with occasional Dutch insertions or alternations).
• Informal chatter: continuous CS.
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Style: Moroccan flavoured Dutch
• Basically phonological characteristics, but also the insertion of Moroccan Arabic functional elements.
• Traces of it (MfD) on Turkish site.
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Example:
(…)lekker bankje verwarming wa posters, bide laptoplar gelince tamam artik bizim mekan orasidir
(…) a nice seat and posters, and when the laptops arrive, that will be our place to be
(TurkishTexas.nl, september 2006)
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A lot of examples on Moroccan sites, e.g.:
Wa7ed goede morgen allemaal!One good morning everybody
3la zwakzinnig gevoel voor humor heb ik.What (a) retarded sense of humor I have
www.maroc.nl
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Code Switching on Moroccan sites:
remarkably often CS for poetic language use (including puns, fun and wit):(and otherwise CS that can be interpreted in terms of ‘Markedness’ (Myers-Scotton) or ‘Contextualization Cues’ (Gumperz; Auer)
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Example of poetic language useJe bent nog mooier dan mijn remra7 , gezien vanaf de sta7,bij het krieken van de sba7.
‘You are even prettier than my court yard, seen from the roof, at dawn in the morning’
gataarlijk spuldangerous stuff (gataar – dangerous MA
gevaarlijk – dangerous D)
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Code Switching on Turkish sites
1. Occasional alternational CS, mostly in texts that convey information – mostly to be interpreted in terms of ‘contextualization cues’, ‘markedness’ (e.g. explorative use).
2. CS as the default mode in chat.
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Example:1. Contextualization cue (side comment):
Maar wat wil het lot… (büyük konusmusuz) ik ben verliefd en zwaar ook.
‘But fate strikes… (that was easy to say at the time) I am in love and heavily as it is.
(www.lokum.nl, September, 2006)
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Example2. Default mode:
Is er geen moppen topic of zo, fikralar topigi falan var, mop guzel ama, her mopa bir topic acilirsa, is een beetje onnodig.
‘Is there no jokes topic or so, joke-PL topic-POSS or-so there-is, joke nice-is,
but each joke-DAT one topic open-PASS-COND-3sg, is a little unnecessary.’
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To wrap it up:1. Digital linguistic behaviour is similar to real-life
linguistic behaviour for both Moroccans and Turks.2. Users of Moroccan descent consider their L1 as
something extra, a source of fun and wit. In contrast to the Moroccan/Dutch forums, in Turkish/Dutch forums, we have not found that bilingualism in itself is employed as a source for wit or wordplay.
3. Are digital data useful???
(To be continued tomorrow….)
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ReferencesAissati, A. El (1996): Language Loss among Native Speakers of Moroccan
Arabic in the Netherlands. Nijmegen: doctoral dissertation.
Auer, Peter (1998) ‘Introduction to chapter 12’ . Code-Switching in conversation. Language, Interaction and Identity. P. Auer (ed.). London/New York: Routledge. 287-289.
Myers-Scotton, Carol (1993), Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford Studies in Language Contact; Clarendon Press.
Dorleijn, M & J. Nortier (2006): Het Marokkaanse accent in het Nederlands: Marker of indicator? In: Artikelen van de vijfde sociolinguistische conferentie, eds. Tom Koole, Jacomine Nortier en Bert Tahitu, Delft, 138-147
Nortier, J & M. Dorleijn (forthc.): A Moroccan accent in Dutch: restricted to the Moroccan community? IJB