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THE REFORMATION
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The Protestant Reformation
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1. The Protestant Reformation
a. Dissatisfaction with the Churchi. Unhappy with taxesii. Disapproved Indulgences
1. Approved by Pope Leo X2. Indulgences were pardons issued by the pope
that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory
iii. Disapproved other church practicesiv. Growth of Nationalism
1. People became more loyal to their nation or state than to the church
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b. Early Reformers
i. John Wycliffe1. Born in England
around 13302. Believed the
earth should give up earthly possessions
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ii. Jan Hus1. Born in Southern
Bohemia in 1370 2. Preached against the
immortality and worldliness of the Catholic Church
3. Was excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII
4. Later arrested, tried for heresy and burned at the stake
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2. Martin Luther
a. Ninety-five Thesesi. Luther denied that
Indulgences had any power to remit sin
ii. Criticized the power of the pope
iii. Criticized the wealth of the Church
1. Theses was intended for church leaders
2. Nailing them to the door was common practice
3. Intended to stimulate discussion among the intellectuals
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b. Luther’s Messagei. He contradicted basic Catholic belief
when he insisted that God’s grace cannot be won by good works
1. Believed all that was needed was faith
ii. Declared the only head of the Christian Church was Jesus Christ
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iii. Insisted that individual Christians should be their own interpreters of the scripture1. To prove this point, translated the Bible
into German
iv. Christian practices should only come from the Bible
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c. Reactions to Lutheri. 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated
Lutherii. 1521, Diet of Worms
1. Summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor and the German Assembly
2. Edict of Wormsa. Declared Luther an outlaw and condemned his
writingsb. Did not prevent Luther’s ideas from spreading
iii. 1530, Lutheranism was formally recognized branch of Christianity
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3. Spread of Protestantism
a. Ulrich Zwinglii. Born in Switzerlandii. Preached ideas similar
to Luther, however his reforms went even further than Luther’s
iii. Established a church based on the idea of a theocracy
iv. Protestants and Catholics went to war over this
v. Zwingli died in battle in 1531
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b. John Calvini. Most important
Protestant reformer, next Luther
ii. Preached the doctrine of predestination
1. Holds that God knows who will be saved before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined for salvation
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iii. Took root in Geneva, Switzerland; city became a theocracy
iv. Calvinist viewed people as sinful by nature and enacted strict laws that regulated people’s behavior
v. In Geneva church attendance was mandatory
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4. Protestantism spreads to England
a. A King’s Protesti. Henry VIII
1. Became king in 1509, at the age of 17
2. Was a devout Catholic3. 1525, he asked for an
annulmenta. His wife, Catherine of
Argon, had only produced one child, which was girl named Mary
b. He did not believe she would have a son
4. Pope would not agree to the annulment
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b. The Reformation Parliamenti. Henry summoned the Parliamentii. Parliament declared that England no
longer considered itself under the authority of the pope
iii. Henry VII became the head of the Church of England
1. He closed Catholic monasteries and convents and distributed land among the nobles
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iv. Henry married Anne Boleyn1. Parliament declared that Henry’s marriage to
Catherine null and void2. Anne gave Henry another daughter named
Elizabeth
v. Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 15343. This required subjects to take an oath
declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”
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c. Henry’s Heirsi. He had a total of
six wivesii. Third, wife Jane
Seymore, gave Henry a male heir, his named, Edward VI
iii. Edward VI1. Took the throne in
1547 at the age of 9, died before the age of 16
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iv. Mary1. Henry’s first
daughter, becomes Queen of England
2. Returned England to the authority of the pope
3. Earned the title, Bloody Mary, because of how many people she killed for their protestant beliefs
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d. Elizabeth’s Reigni. Elizabeth I
1. 1st act was the new Supremacy Act of 1559
2. Persecuted anyone who worshiped as Catholic
3. Firmly established the Church of England
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The Counter Reformation
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1. Reforming the Catholic Churcha. Early Reformers
i. Girolano Savonarola1. He preached against
the abuses of the church
2. Called for churches to melt their gold and silver to buy bread for the hungry and poor members of the Church
3. Would eventually be excommunicated
4. 1498- He was executed in Florence
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b. Jesuitsi. Their work renewed
the churches emphasis on spirituality and service
ii. Their name means the Society of Jesus
iii. Order was founded in 1534, by Ignatuis of Loyola
1. Approved by the pope in 1539
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iv. Emphasized obedience to the church above all else
v. Concentrated on education as a means to combat the Protestant Reformation1. Established missions, schools, and
universities
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c. The Council of Trenti. Convened by Pope Paul III in 1545
1. Met off and on until 1563
ii. Clarified Catholic teaching on important issues
1. Addressed the corruption of the clergy2. Training of priests was regulated3. Financial abuse curbed4. Sales of indulgences abolished
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iii. Rejected emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith, made by the Protestants1. Believed church could help believers
achieve salvation by using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith
iv. Pronouncements of the Council of Trent meant that there would be no compromise between Protestants and Catholics
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d. Reforming Catholics
i. Charles Barromeo
1. Archbishop of Milan (1560-1584)
2. Took action to implement reforms ordered by the council, i.e. built new schools for the education of priests
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ii. Francis of Sales1. Regained the
district of Savoy, that had turned to Calvinism
2. Founded a religious teaching order for women
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e. Women and the Church
i. Women in religious orders began to take on more active roles in the Church
ii. Teresa of Avila1. Became a nun at the age of 202. Had her own strict rules regarding
fasting, prayers and sleep3. Founded the Carmelite orders4. Her reported visions of Christ and
Catholic faith inspired many to remain Catholic
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f. The Inquisitioni. Church court meant to counter the Reformation
1. Court was called the Roman Inquisition (1542)
ii. Tried people accused on being Protestantiii. Spanish monarchs set up the Spanish Inquisition
in 1478, it was much hasher than the Roman Inquisition
1. Imposed religious uniformity on converted Muslims, Jews and later Protestants
iv. Index of Forbidden Books1. A list of books that the Church warned people not to
read
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2. Religious and Social Effectsa. Changes in Religion
i. Catholicism spread elsewhere i.e. North America, this was due mostly to the Jesuits
ii. Religious turmoil increasediii. Martin Luther’s theses opened the door to
religious freedom
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b. Persecution and Hysteriai. Both Jews and Muslims were forced to
convert or leave Spainii. Jews moved into Southern and Eastern
Europe1. In some places Jews were forced to live in a
particular part of the city called a ghetto
iii. People feared witchcraft1. Accused people of practicing witchcraft2. Penalty was death
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c. Political Effectsi. Rising sense of national identityii. Protestant Reformation, indirectly
encouraged the formation of independent states and nations
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3. Religious Wars and Unresta. Italian Wars
i. 1527, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Rome
ii. 1558, the Italian Wars ended
iii. Significance1. Credited with
expanding the Italian Renaissance throughout Europe
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b. Conflicts among Germansi. 1524, tens of thousands of Germans
stormed castles and monasteries1. Known as the Peasant ‘s Rebellion
a. Were unhappy with high taxes and lack of power
ii. 1546, Charles V began a war with the Lutheran Princes of Germany
iii. War eventually waned and The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555
1. Allowed each prince to choose the religion that his subjects would practice
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c. Conflicts between Religionsi. Huguenots (French
Protestants) fought against Catholics
ii. Henry of Navarre1. He was a Huguenot2. When he became king,
he brought stability to France by converting to Catholicism
3. 1598, he issued the Edict of Nantes
a. Granted religious freedom for Huguenots