The ProkaryotesThird Edition
The ProkaryotesA Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria
Third Edition
Volume 6: Proteobacteria: Gamma Subclass
Martin Dworkin (Editor-in-Chief), Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg,Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Erko Stackebrandt (Editors)
Editor-in-ChiefProfessor Dr. Martin DworkinDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of MinnesotaBox 196University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN 55455-0312USA
EditorsProfessor Dr. Stanley FalkowDepartment of Microbiologyand ImmunologyStanford University Medical School299 Campus Drive, Fairchild D039Stanford, CA 94305-5124USA
Professor Dr. Eugene RosenbergDepartment of Molecular Microbiologyand BiotechnologyTel Aviv UniversityRamat-Aviv 69978Israel
Professor Dr. Karl-Heinz SchleiferDepartment of MicrobiologyTechnical University Munich80290 MunichGermany
Professor Dr. Erko StackebrandtDSMZ- German Collection of Microorganismsand Cell Cultures GmbH Mascheroder Weg 1b38124 BraunschweigGermany
Library of Congress Control Number: 91017256
Volume 6ISBN-10: 0-387-25496-XISBN-13: 978-0387-25496-8e-ISBN: 0-387-30746-XPrint + e-ISBN: 0-387-33496-3DOI: 10.1007/0-387-30746-X
Volumes 1–7 (Set)ISBN-10: 0-387-25499-4ISBN-13: 978-0387-25499-9e-ISBN: 0-387-30740-0Print + e-ISBN: 0-387-33488-2
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Preface
Each of the first two editions of The Prokaryotestook a bold step. The first edition, published in1981, set out to be an encyclopedic, synopticaccount of the world of the prokaryotes—a col-lection of monographic descriptions of thegenera of bacteria.The Archaea had not yet beenformalized as a group. For the second edition in1992, the editors made the decision to organizethe chapters on the basis of the molecular phy-logeny championed by Carl Woese, whichincreasingly provided a rational, evolutionarybasis for the taxonomy of the prokaryotes. Inaddition, the archaea had by then been recog-nized as a phylogenetically separate and distin-guishable group of the prokaryotes. The twovolumes of the first edition had by thenexpanded to four. The third edition was arguablythe boldest step of all. We decided that the mate-rial would only be presented electronically. Theadvantages were obvious and persuasive. Therewould be essentially unlimited space. Therewould be no restrictions on the use of color illus-trations. Film and animated descriptions could bemade available. The text would be hyperlinkedto external sources. Publication of chapterswould be seriati—the edition would no longerhave to delay publication until the last tardyauthor had submitted his or her chapter. Updatesand modifications could be made continuously.And, most attractively, a library could place itssubscribed copy on its server and make it avail-able easily and cheaply to all in its community.One hundred and seventy chapters have thus farbeen presented in 16 releases over a six-yearperiod. The virtues and advantages of the onlineedition have been borne out. But we failed topredict the affection that many have for holdinga bound, print version of a book in their hands.Thus, this print version of the third edition shallaccompany the online version.
We are now four years into the 21st century.Indulge us then while we comment on the chal-lenges, problems and opportunities for microbi-ology that confront us.
Moselio Schaechter has referred to the presentera of microbiology as its third golden age—theera of “integrative microbiology.” Essentially allmicrobiologists now speak a common language.So that the boundaries that previously separatedsubdisciplines from each other have faded: phys-iology has become indistinguishable from patho-genesis; ecologists and molecular geneticistsspeak to each other; biochemistry is spoken byall; and—mirabile dictu!—molecular biologistsare collaborating with taxonomists.
But before these molecular dissections ofcomplex processes can be effective there must bea clear view of the organism being studied. Andit is our goal that these chapters in The Prokary-otes provide that opportunity.
There is also yet a larger issue. Microbiologyis now confronted with the need to understandincreasingly complex processes. And the modusoperandi that has served us so successfully for150 years—that of the pure culture studied understandard laboratory conditions—is inadequate.We are now challenged to solve problems of multimembered populations interacting witheach other and with their environment underconstantly variable conditions. Carl Woese haspointed out a useful and important distinctionbetween empirical, methodological reductionismand fundamentalist reductionism. The formerhas served us well; the latter stands in the way ofour further understanding of complex, interact-ing systems. But no matter what kind of synop-tic systems analysis emerges as our way ofunderstanding host–parasite relations, ecology,or multicellular behavior, the understanding ofthe organism as such is sine qua non. And in thatcontext, we are pleased to present to you thethird edition of The Prokaryotes.
Martin DworkinEditor-in-Chief
Foreword
The purpose of this brief foreword is unchangedfrom the first edition; it is simply to make you,the reader, hungry for the scientific feast thatfollows. These four volumes on the prokaryotesoffer an expanded scientific menu that displaysthe biochemical depth and remarkable physio-logical and morphological diversity of prokary-ote life. The size of the volumes might initiallydiscourage the unprepared mind from beingattracted to the study of prokaryote life, for thislandmark assemblage thoroughly documents thewealth of present knowledge. But in confrontingthe reader with the state of the art, the Hand-book also defines where more work needs to bedone on well-studied bacteria as well as onunusual or poorly studied organisms.
This edition of The Prokaryotes recognizesthe almost unbelievable impact that the work ofCarl Woese has had in defining a phylogeneticbasis for the microbial world. The concept thatthe ribosome is a highly conserved structure inall cells and that its nucleic acid components may serve as a convenient reference point forrelating all living things is now generallyaccepted. At last, the phylogeny of prokaryoteshas a scientific basis, and this is the first seriousattempt to present a comprehensive treatise onprokaryotes along recently defined phylogeneticlines. Although evidence is incomplete for manymicrobial groups, these volumes make a state-ment that clearly illuminates the path to follow.
There are basically two ways of doing researchwith microbes. A classical approach is first todefine the phenomenon to be studied and thento select the organism accordingly. Another wayis to choose a specific organism and go where itleads. The pursuit of an unusual microbe bringsout the latent hunter in all of us. The intellectualchallenges of the chase frequently test our inge-nuity to the limit. Sometimes the quarry repeat-edly escapes, but the final capture is indeed awonderful experience. For many of us, thesesimple rewards are sufficiently gratifying so thatwe have chosen to spend our scientific livesstudying these unusual creatures. In theseendeavors many of the strategies and tools as
well as much of the philosophy may be traced tothe Delft School, passed on to us by our teach-ers, Martinus Beijerinck, A. J. Kluyver, and C. B.van Niel, and in turn passed on by us to ourstudents.
In this school, the principles of the selective,enrichment culture technique have been devel-oped and diversified; they have been a majorforce in designing and applying new principlesfor the capture and isolation of microbes fromnature. For me, the “organism approach” hasprovided rewarding adventures. The organismcontinually challenges and literally drags theinvestigator into new areas where unfamiliartools may be needed. I believe that organism-oriented research is an important alternative toproblem-oriented research, for new concepts ofthe future very likely lie in a study of the breadthof microbial life. The physiology, biochemistry,and ecology of the microbe remain the mostpowerful attractions. Studies based on classicalmethods as well as modern genetic techniqueswill result in new insights and concepts.
To some readers, this edition of the TheProkaryotes may indicate that the field is nowmature, that from here on it is a matter of fillingin details. I suspect that this is not the case.Perhaps we have assumed prematurely that wefully understand microbial life. Van Niel pointedout to his students that—after a lifetime ofstudy—it was a very humbling experience toview in the microscope a sample of microbesfrom nature and recognize only a few. Recentevidence suggests that microbes have beenevolving for nearly 4 billion years. Most certainlythose microbes now domesticated and kept incaptivity in culture collections represent only aminor portion of the species that have evolved inthis time span. Sometimes we must remind our-selves that evolution is actively taking place atthe present moment. That the eukaryote cellevolved as a chimera of certain prokaryote partsis a generally accepted concept today. Higher aswell as lower eukaryotes evolved in contact withprokaryotes, and evidence surrounds us of thecomplex interactions between eukaryotes and
prokaryotes as well as among prokaryotes. Wehave so far only scratched the surface of thesebiochemical interrelationships. Perhaps thelegume nodule is a pertinent example of naturecaught in the act of evolving the “nitrosome,”a unique nitrogen-fixing organelle. Study ofprokaryotes is proceeding at such a fast pace thatmajor advances are occurring yearly. Theincrease of this edition to four volumes docu-ments the exciting pace of discoveries.
To prepare a treatise such as The Prokaryotesrequires dedicated editors and authors; the taskhas been enormous. I predict that the scientificcommunity of microbiologists will again show itsappreciation through use of these volumes—such that the pages will become “dog-eared” andworn as students seek basic information for the
viii Foreword
hunt.These volumes belong in the laboratory, notin the library. I believe that a most effective wayto introduce students to microbiology is for themto isolate microbes from nature, i.e., from theirhabitats in soil, water, clinical specimens, orplants. The Prokaryotes enormously simplifiesthis process and should encourage the construc-tion of courses that contain a wide spectrum ofdiverse topics. For the student as well as theadvanced investigator these volumes shouldgenerate excitement.
Happy hunting!
Ralph S. WolfeDepartment of Microbiology
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Contents
Preface vForeword by Ralph S. Wolfe viiContributors xxix
Volume 11. Essays in Prokaryotic Biology
1.1 How We Do, Don’t and Should Look at Bacteria and Bacteriology 3carl r. woese
1.2 Databases 24wolfgang ludwig, karl-heinz schleifer and erko stackebrandt
1.3 Defining Taxonomic Ranks 29erko stackebrandt
1.4 Prokaryote Characterization and Identification 58hans g. trüper and karl-heinz schleifer
1.5 Principles of Enrichment, Isolation, Cultivation, and Preservation of Prokaryotes 80jörg overmann
1.6 Prokaryotes and Their Habitats 137hans g. schlegel and holger w. jannasch
1.7 Morphological and Physiological Diversity 185stephen h. zinder and martin dworkin
1.8 Cell-Cell Interactions 221dale kaiser
1.9 Prokaryotic Genomics 246b. w. wren
1.10 Genomics and Metabolism in Escherichia coli 261margrethe haugge serres and monica riley
1.11 Origin of Life: RNA World versus Autocatalytic Anabolism 275günter wächtershäuser
1.12 Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology 284eugene rosenberg
1.13 The Structure and Function of Microbial Communities 299david a. stahl, meredith hullar and seana davidson
2. Symbiotic Associations
2.1 Cyanobacterial-Plant Symbioses 331david g. adams, birgitta bergman, s. a. nierzwicki-bauer,a. n. rai and arthur schüßler
2.2 Symbiotic Associations Between Ciliates and Prokaryotes 364hans-dieter görtz
2.3 Bacteriocyte-Associated Endosymbionts of Insects 403paul baumann, nancy a. moran and linda baumann
2.4 Symbiotic Associations Between Termites and Prokaryotes 439andreas brune
2.5 Marine Chemosynthetic Symbioses 475colleen m. cavanaugh, zoe p. mckiness, irene l.g. newton andfrank j. stewart
3. Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology
3.1 Organic Acid and Solvent Production 511palmer rogers, jiann-shin chen and mary jo zidwick
3.2 Amino Acid Production 756hidehiko kumagai
3.3 Microbial Exopolysaccharides 766timothy harrah, bruce panilaitis and david kaplan
3.4 Bacterial Enzymes 777wim j. quax
3.5 Bacteria in Food and Beverage Production 797michael p. doyle and jianghong meng
3.6 Bacterial Pharmaceutical Products 812arnold l. demain and giancarlo lancini
3.7 Biosurfactants 834eugene rosenberg
3.8 Bioremediation 850ronald l. crawford
x Contents
3.9 Biodeterioration 864ji-dong gu and ralph mitchell
3.10 Microbial Biofilms 904dirk de beer and paul stoodley
Index 939
Volume 21. Ecophysiological and Biochemical Aspects
1.1 Planktonic Versus Sessile Life of Prokaryotes 3kevin c. marshall
1.2 Bacterial Adhesion 16itzhak ofek, nathan sharon and soman n. abraham
1.3 The Phototrophic Way of Life 32jörg overmann and ferran garcia-pichel
1.4 The Anaerobic Way of Life 86ruth a. schmitz, rolf daniel, uwe deppenmeier andgerhard gottschalk
1.5 Bacterial Behavior 102judith armitage
1.6 Prokaryotic Life Cycles 140martin dworkin
1.7 Life at High Temperatures 167rainer jaenicke and reinhard sterner
1.8 Life at Low Temperatures 210siegfried scherer and klaus neuhaus
1.9 Life at High Salt Concentrations 263aharon oren
1.10 Alkaliphilic Prokaryotes 283terry ann krulwich
1.11 Syntrophism among Prokaryotes 309bernhard schink and alfons j.m. stams
1.12 Quorum Sensing 336bonnie l. bassler and melissa b. miller
1.13 Acetogenic Prokaryotes 354harold l. drake, kirsten küsel and carola matthies
Contents xi
1.14 Virulence Strategies of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria 421barbara n. kunkel and zhongying chen
1.15 The Chemolithotrophic Prokaryotes 441donovan p. kelly and anne p. wood
1.16 Oxidation of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds as an Energy Source 457eberhard bock and michael wagner
1.17 The H2-Metabolizing Prokaryotes 496edward schwartz and bärbel friedrich
1.18 Hydrocarbon-Oxidizing Bacteria 564eugene rosenberg
1.19 Cellulose-Decomposing Bacteria and Their Enzyme Systems 578edward a. bayer, yuval shoham and raphael lamed
1.20 Aerobic Methylotrophic Prokaryotes 618mary e. lidstrom
1.21 Dissimilatory Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-Reducing Prokaryotes 635derek lovley
1.22 Dissimilatory Sulfate- and Sulfur-Reducing Prokaryotes 659ralf rabus, theo a. hansen and friedrich widdel
1.23 The Denitrifying Prokaryotes 769james p. shapleigh
1.24 Dinitrogen-Fixing Prokaryotes 793esperanza martinez-romero
1.25 Root and Stem Nodule Bacteria of Legumes 818michael j. sadowsky and p. h. graham
1.26 Magnetotactic Bacteria 842stefan spring and dennis a. bazylinski
1.27 Luminous Bacteria 863paul v. dunlap and kumiko kita-tsukamoto
1.28 Bacterial Toxins 893vega masignani, mariagrazia pizza and rino rappuoli
1.29 The Metabolic Pathways of Biodegradation 956lawrence p. wackett
1.30 Haloalkaliphilic Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria 969dimitry yu. sorokin, horia banciu, lesley a. robertson andj. gijs kuenen
1.31 The Colorless Sulfur Bacteria 985lesley a. robertson and j. gijs kuenen
xii Contents
1.32 Bacterial Stress Response 1012eliora z. ron
1.33 Anaerobic Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons Including Methane 1028friedrich widdel, antje boetius and ralf rabus
1.34 Physiology and Biochemistry of the Methane-Producing Archaea 1050reiner hedderich and william b. whitman
Index 1081
Volume 3A: Archaea
1. The Archaea: A Personal Overview of the Formative Years 3ralph s. wolfe
2. Thermoproteales 10harald huber, robert huber and karl o. stetter
3. Sulfolobales 23harald huber and david prangishvili
4. Desulfurococcales 52harald huber and karl o. stetter
5. The Order Thermococcales 69costanzo bertoldo and garabed antranikian
6. The Genus Archaeoglobus 82patricia hartzell and david w. reed
7. Thermoplasmatales 101harald huber and karl o. stetter
8. The Order Halobacteriales 113aharon oren
9. The Methanogenic Bacteria 165william b. whitman, timothy l. bowen and david r. boone
10. The Order Methanomicrobiales 208jean-louis garcia, bernard ollivier and william b. whitman
11. The Order Methanobacteriales 231adam s. bonin and david r. boone
12. The Order Methanosarcinales 244melissa m. kendall and david r. boone
Contents xiii
13. Methanococcales 257william b. whitman and christian jeanthon
14. Nanoarchaeota 274harald huber, michael j. hohn, reinhard rachel andkarl o. stetter
15. Phylogenetic and Ecological Perspectives on Uncultured Crenarchaeota and Korarchaeota 281scott c. dawson, edward f. delong and norman r. pace
B: Bacteria
1. Firmicutes (Gram-Positive Bacteria)
1.1. Firmicutes with High GC Content of DNA
1.1.1 Introduction to the Taxonomy of Actinobacteria 297erko stackebrandt and peter schumann
1.1.2 The Family Bifidobacteriaceae 322bruno biavati and paola mattarelli
1.1.3 The Family Propionibacteriaceae: The Genera Friedmanniella,Luteococcus, Microlunatus, Micropruina, Propioniferax,Propionimicrobium and Tessarococcus 383erko stackebrandt and klaus p. schaal
1.1.4 Family Propionibacteriaceae: The Genus Propionibacterium 400erko stackebrandt, cecil s. cummins and john l. johnson
1.1.5 The Family Succinivibrionaceae 419erko stackebrandt and robert b. hespell
1.1.6 The Family Actinomycetaceae: The Genera Actinomyces, Actinobaculum,Arcanobacterium, Varibaculum and Mobiluncus 430klaus p. schaal, atteyet f. yassin and erko stackebrandt
1.1.7 The Family Streptomycetaceae, Part I: Taxonomy 538peter kämpfer
1.1.8 The Family Streptomycetaceae, Part II: Molecular Biology 605hildgund schrempf
1.1.9 The Genus Actinoplanes and Related Genera 623gernot vobis
1.1.10 The Family Actinosynnemataceae 654david p. labeda
1.1.11 The Families Frankiaceae, Geodermatophilaceae, Acidothermaceae and Sporichthyaceae 669philippe normand
xiv Contents
1.1.12 The Family Thermomonosporaceae: Actinocorallia, Actinomadura,Spirillospora and Thermomonospora 682reiner michael kroppenstedt and michael goodfellow
1.1.13 The Family Streptosporangiaceae 725michael goodfellow and erika teresa quintana
1.1.14 The Family Nocardiopsaceae 754reiner michael kroppenstedt and lyudmila i. evtushenko
1.1.15 Corynebacterium—Nonmedical 796wolfgang liebl
1.1.16 The Genus Corynebacterium—Medical 819alexander von graevenitz and kathryn bernard
1.1.17 The Families Dietziaceae, Gordoniaceae, Nocardiaceae and Tsukamurellaceae 843michael goodfellow and luis angel maldonado
1.1.18 The Genus Mycobacterium—Nonmedical 889sybe hartmans, jan a.m. de bont and erko stackebrandt
1.1.19 The Genus Mycobacterium—Medical 919beatrice saviola and william bishai
1.1.20 Mycobacterium leprae 934thomas m. shinnick
1.1.21 The Genus Arthrobacter 945dorothy jones and ronald m. keddie
1.1.22 The Genus Micrococcus 961miloslav kocur, wesley e. kloos and karl-heinz schleifer
1.1.23 Renibacterium 972hans-jürgen busse
1.1.24 The Genus Stomatococcus: Rothia mucilaginosa, basonymStomatococcus mucilaginosus 975erko stackebrandt
1.1.25 The Family Cellulomonadaceae 983erko stackebrandt, peter schumann and helmut prauser
1.1.26 The Family Dermatophilaceae 1002erko stackebrandt
1.1.27 The Genus Brevibacterium 1013matthew d. collins
1.1.28 The Family Microbacteriaceae 1020lyudmila i. evtushenko and mariko takeuchi
Contents xv
1.1.29 The Genus Nocardioides 1099jung-hoon yoon and yong-ha park
Index 1115
Volume 41. Firmicutes (Gram-Positive Bacteria)
1.2 Firmicutes with Low GC Content of DNA
1.2.1 The Genera Staphylococcus and Macrococcus 5friedrich götz, tammy bannerman and karl-heinz schleifer
1.2.2 The Genus Streptococcus—Oral 76jeremy m. hardie and robert a. whiley
1.2.3 Medically Important Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci 108p. patrick cleary and qi cheng
1.2.4 Streptococcus pneumoniae 149elaine tuomanen
1.2.5 The Genus Enterococcus: Taxonomy 163luc devriese, margo baele and patrick butaye
1.2.6 Enterococcus 175donald j. leblanc
1.2.7 The Genus Lactococcus 205michael teuber and arnold geis
1.2.8 The Genera Pediococcus and Tetragenococcus 229wilhelm h. holzapfel, charles m. a. p. franz, wolfgang ludwig,werner back and leon m. t. dicks
1.2.9 Genera Leuconostoc, Oenococcus and Weissella 267johanna björkroth and wilhelm h. holzapfel
1.2.10 The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium 320walter p. hammes and christian hertel
1.2.11 Listeria monocytogenes and the Genus Listeria 404nadia khelef, marc lecuit, carmen buchrieser, didier cabanes,olivier dussurget and pascale cossart
1.2.12 The Genus Brochothrix 477erko stackebrandt and dorothy jones
1.2.13 The Genus Erysipelothrix 492erko stackebrandt, annette c. reboli and w. edmund farrar
xvi Contents
1.2.14 The Genus Gemella 511matthew d. collins
1.2.15 The Genus Kurthia 519erko stackebrandt, ronald m. keddie and dorothy jones
1.2.16 The Genus Bacillus—Nonmedical 530ralph a. slepecky and h. ernest hemphill
1.2.17 The Genus Bacillus—Insect Pathogens 563donald p. stahly, robert e. andrews and allan a. yousten
1.2.18 The Genus Bacillus—Medical 609w. edmund farrar and annette c. reboli
1.2.19 Genera Related to the Genus Bacillus—Sporolactobacillus,Sporosarcina, Planococcus, Filibacter and Caryophanon 631dieter claus, dagmar fritze and miloslav kocur
1.2.20 An Introduction to the Family Clostridiaceae 654jürgen wiegel, ralph tanner and fred a. rainey
1.2.21 Neurotoxigenic Clostridia 679cesare montecucco, ornella rossetto and michel r. popoff
1.2.22 The Enterotoxic Clostridia 698bruce a. mcclane, francisco a. uzai,mariano e. fernandez miyakawa, david lyerly andtracy wilkins
1.2.23 Clostridium perfringens and Histotoxic Disease 753julian i. rood
1.2.24 The Genera Desulfitobacterium and Desulfosporosinus: Taxonomy 771stefan spring and frank rosenzweig
1.2.25 The Genus Desulfotomaculum 787friedrich widdel
1.2.26 The Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci 795takayuki ezaki, na (michael) li and yoshiaki kawamura
1.2.27 The Order Haloanaerobiales 809aharon oren
1.2.28 The Genus Eubacterium and Related Genera 823william g. wade
1.2.29 The Genus Mycoplasma and Related Genera (Class Mollicutes) 836shmuel razin
1.2.30 The Phytopathogenic Spiroplasmas 905jacqueline fletcher, ulrich melcher and astri wayadande
Contents xvii
1.3 Firmicutes with Atypical Cell Walls
1.3.1 The Family Heliobacteriaceae 951michael t. madigan
1.3.2 Pectinatus, Megasphaera and Zymophilus 965auli haikara and ilkka helander
1.3.3 The Genus Selenomonas 982robert b. hespell, bruce j. paster and floyd e. dewhirst
1.3.4 The Genus Sporomusa 991john a. breznak
1.3.5 The Family Lachnospiraceae, Including the Genera Butyrivibrio,Lachnospira and Roseburia 1002michael cotta and robert forster
1.3.6 The Genus Veillonella 1022paul kolenbrander
1.3.7 Syntrophomonadaceae 1041martin sobierj and david r. boone
2. Cyanobacteria
2.1 The Cyanobacteria—Isolation, Purification and Identification 1053john b. waterbury
2.2 The Cyanobacteria—Ecology, Physiology and Molecular Genetics 1074yehuda cohen and michael gurevitz
2.3 The Genus Prochlorococcus 1099anton f. post
Index 1111
Volume 53. Proteobacteria
Introduction to the Proteobacteria 3karel kersters, paul de vos, monique gillis, jean swings,peter van damme and erko stackebrandt
3.1. Alpha Subclass
3.1.1 The Phototrophic Alpha-Proteobacteria 41johannes f. imhoff
xviii Contents
3.1.2 The Genera Prosthecomicrobium and Ancalomicrobium 65gary e. oertli, cheryl jenkins, naomi ward, frederick a. rainey,erko stackebrandt and james t. staley
3.1.3 Dimorphic Prosthecate Bacteria: The Genera Caulobacter,Asticcacaulis, Hyphomicrobium, Pedomicrobium, Hyphomonasand Thiodendron 72jeanne s. poindexter
3.1.4 The Genus Agrobacterium 91ann g. matthysse
3.1.5 The Genus Azospirillum 115anton hartmann and jose ivo baldani
3.1.6 The Genus Herbaspirillum 141michael schmid, jose ivo baldani and anton hartmann
3.1.7 The Genus Beijerinckia 151jan hendrick becking
3.1.8 The Family Acetobacteraceae: The Genera Acetobacter, Acidomonas,Asaia, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter, and Kozakia 163karel kersters, puspita lisdiyanti, kazuo komagata andjean swings
3.1.9 The Genus Zymomonas 201hermann sahm, stephanie bringer-meyer and georg a. sprenger
3.1.10 The Manganese-Oxidizing Bacteria 222kenneth h. nealson
3.1.11 The Genus Paracoccus 232donovan p. kelly, frederick a. rainey and ann p. wood
3.1.12 The Genus Phenylobacterium 250jürgen eberspächer and franz lingens
3.1.13 Methylobacterium 257peter n. green
3.1.14 The Methanotrophs—The Families Methylococcaceae and Methylocystaceae 266john p. bowman
3.1.15 The Genus Xanthobacter 290jürgen wiegel
3.1.16 The Genus Brucella 315edgardo moreno and ignacio moriyón
3.1.17 Introduction to the Rickettsiales and Other Intracellular Prokaryotes 457david n. fredricks
3.1.18 The Genus Bartonella 467michael f. minnick and burt e. anderson
Contents xix
3.1.19 The Order Rickettsiales 493xue-jie yu and david h. walker
3.1.20 The Genus Coxiella 529robert a. heinzen and james e. samuel
3.1.21 The Genus Wolbachia 547markus riegler and scott l. o’neill
3.1.22 Aerobic Phototrophic Proteobacteria 562vladimir v. yurkov
3.1.23 The Genus Seliberia 585jean m. schmidt and james r. swafford
3.2. Beta Subclass
3.2.1 The Phototrophic Betaproteobacteria 593johannes f. imhoff
3.2.2 The Neisseria 602daniel c. stein
3.2.3 The Genus Bordetella 648alison weiss
3.2.4 Achromobacter, Alcaligenes and Related Genera 675hans-jürgen busse and andreas stolz
3.2.5 The Genus Spirillum 701noel r. krieg
3.2.6 The Genus Aquaspirillum 710bruno pot, monique gillis and jozef de ley
3.2.7 Comamonas 723anne willems and paul de vos
3.2.8 The Genera Chromobacterium and Janthinobacterium 737monique gillis and jozef de ley
3.2.9 The Genera Phyllobacterium and Ochrobactrum 747jean swings, bart lambert, karel kersters and barry holmes
3.2.10 The Genus Derxia 751jan hendrick becking
3.2.11 The Genera Leptothrix and Sphaerotilus 758stefan spring
3.2.12 The Lithoautotrophic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria 778hans-peter koops, ulrike purkhold, andreas pommerening-röser,gabriele timmermann and michael wagner
xx Contents
3.2.13 The Genus Thiobacillus 812lesley a. robertson and j. gijs kuenen
3.2.14 The Genera Simonsiella and Alysiella 828brian p. hedlund and daisy a. kuhn
3.2.15 Eikenella corrodens and Closely Related Bacteria 840edward j. bottone and paul a. granato
3.2.16 The Genus Burkholderia 848donald e. woods and pamela a. sokol
3.2.17 The Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria 861aharon abeliovich
3.2.18 The Genera Azoarcus, Azovibrio, Azospira and Azonexus 873barbara reinhold-hurek and thomas hurek
Index 893
Volume 63. Proteobacteria
3.3. Gamma Subclass
3.3.1 New Members of the Family Enterobacteriaceae 5j. michael janda
3.3.2 Phylogenetic Relationships of Bacteria with Special Reference toEndosymbionts and Enteric Species 41m. pilar francino, scott r. santos and howard ochman
3.3.3 The Genus Escherichia 60rodney a. welch
3.3.4 The Genus Edwardsiella 72sharon l. abbott and j. michael janda
3.3.5 The Genus Citrobacter 90diana borenshtein and david b. schauer
3.3.6 The Genus Shigella 99yves germani and philippe j. sansonetti
3.3.7 The Genus Salmonella 123craig d. ellermeier and james m. slauch
3.3.8 The Genus Klebsiella 159sylvain brisse, francine grimont and patrick a. d. grimont
Contents xxi
3.3.9 The Genus Enterobacter 197francine grimont and patrick a. d. grimont
3.3.10 The Genus Hafnia 215megan e. mcbee and david b. schauer
3.3.11 The Genus Serratia 219francine grimont and patrick a. d. grimont
3.3.12 The Genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella 245jim manos and robert belas
3.3.13 Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis 270elisabeth carniel, ingo autenrieth, guy cornelis,hiroshi fukushima, françoise guinet, ralph isberg,jeannette pham, michael prentice, michel simonet,mikael skurnik and georges wauters
3.3.14 Yersinia pestis and Bubonic Plague 399robert brubaker
3.3.15 Erwinia and Related Genera 443clarence i. kado
3.3.16 The Genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus 451noel boemare and raymond akhurst
3.3.17 The Family Vibrionaceae 495j. j. farmer, iii
3.3.18 The Genera Vibrio and Photobacterium 508j. j. farmer, iii and f. w. hickman-brenner
3.3.19 The Genera Aeromonas and Plesiomonas 564j. j. farmer, iii, m. j. arduino and f. w. hickman-brenner
3.3.20 The Genus Alteromonas and Related Proteobacteria 597valery v. mikhailov, lyudmila a. romanenko andelena p. ivanova
3.3.21 Nonmedical: Pseudomonas 646edward r. b. moore, brian j. tindall, vitor a. p. martins dos santos,dietmar h. pieper, juan-luis ramos and norberto j. palleroni
3.3.22 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 704timothy l. yahr and matthew r. parsek
3.3.23 Phytopathogenic Pseudomonads and Related Plant-Associated Pseudomonads 714milton n. schroth, donald c. hildebrand andnickolas panopoulos
3.3.24 Xylophilus 741anne willems and monique gillis
xxii Contents
3.3.25 The Genus Acinetobacter 746kevin towner
3.3.26 The Family Azotobacteraceae 759jan hendrick becking
3.3.27 The Genera Beggiatoa and Thioploca 784andreas teske and douglas c. nelson
3.3.28 The Family Halomonadaceae 811david r. arahal and antonio ventosa
3.3.29 The Genus Deleya 836karel kersters
3.3.30 The Genus Frateuria 844jean swings
3.3.31 The Chromatiaceae 846johannes f. imhoff
3.3.32 The Family Ectothiorhodospiraceae 874johannes f. imhoff
3.3.33 Oceanospirillum and Related Genera 887josé m. gonzález and william b. whitman
3.3.34 Serpens flexibilis: An Unusually Flexible Bacterium 916robert b. hespell
3.3.35 The Genus Psychrobacter 920john p. bowman
3.3.36 The Genus Leucothrix 931thomas d. brock
3.3.37 The Genus Lysobacter 939hans reichenbach
3.3.38 The Genus Moraxella 958john p. hays
3.3.39 Legionella Species and Legionnaire’s Disease 988paul h. edelstein and nicholas p. cianciotto
3.3.40 The Genus Haemophilus 1034doran l. fink and joseph w. st. geme, iii
3.3.41 The Genus Pasteurella 1062henrik christensen and magne bisgaard
3.3.42 The Genus Cardiobacterium 1091sydney m. harvey and james r. greenwood
Contents xxiii
3.3.43 The Genus Actinobacillus 1094janet i. macinnes and edward t. lally
3.3.44 The Genus Francisella 1119francis nano and karen elkins
3.3.45 Ecophysiology of the Genus Shewanella 1133kenneth h. nealson and james scott
3.3.46 The Genus Nevskia 1152heribert cypionka, hans-dietrich babenzien,frank oliver glöckner and rudolf amann
3.3.47 The Genus Thiomargarita 1156heide n. schulz
Index 1165
Volume 73. Proteobacteria
3.4 Delta Subclass
3.4.1 The Genus Pelobacter 5bernhard schink
3.4.2 The Genus Bdellovibrio 12edouard jurkevitch
3.4.3 The Myxobacteria 31lawrence j. shimkets, martin dworkin and hans reichenbach
3.5. Epsilon Subclass
3.5.1 The Genus Campylobacter 119trudy m. wassenaar and diane g. newell
3.5.2 The Genus Helicobacter 139jay v. solnick, jani l. o’rourke, peter van damme and adrian lee
3.5.3 The Genus Wolinella 178jörg simon, roland gross, oliver klimmek and achim kröger
4. Spirochetes
4.1 Free-Living Saccharolytic Spirochetes: The Genus Spirochaeta 195susan leschine, bruce j. paster and ercole canale-parola
xxiv Contents
4.2 The Genus Treponema 211steven j. norris, bruce j. paster, annette moter andulf b. göbel
4.3 The Genus Borrelia 235melissa j. caimano
4.4 The Genus Leptospira 294ben adler and solly faine
4.5 Termite Gut Spirochetes 318john a. breznak and jared r. leadbetter
4.6 The Genus Brachyspira 330thaddeus b. stanton
5. Chlorobiaceae
5.1 The Family Chlorobiaceae 359jörg overmann
6. Bacteroides and Cytophaga Group
6.1 The Medically Important Bacteroides spp. in Health and Disease 381c. jeffrey smith, edson r. rocha and bruce j. paster
6.2 The Genus Porphyromonas 428frank c. gibson and caroline attardo genco
6.3 An Introduction to the Family Flavobacteriaceae 455jean-françois bernardet and yasuyoshi nakagawa
6.4 The Genus Flavobacterium 481jean-françois bernardet and john p. bowman
6.5 The Genera Bergeyella and Weeksella 532celia j. hugo, brita bruun and piet j. jooste
6.6 The Genera Flavobacterium, Sphingobacterium and Weeksella 539barry holmes
6.7 The Order Cytophagales 549hans reichenbach
6.8 The Genus Saprospira 591hans reichenbach
6.9 The Genus Haliscomenobacter 602eppe gerke mulder and maria h. deinema
6.10 Sphingomonas and Related Genera 605david l. balkwill, j. k. fredrickson and m. f. romine
Contents xxv
xxvi Contents
6.11 The Genera Empedobacter and Myroides 630celia j. hugo, brita bruun and piet j. jooste
6.12 The Genera Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia 638jean-françois bernardet, celia j. hugo and brita bruun
6.13 The Marine Clade of the Family Flavobacteriaceae: The Genera Aequorivita, Arenibacter, Cellulophaga, Croceibacter, Formosa,Gelidibacter, Gillisia, Maribacter, Mesonia, Muricauda, Polaribacter,Psychroflexus, Psychroserpens, Robiginitalea, Salegentibacter,Tenacibaculum, Ulvibacter, Vitellibacter and Zobellia 677john p. bowman
6.14 Capnophilic Bird Pathogens in the Family Flavobacteriaceae:Riemerella, Ornithobacterium and Coenonia 695peter van damme, h. m. hafez and k. h. hinz
6.15 The Genus Capnocytophaga 709e. r. leadbetter
6.16 The Genera Rhodothermus, Thermonema, Hymenobacterand Salinibacter 712aharon oren
7. Chlamydia
7.1 The Genus Chlamydia—Medical 741murat v. kalayoglu and gerald i. byrne
8. Planctomyces and Related Bacteria
8.1 The Order Planctomycetales, Including the Genera Planctomyces,Pirellula, Gemmata and Isosphaera and the Candidatus Genera Brocadia, Kuenenia and Scalindua 757naomi ward, james t. staley, john a. fuerst, stephen giovannoni,heinz schlesner and erko stackebrandt
9. Thermus
9.1 The Genus Thermus and Relatives 797milton s. da costa, frederick a. rainey and m. fernanda nobre
10. Chloroflexaceae and Related Bacteria
10.1 The Family Chloroflexaceae 815satoshi hanada and beverly k. pierson
10.2 The Genus Thermoleophilum 843jerome j. perry
10.3 The Genus Thermomicrobium 849jerome j. perry
10.4 The Genus Herpetosiphon 854natuschka lee and hans reichenbach
11. Verrucomicrobium
11.1 The Phylum Verrucomicrobia: A Phylogenetically Heterogeneous Bacterial Group 881heinz schlesner, cheryl jenkins and james t. staley
12. Thermotogales
12.1 Thermotogales 899robert huber and michael hannig
13. Aquificales
13.1 Aquificales 925robert huber and wolfgang eder
14. Phylogenetically Unaffiliated Bacteria
14.1 Morphologically Conspicuous Sulfur-Oxidizing Eubacteria 941jan w. m. la rivière and karin schmidt
14.2 The Genus Propionigenium 955bernhard schink
14.3 The Genus Zoogloea 960patrick r. dugan, daphne l. stoner and harvey m. pickrum
14.4 Large Symbiotic Spirochetes: Clevelandina, Cristispira, Diplocalyx,Hollandina and Pillotina 971lynn margulis and gregory hinkle
14.5 Streptobacillus moniliformis 983james r. greenwood and sydney m. harvey
14.6 The Genus Toxothrix 986peter hirsch
14.7 The Genus Gallionella 990hans h. hanert
14.8 The Genera Caulococcus and Kusnezovia 996jean m. schmidt and georgi a. zavarzin
14.9 The Genus Brachyarcus 998peter hirsch
Contents xxvii
14.10 The Genus Pelosigma 1001peter hirsch
14.11 The Genus Siderocapsa (and Other Iron- and Maganese-Oxidizing Eubacteria) 1005hans h. hanert
14.12 The Genus Fusobacterium 1016tor hofstad
14.13 Prokaryotic Symbionts of Amoebae and Flagellates 1028kwang w. jeon
Index 1039
xxviii Contents
Contributors
Burt E. AndersonDepartment of Medical Microbiology and
ImmunologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampa, FL 33612USA
Robert E. AndrewsDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of IowaIowa City, IA 52242USA
Garabed AntranikianTechnical University Hamburg-HarburgInstitute of Technical MicrobiologyD-21073 HamburgGermany
David R. ArahalColección Española de Cultivos Tipo (CECT)Universidad de ValenciaEdificio de Investigación46100 Burjassot (Valencia)Spain
M. J. ArduinoCenter for Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease ControlAtlanta, GA 30333USA
Judith ArmitageDepartment of BiochemistryMicrobiology UnitUniversity of OxfordOX1 3QU OxfordUK
Ingo AutenriethInstitut für Medizinische MikrobiologieUniversitatsklinikum TuebingenD-72076 TuebingenGermany
Sharon L. AbbottMicrobial Diseases LaboratoryBerkeley, CA 94704USA
Aharon AbeliovichDepartment of Biotechnology EngineeringInstitute for Applied Biological ResearchEnvironmental Biotechnology InstituteBen Gurion University84105 Beer-ShevaIsrael
Soman N. AbrahamDirector of Graduate Studies in PathologyDepartments of Pathology, Molecular Genetics
and Microbiology, and ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterDurham, NC 27710USA
David G. AdamsSchool of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of LeedsLeeds LS2 9JTUK
Ben AdlerMonash UniversityFaculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health
SciencesDepartment of MicrobiologyClayton CampusVictoria, 3800Australia
Raymond AkhurstCSIRO EntomologyBlack MountainACT 2601 CanberraAustralia
Rudolf AmannMax Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyD-28359 BremenGermany
xxx Contributors
Hans-Dietrich BabenzienLeibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und
Binnenfischereiim Forschungsverbund Berlin
12587 BerlinGermany
Werner BackLehrstuhl für Technologie der Brauerei ITechnische Universität MünchenD-85354 Freising-WeihenstephanGermany
Margo BaeleDepartment of PathologyBacteriology and Poultry DiseasesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityB-9820 MerelbekeBelgium
Jose Ivo BaldaniEMBRAPA-AgrobiologyCentro Nacional de Pesquisa de AgrobiologiaSeropedica, 23851-970CP 74505 Rio de JaneiroBrazil
David L. BalkwillDepartment of Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, FL 32306-4300USA
Horia BanciuDepartment of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology2628 BC Delft
Tammy BannermanSchool of Allied Medical ProfessionsDivision of Medical TechnologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH 43210USA
Bonnie L. BasslerDepartment of Molecular BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, NJ 08544-1014USA
Linda BaumannSchool of NursingClinical Science CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI 53792-2455USA
Paul BaumannDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavis, CA 95616-5224USA
Edward A. BayerDepartment of Biological ChemistryWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot 76100Israel
Dennis A. BazylinskiDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and
Preventive MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, IA 55001USA
Jan Hendrick BeckingStichting ITALResearch Institute of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries6700 AA WageningenThe Netherlands
Robert BelasThe University of Maryland Biotechnology
InstituteCenter of Marine BiotechnologyBaltimore, MD 21202USA
Birgitta BergmanDepartment of BotanyStockholm UniversitySE-106 91 StockholmSweden
Kathryn BernardSpecial Bacteriology SectionNational Microbiology LaboratoryHealth CanadaWinnipeg R3E 3R2Canada
Jean-François BernardetUnité de Virologie et Immunologie
MoléculairesInstitut National de la Recherche
Agronomique (INRA)Domaine de Vilvert78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedexFrance
Contributors xxxi
Costanzo BertoldoTechnical University Hamburg-HarburgInstitute of Technical MicrobiologyD-21073 HamburgGermany
Bruno BiavatiIstituto di Microbiologia Agraria40126 BolognaItaly
Magne BisgaardDepartment of Veterinary MicrobiologyRoyal Veterinary and Agricultural University1870 Frederiksberg CDenmark
William BishaiDepartments of Molecular Microbiology and
Immunology, International Health, andMedicine
Center for Tuberculosis ResearchJohns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public
HealthBaltimore, MD 21205-2105USA
Johanna BjörkrothDepartment of Food and Environmental
HygieneFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFIN-00014 HelsinkiFinland
Eberhard BockInstitute of General BotanyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of HamburgD-22609 HamburgGermany
Noel BoemareEcologie Microbienne des Insectes etInteractions Hôte-PathogèneUMR EMIP INRA-UMIIIFR56 Biologie cellulaire et Porcessus
infectieuxUniversité Montpellier II34095 MontpellierFrance
Antje BoetiusMax-Planck-Institut für Marine MikrobiologieD-28359 BremenGermany
Adam S. BoninPortland State UniversityPortland OR 97207USA
David R. BooneDepartment of BiologyEnvironmental Science and EngineeringOregon Graduate Institute of Science and
TechnologyPortland State UniversityPortland, OR 97207-0751USA
Diana BorenshteinMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA 02139-4307USA
Edward J. BottoneDivision of Infectious DiseasesThe Mount Sinai HospitalOne Gustave L. Levy PlaceNew York, NY 10029USA
Timothy L. BowenDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GA 30602USA
John P. BowmanAustralian Food Safety Centre for ExcellenceSchool of Agricultural ScienceHobart, Tasmania, 7001Australia
John A. BreznakDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular
GeneticsMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824-1101USA
Stephanie Bringer-MeyerInstitut BiotechnologieForschungszentrum JülichD-52425 JülichGermany
Sylvain BrisseUnité Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes
EmergentesU 389 INSERMInstitut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Thomas D. BrockDepartment of BacteriologyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53706USA
xxxii Contributors
Robert BrubakerDepartment of MicrobiologyMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824USA
Andreas BruneMax Planck Institute for Terrestrial
MicrobiologyMarburgGermany
Brita BruunDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyHillerød HospitalDK 3400 HillerødDenmark
Carmen BuchrieserLaboratoire de Génomique des
Microorganismes PathogènesInstitut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Hans-Jürgen BusseInstitut für Bakteriology, Mykologie, und
HygieneVeterinärmedizinische Universität WienA-1210 ViennaAustria
Patrick ButayeCODA-CERVA-VAR1180 BrusselsBelgium
Gerald I. ByrneDepartment of Medical Microbiology and
ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin—MadisonMadison, WI 53706USA
Didier CabanesDepartment of Immunology and Biology of
InfectionMolecular Microbiology GroupInstitute for Molecular and Cellular Biology4150-180 PortoPortugal
Melissa CaimanoCenter for Microbial PathogenesisandDepartment of PathologyandDepartment of Genetics and DevelopmentUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, CT 06030-3205USA
Ercole Canale-ParolaDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst, MA 01003USA
Elisabeth CarnielLaboratoire des YersiniaInstitut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Colleen M. CavanaughBio LabsHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA 02138USA
Jiann-Shin ChenDepartment of BiochemistryVirginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University—Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA 24061-0308USA
Zhongying ChenDepartment of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC 27514USA
Qi ChengUniversity of Western SydneyPenrith SouthNSW 1797Australia
Henrik ChristensenDepartment of Veterinary MicrobiologyRoyal Veterinary and Agricultural UniversityDenmark
Nicholas P. CianciottoDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyNorthwestern University School of MedicineChicago, ILUSA
Dieter ClausDeutsche Sammlung von MikroorganismenD-3300 Braunschweig-StockheimGermany
P. Patrick ClearyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolis, MN 55455USA
Contributors xxxiii
Yehuda CohenDepartment of Molecular and Microbial
EcologyInstitute of Life ScienceHebrew University of Jerusalem91904 JerusalemIsrael
Matthew D. CollinsInstitute of Food ResearchReading Lab, Early GateUK
Guy CornelisMicrobial Pathogenesis UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain andChristian de Duve Institute of Cellular
PathologyB1200 BrusselsBelgium
Pascale CossartUnité des Interactions Bactéries-CellulesINSERM U604Institut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Michael CottaUSDA-ARS North Regional Research
CenterPeoria, IL 61604-3902USA
Ronald L. CrawfordFood Research CenterUniversity of IdahoMoscow, ID 83844-1052USA
Cecil S. CumminsDepartment of Anaerobic MicrobiologyVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State
UniversityBlacksburg, VA 24061USA
Heribert CypionkaInstitut für Chemie und Biologie des MeeresFakultät 5, Mathematik und
NaturwissenschaftenUniversität OldenburgD-26111 OldenburgGermany
Milton S. da CostaM. Fernanda NobreCentro de Neurociências e Biologia CelularDepartamento de ZoologiaUniversidade de Coimbra3004-517 CoimbraPortugal
Rolf DanielDepartment of General MicrobiologyInstitute of Microbiology and Genetics37077 GöttingenGermany
Seana DavidsonUniversity of WashingtonCivil and Environmental EngineeringSeattle, WA 98195-2700USA
Scott C. DawsonDepartment of Molecular and Cellular
BiologyUniversity of California-BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720USA
Dirk de BeerMax-Planck-Institute for Marine MicrobiologyD-28359 BremenGermany
Jan A.M. de BontDepartment of Food ScienceAgricultural University6700 EV WageningenThe Netherlands
Maria H. DeinemaLaboratory of MicrobiologyAgricultural University6703 CT WageningenThe Netherlands
Jozef de LeyLaboratorium voor Microbiologie en
Microbiële GeneticaRijksuniversiteit GhentB-9000 GhentBelgium
Edward F. DeLongScience ChairMonterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss Landing, CA 95039USA
xxxiv Contributors
Arnold L. DemainDepartment of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA 02139USA
Uwe DeppenmeierDepartment of Biological Sciences University of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI 53202USA
Paul de VosDepartment of Biochemistry, Physiology and
MicrobiologyUniversiteit GentB-9000 GentBelgium
Luc DevrieseFaculty of Veterinary MedicineB982 MerelbekeBelgium
Floyd E. DewhirstForsyth Dental Center140 FenwayBoston, MA 02115USA
Leon M. T. DicksDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of StellenboschZA-7600 StellenboschSouth Africa
Michael P. DoyleCollege of Agricultural and Environmental
SciencesCenter for Food Safety and Quality
EnhancementUniversity of GeorgiaGriffin, GA 30223-1797USA
Harold L. DrakeDepartment of Ecological MicrobiologyBITOEK, University of BayreuthD-95440 BayreuthGermany
Patrick R. DuganIdaho National Engineering LaboratoryEG & G IdahoIdaho Falls, ID 83415USA
Paul V. DunlapDepartment of MolecularCellular and Developmental BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI 48109-1048USA
Olivier DussurgetUnité des Interactions Bactéries-CellulesINSERM U604Institut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Martin DworkinUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolDepartment of MicrobiologyMinneapolis, MN 55455USA
Jürgen EberspächerInstitut fur MikrobiologieUniversitat HohenheimD-7000 Stuttgart 70Germany
Paul H. EdelsteinDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory
MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Medical
CenterPhiladelphia, PA 19104-4283USA
Wolfgang EderLehrstuhl für MikrobiologieUniversität Regensburg93053 RegensburgGermany
Karen ElkinsCBER/FDARockville, MD 20852USA
Craig D. EllermeierDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL 61801andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular
BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA 02138USA
Contributors xxxv
Lyudmila I. EvtushenkoAll-Russian Collection of MicroorganismsInstitute of Biochemistry and Physiology of the
Russian, Academy of SciencesPuschinoMoscow Region, 142290Russia
Takayuki EzakiBacterial DepartmentGifu University Medical School40 TsukasaMachi Gifu CityJapan
Solly FaineMonash UniversityFaculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health
SciencesDepartment of MicrobiologyClayton CampusVictoria, 3800Australia
J. J. Farmer, IIICenter for Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease ControlAtlanta, GA 30333USA
W. Edmund FarrarDepartment of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC 29425USA
Mariano E. Fernandez MiyakawaCalifornia Animal Health and Food Safety
LaboratoryUniversity of California, DavisSan Bernardino, CA 92408USA
Doran L. FinkEdward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics
and Department of Molecular MicrobiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri 63110USA
Jacqueline FletcherDepartment of Entomology and Plant
PathologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OKUSA
Robert ForsterBio-Products and Bio-Processes ProgramAgriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge Research CentreLethbridge T1J 4B1Canada
M. Pilar FrancinoEvolutionary Genomics DepartmentDOE Joint Genome InstituteWalnut Creek, CA 94598USA
Charles M. A. P. FranzInstitute of Hygiene and ToxicologyBFELD-76131 KarlsruheGermany
David N. FredricksVA Palo Alto Healthcare SystemPalo Alto, CA 94304USA
J. K. FredricksonPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, Washington 99352USA
Bärbel FriedrichInstitut für Biologie/MikrobiologieHomboldt-Universität zu BerlinChaussesstr. 117D-10115 BerlinGermany
Dagmar FritzeDeutsche Sammlung von MikroorganismenD-3300 Braunschweig-StockheimGermany
John A. FuerstDepartment of Microbiology and
ParasitologyUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
Hiroshi FukushimaPublic Health Institute of Shimane
Prefecture582-1 Nishihamasada, MatsueShimane 690-0122Japan
xxxvi Contributors
Jean-Louis GarciaLaboratoire ORSTOM de Microbiologie des
AnaérobiesUniversité de ProvenceCESB-ESIL13288 MarseilleFrance
Ferran Garcia-PichelAssociate ProfessorArizona State UniversityTempe, AZ 85281USA
Arnold GeisInstitut für MikrobiologieBundesanstalt für MilchforschungD-24121 KielGermany
Caroline Attardo GencoDepartment of MedicineSection of Infectious Diseases
and Department of MicrobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBoston, MA 02118USA
Yves GermaniInstitut PasteurUnité Pathogénie Microbienne MoléculaireandRéseau International des Instituts PasteurParis 15France
Frank C. GibsonDepartment of MedicineSection of Infectious Diseasesand ‘Department of MicrobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBoston, MA 02118USA
Monique GillisLaboratorium voor MikrobiologieUniversiteit GentB-9000 GentBelgium
Stephen GiovannoniDepartment of MicrobiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR 97331USA
Frank Oliver GlöcknerMax-Planck-Institut für Marine MikrobiologieD-28359 BremenGermany
Ulf B. GöbelInstitut für Mikrobiologie und HygieneUniversitaetsklinikum ChariteacuteHumboldt-Universitaet zu BerlinD-10117 BerlinGermany
José M. GonzálezDepartment de Microbiologia y Biologia
CelularFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad de La Laguna38071 La Laguna, TenerifeSPAIN
Michael GoodfellowSchool of BiologyUniverstiy of NewcastleNewcastle upon Tyre NE1 7RUUK
Friedrich GötzFacultät für BiologieInstitut für Microbielle GenetikUniversität TübingenD-72076 TübingenGermany
Hans-Dieter GörtzDepartment of ZoologyBiologisches InstitutUniversität StuttgartD-70569 StuttgartGermany
Gerhard GottschalkInstitut für Mikrobiologie und GenetikGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenD-37077 GöttingenGermany
P. H. GrahamDepartment of Soil, Water, and ClimateSt. Paul, MN 55108USA
Paul A. GranatoDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyState University of New York Upstate Medical
UniversitySyracus, NY 13210USA
Peter N. GreenNCIMB LtdAB24 3RY AberdeenUK
Contributors xxxvii
James R. GreenwoodBio-Diagnostics LaboratoriesTorrance, CA 90503USA
Francine GrimontUnite 199 INSERMInstitut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Patrick A. D. GrimontInstitut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Roland GrossInstitut für MikrobiologieJohann Wolfgang Goethe-UniversitätFrankfurt am MainGermany
Ji-Dong GuLaboratory of Environmental ToxicologyDepartment of Ecology & BiodiversityandThe Swire Institute of Marine ScienceUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong SARP.R. ChinaandEnvironmental and Molecular MicrobiologySouth China Sea Institute of OceanographyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301P.R. China
Françoise GuinetLaboratoire des YersiniaInstitut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Michael GurevitzDepartment of BotanyLife Sciences InstituteTel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv 69978Israel
H. M. HafezInstitute of Poultry DiseasesFree University BerlinBerlinGerman
Auli HaikaraVTT BiotechnologyTietotie 2, EspooFinland
Walter P. HammesInstitute of Food TechnologyUniversität HohenheimD-70599 StuttgartGermany
Satoshi HanadaResearch Institute of Biological ResourcesNational Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology (AIST)Tsukuba 305-8566Japan
Hans H. HanertInstitut für MikrobiologieTechnische Univeristät BraunschweigD-3300 BraunschweigGermany
Michael HannigLehrstuhl für MikrobiologieUniversität RegensburgD-93053 RegensburgGermany
Theo A. HansenMicrobial Physiology (MICFYS)Groningen UniversityRijksuniversiteit GroningenNL-9700 AB GroningenThe Netherlands
Jeremy M. HardieDepartment of Oral MicrobiologySchool of Medicine & DentistryLondon E1 2ADUK
Timothy HarrahBioengineering CenterTufts UniversityMedford, MA 02155USA
Anton HartmannGSF-National Research Center for
Environment and HealthInstitute of Soil EcologyRhizosphere Biology DivisionD-85764 Neuherberg/MuenchenGermany
Sybe HartmansDepartment of Food ScienceAgricultural University Wageningen6700 EV WageningenThe Netherlands
xxxviii Contributors
Patricia HartzellDepartment of Microbiology, Molecular
Biology, and BiochemistryUniversity of IdahoMoscow, ID 83844-3052USA
Sydney M. HarveyNichols Institute Reference Laboratories32961 Calle PerfectoSan Juan Capistrano, CA 92675USA
John P. HaysDepartment of Medical Microbiology and
Infectious DiseasesErasmus MC3015 GD RotterdamThe Netherlands
Reiner HedderichMax Planck Institute für Terrestriche
MikrobiologieD-35043 MarburgGermany
Brian P. HedlundDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of Nevada, Las VegasLas Vegas, NV 89154-4004USA
Robert A. HeinzenDepartment of Molecular BiologyUniversity of WyomingLaramie, WY 82071-3944USA
Ilkka HelanderVTT BiotechnologyTietotie 2, EspooFinland
H. Ernest HemphillDepartment of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuse, NY 13244USA
Christian HertelInstitute of Food TechnologyUniversität HohenheimD-70599 StuttgartGermany
Robert B. HespellNorthern Regional Research Center, ARSUS Department of AgriculturePeoria, IL 61604USA
F. W. Hickman-BrennerCenter for Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease ControlAtlanta, GA 30333USA
Donald C. HildebrandDepartment of Plant PathologyUniversity of California-BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720USA
Gregory HinkleDepartment of BotanyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst, MA 01003USA
K. H. HinzClinic for PoultrySchool of Veterinary MedicineD-30559 HannoverGermany
Peter HirschInstitut für Allgemeine MikrobiologieUniversität KielD-2300 KielGermany
Tor HofstadDepartment of Microbiology and
ImmunologyUniversity of BergenN-5021 BergenNorway
Michael J. HohnLehrstuhl für MikrobiologieUniversität RegensburgD-93053 RegensburgGermany
Barry HolmesCentral Public Health LaboratoryNational Collection of Type CulturesLondon NW9 5HTUK
Wilhelm H. HolzapfelFederal Research Centre of NutritionInstitute of Hygiene and ToxicologyD-76131 KarlsruheGermany
Contributors xxxix
Harald HuberLehrstuhl für MikrobiologieUniversität RegensburgD-93053 RegensburgGermany
Robert HuberLehrstuhl für MikrobiologieUniversität RegensburgD-93053 RegensburgGermany
Celia J. HugoDepartment of Microbial, Biochemical and
Food BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
Meredith HullarUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WAUSA
Thomas HurekLaboratory of General MicrobiologyUniversity Bremen28334 BremenGermany
Johannes F. ImhoffMarine MikrobiologieInstitut für Meereskunde an der Universität
KielD-24105 KielGermany
Ralph IsbergDepartment of Molecular Biology and
MicrobiologyTufts University School of MedicineBoston, MA 02111USA
Elena P. IvanovaSenior Researcher in BiologyLaboratory of MicrobiologyPacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the
Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academyof Sciences
690022 VladivostokRussia
Rainer Jaenicke6885824 Schwalbach a. Ts.GermanyandInstitut für Biophysik und Physikalische
BiochemieUniversität RegensburgRegensburgGermanyandSchool of CrystallographyBirbeck CollegeUniversity of LondonLondon, UK
J. Michael JandaMicrobial Diseases LaboratoryDivision of Communicable Disease ControlCalifornia Department of Health ServicesBerkeley, CA 94704-1011USA
Holger W. JannaschWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, MA 02543USA
Christian JeanthonUMR CNRS 6539–LEMARInstitut Universitaire Europeen de la MerTechnopole Brest Iroise29280 PlouzaneFrance
Cheryl JenkinsDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195USA
John L. JohnsonDepartment of Anaerobic MicrobiologyVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State
UniversityBlacksburg, VA 24061USA
Dorothy JonesDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of Leicester, School of MedicineLancaster LE1 9HNUK
xl Contributors
Piet J. JoosteDepartment of Biotechnology and Food
TechnologyTshwane University of TechnologyPretoria 0001South Africa
Edouard JurkevitchDepartment of Plant Pathology and
MicrobiologyFaculty of AgricultureFood & Environmental Quality ServicesThe Hebrew University76100 RehovotIsrael
Clarence I. KadoDepartment of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, DavisDavis, CA 95616-5224USA
Dale KaiserDepartment of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA 94305-5329USA
Murat V. KalayogluDepartment of Medical Microbiology and
ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin—MadisonMadison, WI 53706USA
Peter KämpferInstitut für Angewandte MikrobiologieJustus Liebig-UniversitätD-35392 GießenGermany
David KaplanDepartment of Chemcial and Biological
EngineeringTufts UniversityMedford, MA 02115USA
Yoshiaki KawamuraDepartment of MicrobiologyRegeneration and Advanced Medical
ScienceGifu University Graduate School of
MedicineGifu 501-1194Japan
Ronald M. KeddieCraigdhuFortroseRoss-shire IV 10 8SSUK
Donovan P. KellyUniversity of WarwickDepartment of Biological SciencesCV4 7AL CoventryUK
Melissa M. KendallDepartment of BiologyPortland State UniversityPortland, OR 97207-0751USA
Karel KerstersLaboratorium voor MikrobiologieDepartment of BiochemistryPhysiology and MicrobiologyUniversiteit GentB-9000 GentBelgium
Nadia KhelefUnité des Interactions Bactéries-CellulesINSERM U604Institut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Kumiko Kita-TsukamotoOcean Research InstituteUniversity of TokyoTokyo 164Japan
Oliver KlimmekJohann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität
FrankfurtInstitut für MikrobiologieD-60439 FrankfurtGermany
Wesley E. KloosDepartment of GeneticsNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC 27695-7614USA
Miloslav KocurCzechoslovak Collection of MicroorganismsJ.E. Purkyne University662 43 BrnoCzechoslovakia
Contributors xli
Paul KolenbranderNational Institute of Dental ResearchNational Institute of HealthBethesda, MD 20892-4350USA
Kazuo KomagataLaboratory of General and Applied
MicrobiologyDepartment of Applied Biology and
ChemistryFaculty of Applied BioscienceTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo, Japan
Hans-Peter KoopsInstitut für Allgemeine BotanikAbteilung MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgD-22069 HamburgGermany
Noel R. KriegDepartment of BiologyVirginia Polytechnic InstituteBlacksburg, VA 24061-0406USA
Achim KrögerInstitut für MikrobiologieBiozentrum NiederurselD-60439 Frankfurt/MainGermany
Reiner Michael KroppenstedtDeutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen
und ZellkulturenD-3300 BraunschweigGermany
Terry Ann KrulwichDepartment of BiochemistryMount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY 10029USA
J. Gijs KuenenDepartment of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology2628BC DelftThe Netherlands
Daisy A. KuhnDepartment of BiologyCalifornia State UniversityNorthridge, CA 91330USA
Hidehiko KumagaiDivision of Applied SciencesGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKitashirakawa606 8502 KyotoJapan
Barbara N. KunkelDepartment of BiologyWashington UniversitySt. Louis, MO 63130USA
Kirsten KüselDepartment of Ecological MicrobiologyBITOEK, University of BayreuthD-95440 BayreuthGermany
David P. LabedaMicrobial Genomics and Bioprocessing
Research UnitNational Center for Agricultural Utilization
ResearchAgricultural Research ServiceU.S. Department of AgriculturePeoria, IL 61604USA
Edward T. LallyLeon Levy Research Center for Oral BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6002USA
Bart LambertPlant Genetic Systems N.V.J. Plateaustraat 22B-9000 GhentBelgium
Raphael LamedDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and
BiotechnologyGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv 69978Israel
Giancarlo LanciniConsultant, Vicuron Pharmaceutical21040 Gerenzano (Varese)Italy
Jan W. M. la RivièreInstitut für MikrobiologieUniversität GöttingenD-3400 GöttingenGermany
xlii Contributors
Jared R. LeadbetterEnvironmental Science and EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA 91125-7800USA
Donald J. LeBlancID GenomicsPharmacia CorporationKalamazoo, MI 49001USA
Marc LecuitUnité des Interactions Bactéries-CellulesINSERM U604Institut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Adrian LeeSchool of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of New South WalesSydney, New South Wales2052 Australia
Natuschka LeeLehrstuhl für MikrobiologieTechnische Universität MünchenD-85350 FreisingGermany
Susan LeschineDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst, MA 01003-5720USA
Na (Michael) LiDivision of BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN 55455USA
Mary E. LidstromDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195USA
Wolfgang LieblInstitut für Mikrobiologie und GenetikGeorg-August-UniversitätD-37077 GöttingenGermany
Franz LingensInstitut fur MikrobiologieUniversitat HohenheimD-7000 Stuttgart 70Germany
Puspita LisdiyantiLaboratory of General and Applied
MicrobiologyDepartment of Applied Biology and
ChemistryFaculty of Applied BioscienceTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo, Japan
Derek LovleyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst, MA 01003USA
Wolfgang LudwigLehrstuhl für MikrobiologieTechnische Universität MünchenD-85350 FreisingGermany
David LyerlyTechLab, Inc.Corporate Research CenterBlacksburg VA 24060-6364USA
Janet I. MacinnesUniversity of GuelphGuelph N1G 2W1Canada
Michael T. MadiganDepartment of MicrobiologyMailcode 6508Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, IL 62901-4399USA
Luis Angel MaldonadoSchool of BiologyUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
(UNAM)Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y LimnologiaCiudad Universitaria CP04510 Mexico DFMexico
Jim ManosThe University of Maryland Biotechnology
InstituteCenter of Marine BiotechnologyBaltimore, MD 21202
Lynn MargulisDepartment of BotanyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst, MA 01003USA
Contributors xliii
Kevin C. MarshallSchool of MicrobiologyUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South Wales 2033Australia
Esperanza Martinez-RomeroCentro de Investigacion sobre Fijacion de
NitrogenoCuernavaca MorMexico
Vitor A. P. Martins dos SantosGesellschaft für Biotechnologische ForschungDivision of MicrobiologyBraunschweig D-38124Germany
Vega MasignaniIRIS, Chiron SpA53100 SienaItaly
Paola MattarelliIstituto di Microbiologia Agraria40126 BolognaItaly
Carola MatthiesDepartment of Ecological MicrobiologyBITOEK, University of BayreuthD-95440 BayreuthGermany
Ann G. MatthysseDepartment of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC 27599USA
Megan E. McBeeBiological Engineering DivisionMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MAUSA
Bruce A. McClaneDepartment of Molecular Genetics and
BiochemistryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15261USA
Zoe P. McKinessDepartment of Organic and Evolutionary
BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA 02138USA
Ulrich MelcherDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular
BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OKUSA
Jianghong MengNutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742-7521USA
Valery V. MikhailovPacific Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryFar-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of
Sciences690022 VladivostokRussia
Melissa B. Miller, Ph.D.Department of Pathology and Laboratory
MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC 27599USA
Michael F. MinnickDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoula, MT 59812-4824USA
Ralph MitchellLaboratory of Microbial EcologyDivision of Engineering and Applied
SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA 02138USA
Cesare MontecuccoProfessor of General PathologyVenetian Institute for Molecular Medicine35129 PadovaItaly
Edward R. B. MooreThe Macaulay InstituteEnvironmental Sciences GroupAberdeen AB158QHUKandCulture Collection University of Göteborg
(CCUG)Department of Clinical BacteriologyUniversity of GöteborgGöteborg SE-416 43Sweden
xliv Contributors
Nancy A. MoranUniversity of ArizonaDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary
BiologyTucson, AZ 85721USA
Edgardo MorenoTropical Disease Research Program
(PIET)Veterinary School, Universidad NacionalCosta Rica
Ignacio MoriyónDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of Navarra32080 PamplonaSpain
Annette MoterInstitut für Mikrobiologie und HygieneUniversitaetsklinikum ChariteacuteHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinD-10117 BerlinGermany
Eppe Gerke MulderLaboratory of MicrobiologyAgricultural University6703 CT WageningenThe Netherlands
Yasuyoshi NakagawaBiological Resource Center (NBRC)Department of BiotechnologyNational Institute of Technology and
EvaluationChiba 292-0818Japan
Francis NanoDepartment of Biochemistry & MicrobiologyUniversity of VictoriaVictoria V8W 3PGCanada
Kenneth H. NealsonDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90033USA
Douglas C. NelsonDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavis, CA 95616USA
Klaus NeuhausDepartment of Pediatrics, Infection, Immunity,
and Infectious Diseases UnitWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO 63110USA
Diane G. NewellVeterinary Laboratory Agency (Weybridge)AddlestoneNew HawSurrey KT1 53NBUK
Irene L. G. Newton Department of Organismic and Evolutionary
BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA 02138USA
S.A. Nierzwicki-BauerDepartment of BiologyRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, NYUSA
M. Fernanda NobreDepartamento de ZoologiaUniversidade de Coimbra3004-517 CoimbraPortugal
Philippe NormandLaboratoire d’Ecologie MicrobienneUMR CNRS 5557Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 169622 VilleurbanneFrance
Steven J. NorrisDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine and Microbiology and MolecularGenetics
University of Texas Medical Scvhool atHouston
Houston, TX 77225USA
Howard OchmanDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular
BiophysicsUniversity of ArizonaTucson, AZ 85721USA
Gary E. OertliMolecular and Cellular BiologyUnviersity of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195-7275USA
Contributors xlv
Itzhak OfekDepartment of Human MicrobiologyTel Aviv University69978 Ramat AvivIsrael
Bernard OllivierLaboratoire ORSTOM de Microbiologie des
AnaérobiesUniversité de ProvenceCESB-ESIL13288 MarseilleFrance
Scott L. O’NeillDepartment of Epidemiology and Public
HealthYale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT 06520-8034USA
Aharon OrenDivision of Microbial and Molecular
EcologyThe Institute of Life SciencesandMoshe Shilo Minerva Center for Marine
BiogeochemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem91904 JerusalemIsrael
Jani L. O’RourkeSchool of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of New South WalesSydney, NSW 2052Australia
Jörg OvermannBereich MikrobiologieDepartment Biologie ILudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenD-80638 MünchenGermany
Norman R. PaceDepartment of Molecular, Cellular and
Developmental BiologyUnversity of ColoradoBoulder, CO 80309-0347USA
Norberto J. PalleroniRutgers UniversityDepartment of Biochemistry and
MicrobiologyNew Brunswick 08901-8525New JerseyUSA
Bruce PanilaitisDepartment of Chemcial and Biomedical
EngineeringTufts UniversityMedford, MA 02155USA
Nickolas PanopoulosDepartment of Plant PathologyUniversity of California-BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720USA
Yong-Ha ParkKorean Collection for Type CulturesKorea Research Institute of Bioscience &
BiotechnologyTaejon 305-600Korea
Matthew R. ParsekUniversity of IowaIowa City, IA 52242USA
Bruce J. PasterDepartment of Molecular GeneticsThe Forsyth InstituteBoston, MA 02115USA
Jerome J. Perry3125 Eton RoadRaleigh, NC 27608-1113USA
Jeannette PhamThe CDS Users GroupDepartment of MicrobiologySouth Eastern Area Laboratory ServicesThe Prince of Wales Hospital CampusRandwick NSW 2031Australia
Harvey M. PickrumProctor and Gamble CompanyMiami Valley LaboratoriesCincinnatti, OH 45239USA
Dietmar H. PieperGesellschaft für Biotechnologische ForschungDivision of MicrobiologyBraunschweig D-38124Germany
Beverly K. PiersonBiology DepartmentUniversity of Puget SoundTacoma, WA 98416USA
xlvi Contributors
Mariagrazia PizzaIRIS, Chiron SpA53100 SienaItaly
Jeanne S. PoindexterDepartment of Biological SciencesBarnard College/Columbia UniversityNew York, NY 10027-6598USA
Andreas Pommerening-RöserInstitut für Allgemeine BotanikAbteilung MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgD-22069 HamburgGermany
Michel R. PopoffUnité des Toxines MicrobiennesInstitut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Anton F. PostDepartment of Plant and Environmental
SciencesLife Sciences InstituteHebrew UniversityGivat Ram91906 JerusalemIsrael
Bruno PotLaboratorium voor Microbiologie en
Microbiële GeneticaRijksuniversiteit GhentB-9000 GhentBelgium
David PrangishviliDepartment of MikrobiologyUniversitity of RegensburgD-93053 RegensburgGermany
Helmut PrauserDSMZ-German Collection of
Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbHD-38124 BraunschweigGermany
Michael PrenticeBart’s and the London School of Medicine and
DentistryDepartment of Medical MicrobiologySt. Bartholomew’s HospitalLondon EC1A 7BEUK
Ulrike PurkholdLehrstuhl für MikrobiologieTechnische Universität MünchenD-80290 MunichGermany
Wim J. QuaxDepartment of Pharmaceutical BiologyUniversity of GroningenGroningen 9713AVThe Netherlands
Erika Teresa QuintanaSchool of BiologyUniverstiy of NewcastleNewcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RUUK
Ralf RabusMax-Planck-Institut für Marine MikrobiologieD-28359 BremenGermany
Reinhard RachelLehrstuhl für MikrobiologieUniversität RegensburgD-93053 RegensburgGermany
A. N. RaiBiochemistry DepartmentNorth-Eastern Hill UniversityShillong 793022India
Frederick A. RaineyDepartment of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, LA 70803USA
Juan-Luis RamosEstación Experimental del ZaidinDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular
and Cell Biology of PlantsGranada E-18008Spain
Rino RappuoliIRIS Chiron Biocine ImmunobiologieResearch Institute Siena53100 SienaItaly
Shmuel RazinDepartment of Membrane and Ultrastructure
ResearchThe Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical
SchoolJerusalem 91120
Contributors xlvii
Annette C. ReboliDepartment of MedicineHahneman University HospitalPhiladelphia, PA 19102USA
David W. ReedBiotechnology DepartmentIdaho National Engineering and
Environmental Laboratory (INEEL)Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2203USA
Hans ReichenbachGBFD-3300 BraunschweigGermany
Barbara Reinhold-HurekLaboratory of General MicrobiologyUniversität BremenLaboratorium für Allgemeine MikrobiologieD-28334 BremenGermany
Markus RieglerIntegrative Biology SchoolUniversity of QueenslandAustralia
Monica RileyMarine Biological LabWoods Hole, MA 02543USA
Lesley A. RobertsonDepartment of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology2628 BC DelftThe Netherlands
Edson R. RochaDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC 27858-4354USA
Palmer RogersDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolis, MN 55455USA
Lyudmila A. RomanenkoSenior Researcher in BiologyLaboratory of MicrobiologyPacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the
Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academyof Sciences
Vladivostoku, 159Russia
M. F. RominePacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, WA 99352USA
Eliora Z. RonDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and
BiotechnologyThe George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv69978 Tel AvivIsrael
Julian I. RoodAustralian Bacterial Pathogenesis ProgramDepartment of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityVictoria 3800Australia
Eugene RosenbergDepartment of Molecular Microbiology &
BiotechnologyTel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv69978 Tel AvivIsrael
Frank RosenzweigDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoula, MT 59812-4824USA
Ornella RossettoCentro CNR Biomembrane and Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche35100 PadovaItaly
Michael J. SadowskyDepartment of Soil, Water, and ClimateUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN 55455USA
Hermann SahmInstitut BiotechnologieForschungszentrum JülichD-52425 JülichGermany
Joseph W. St. Gemer, IIIDepartment of Molecular MicrobiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO 63110USA
xlviii Contributors
James E. SamuelDepartment of Medical Microbiology and
ImmunologyCollege of MedicineTexas A&M University System Health Science
CenterCollege Station, TX, 77843-1114USA
Philippe J. SansonettiUnité de PathogénieMicrobienne MoléculaireInstitut Pasteur75724 ParisFrance
Scott R. SantosDepartment of Biochemistry & Molecular
BiophysicsUniversity of ArizonaTucson, AZ 85721USA
Beatrice SaviolaDepartments of Molecular Microbiology and
ImmunologyJohns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public
HealthBaltimore, MD 21205-2105USA
Klaus P. SchaalInstitut für MedizinischeMikrobiologie und ImmunologieUniversität BonnD-53105 BonnGermany
David B. SchauerBiological Engineering Division and Division
of Comparative MedicineMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA 02139USA
Siegfried SchererDepartment für Biowißenschaftliche
GrundlagenWißenschaftszentrum WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenD-85354 Freising, Germany
Bernhard SchinkFakultät für Biologie der Universität KonstanzD-78434 KonstanzGermany
Hans G. SchlegelInstitut für Mikrobiologie der Gessellschaft
für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung mbHGöttingenGermany
Karl-Heinz SchleiferLehrstruhl für MikrobiologieTechnische Universität MünchenD-85354 FreisingGermany
Heinz SchlesnerInstitut für Allgemeine MikrobiologieChristian Albrechts UniversitätD-24118 KielGermany
Michael SchmidGSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und
Gesundheit GmbHInstitut für BodenökologieD-85764 NeuherbergGermany
Jean M. SchmidtDepartment of Botany and MicrobiologyArizona State UniversityTempe, AZ 85287USA
Karin SchmidtInstitut für MikrobiologieGeorg-August-UniversitätD-3400 GöttingenGermany
Ruth A. SchmitzUniversity of GöttingenD-3400 GöttingenGermany
Hildgund SchrempfFB Biologie/ChemieUniversität Osnabrück49069 OsnabrückGermany
Milton N. SchrothDepartment of Plant PathologyUniversity of California-BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720USA
Heide N. SchulzInstitute for MicrobiologyUniversity of HannoverD-30167 HannoverGermany
Contributors xlix
Peter SchumannDSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms
and Cell Cultures GmbHD-38124 BraunschweigGermany
Arthur SchüßlerInstitut Botany64287 DarmstadtGermany
Edward SchwartzInstitut für Biologie/MikrobiologieHomboldt-Universität zu BerlinD-10115 BerlinGermany
James ScottGeophysical LaboratoryCarnegie Institution of WashingtonWashington, DC 20015USA
Margrethe Haugge SerresMarine Biological LabWoods Hole, MA 02543USA
James P. ShapleighDepartment of MicrobiologyCornell UniversityWing HallIthaca, NY 14853-8101USA
Nathan SharonThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceDepartment of Biological ChemistryIL-76100 RehovothIsrael
Lawrence J. ShimketsDepartment of MicrobiologyThe University of GeorgiaAthens, GA 30602-2605USA
Thomas M. ShinnickCenter for Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease ControlAtlanta, GA 30333USA
Yuval ShohamDepartment of Food Engineering and
BiotechnologyTechnion—Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa 32000Israel
Jörg SimonJohann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität FrankfurtCampus RiedbergInstitute of Molecular BiosciencesMolecular Microbiology and BioenergeticsD-60439 FrankfurtGermany
Michel SimonetDépartment de Pathogenèse des Maladies
Infectieuses et ParasitairesInstitut de Biologie de Lille59021 LilleFrance
Mikael SkurnikDepartment of Medical BiochemistryUniversity of Turku20520 TurkuFinland
James M. SlauchDepartment of MicrobiologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of IllinoisandChemical and Life Sciences LaboratoryUrbana, IL 61801USA
Ralph A. SlepeckyDepartment of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuse, NY 13244USA
C. Jeffrey SmithDepartment of Microbiology and
ImmunologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC 27858-4354USA
Martin SobierjDepartment of BiologyEnvironmental Science and EngineeringOregon Graduate Institute of Science and
TechnologyPortland State UniversityPortland, OR 97291-1000USA
Pamela A. SokolDepartment of Microbiology and Infectious
DiseasesUniversity of Calgary Health Science CenterCalgary T2N 4N1Canada
l Contributors
Jay V. SolnickDepartment of Interanl Medicine (Infectious
Diseases) and MedicalMicrobiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisSchool of MedicineDavis, CA 95616USA
Dimitry Yu. SorokinDepartment of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology2628 BC DelftThe NetherlandsandS.N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology117811 MoscowRussia
Georg A. SprengerInstitut BiotechnologieForschungszentrum JülichD-52425 JülichGermany
Stefan SpringDeutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und
ZellkulturenD-38124 BraunschweigGermany
Erko StackebrandtDeutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und
ZellkulturenD-38124 BraunschweigGermany
David A. StahlUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WAUSA
Donald P. StahlyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of IowaIowa City, IA 52242USA
James T. StaleyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98105USA
Alfons J.M. StamsLaboratorium voor MicrobiologieWageningen UniversityNL-6703 CT WageningenThe Netherlands
Thaddeus B. StantonPHFSED Research UnitNational Animal Disease CenterUSDA-ARSAmes, IA 50010USA
Daniel C. SteinDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular
GeneticsUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742USA
Reinhard SternerUniversitaet RegensburgInstitut fuer Biophysik und Physikalische
BiochemieD-93053 RegensburgGermany
Karl O. StetterLehrstuhl für MikrobiologieUniversität RegensburgD-93053 RegensburgGermany
Frank J. StewartDepartment of Organic and Evolutionary
BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA 02138USA
Andreas StolzInstitut für MikrobiologieUniversität Stuttgart70569 StuttgartGermany
Daphne L. StonerIdaho National Engineering LaboratoryEG & G IdahoIdaho Falls, ID 83415USA
Paul StoodleyCenter for Biofilm EngineeringMontana State UniversityBozeman, MT 59717-3980USA
James R. SwaffordDepartment of Botany and MicrobiologyArizona State UniversityTempe, AZ 85287USA
Contributors li
Jean SwingsLaboratorium voor MicrobiologieDepartment of BiochemistryPhysiology and MicrobiologyBCCM/LMG Bacteria CollectionUniversiteit GentGentBelgium
Mariko TakeuchiInstitute for FermentationOsaka 532-8686Japan
Ralph TannerUniversity of OklahomaNorman, OK, 73019-0390USA
Andreas TeskeDepartment of Marine SciencesUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC 27599USA
Michael TeuberETH-ZentrumLab Food MicrobiologyCH-8092 ZürichSwitzerland
Gabriele TimmermannInstitut für Allgemeine BotanikAbteilung MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgD-22069 HamburgGermany
Brian J. TindallDeutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und
ZellkulturenBraunschweig D-38124Germany
Kevin TownerConsultant Clinical ScientistPublic Health LaboratoryUniversity HospitalNottingham NG7 2UHUK
Hans G. TrüperInstitut für Mikrobiologie und BiotechnologieD-53115 BonnGermany
Elaine TuomanenDepartment of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphis, TN 38105-2394USA
Francisco A. UzalCalifornia Animal Health and Food Safety
LaboratoryUniversity of California, DavisSan Bernardino, CA 92408USA
Peter Van dammeLaboraroorium voor MicrobiologieFaculteit WetenschappenUniversiteit GentB-9000 GentBelgium
Antonio VentosaDepartment of Microbiology and
ParasitologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sevilla41012 SevillaSpain
Gernot VobisCentro Regional Universitario BarilocheUniversidad Nacional de ComahueBarioloche 8400, Rio NegroArgentina
Alexander von GraevenitzDepartment of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichGH-8028 ZürichSwitzerland
Günther Wächtershäuser80331 MunichGermany
Lawrence P. WackettDepartment of Biochemistry, Molecular
BiologyandBiophysics and Biological Process Technology
InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, 55108-1030USA
William G. WadeDepartment of MicrobiologyGuy’s CampusLondon, SE1 9RTUK
Michael WagnerLehrstuhl für Mikrobielle ÖkologieInstitut für Ökologie und NaturschutzUniversität WienA-1090 ViennaAustria
lii Contributors
David H. WalkerDepartment of PathologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX 77555-0609USA
Naomi WardThe Institute for Genomic ResearchRockville, MD 20850USA
Trudy M. WassenaarMolecular Microbiology and Genomics
Consultants55576 ZotzenheimGermany
John B. WaterburyWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, MA 02543USA
Georges WautersUniversité Catholique de LouvainFaculté de MédecineUnité de MicrobiologieB-1200 BruxellesBelgium
Astri WayadandeDepartment of Entomology and Plant
PathologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OKUSA
Alison WeissMolecular Genetics, Biology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnati, OH 45267USA
Rodney A. WelchMedical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI 53706-1532USA
William B. WhitmanDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GA 30605-2605USA
Friedrich WiddelMax-Planck-Institut für Marine MikrobiologieD-28359 BremenGermany
Jürgen WiegelUniversity of GeorgiaDepartment of MicrobiologyAthens, GA 30602USA
Robert A. WhileyQueen Mary, University of LondonLondon E1 4NSUK
Tracy WhilkinsTechLab, Inc.Corporate Research CenterBlacksburg VA 24060-6364USA
Anne WillemsLaboratorium voor MikrobiologieUniversiteit GentB-9000 GentBelgium
Carl R. WoeseDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL 61801USA
Ralph S. WolfeDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL 61801
Ann P. WoodDivision of Life SciencesKing’s College LondonLondon WC2R 2LSUK
Donald E. WoodsDepartment of Microbiology and Infectious
DiseasesUniversity of Calgary Health Science CenterCalgary T2N 4N1Canada
B. W. WrenDepartment of Infectious and Tropical
DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical
MedicineLondon WC1E 7HTUK
Timothy L. YahrUniversity of IowaIowa City, IA 52242USA
Contributors liii
Atteyet F. YassinInstitut für MedizinischeMikrobiologie und ImmunologieUniversität BonnD-53105 BonnGermany
Jung-Hoon YoonKorean Collection for Type CulturesKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and
BiotechnologyYuson, Taejon 305-600Korea
Allan A. YoustenBiology DepartmentVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State
UniversityBlacksburg, VA 24061USA
Xue-Jie YuUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TXUSA
Vladimir V. YurkovDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipeg R3T 2N2Canada
Georgi A. ZavarzinInstitute of MicrobiologyAcademy of Sciences of the USSR117312 MoscowRussia
Mary Jo ZidwickCargill Biotechnology Development CenterFreshwater BuildingMinneapolis, MN 55440USA
Stephen H. ZinderDepartment of MicrobiologyCornell University272 Wing HallIthaca, NY 14853USA