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Global Focus on Knowledge
The Production and Application of Matter
Hiroshi Komiyama (The University of Tokyo)
Prof. Yasushi Suto The Origin of Matter
Prof. Yasuhiro Iye The Character of Material
Prof. Masakatsu ShibasakiMaterial and Living Organisms
The figures, photos and moving images with ‡marks attached belong to their copyright holders. Reusing or reproducing them is prohibited unless permission is obtained directly from such copyright holders.
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1. The Structure and Properties of Matter1. The Structure and Properties of Matter
The property depends on its structure
M i l f h lli h hMaterials of the same crystalline phase can show different properties
Hard and soft irons
Colorless, Yellow, and Black Diamonds
Ductile, powdery, and smooth split silicon.
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1 1 Dynamic Characteristics1.1 Dynamic Characteristics
Water does not start boiling at 100 °C.
Water does not start freezing at 0 °C.g
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Dynamic Models of LiquidDynamic Models of Liquid Ebullition: Nucleation
C ill T b M d itBumping Capillary Tube MadreporiteBumping
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1.2 Diversity of structure: ynucleation -> crystal
monocrystal Polycrystal Uniform structuremonocrystal Polycrystal Uniform structureUneven structure
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Diversity of Structure : Phase diagram of irony gL
bcc TemperatureL
fccfcc
fcc+Fe3C
bcc
bccbcc+Fe3C
hcp Carbon ratio
Pressure
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1.3 Almost all of substances on the earth1.3 Almost all of substances on the earth
Are in non-equilibrium stateAre in non equilibrium state
℃ ℃
Diamonds are in equilibrium state
Liquid water at 120℃ or -10℃
Diamonds are in equilibrium state
under high pressureIron should be in the form of iron oxide
in equilibrium state on the earthin equilibrium state on the earthCalcium carbonate in the ocean
Is supersaturated
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1 4 th ti f M tt1.4 the properties of Matter are attributed to its structureattributed to its structure
The same material can have infinite kinds of structure
(distribution of crystal forms and their scales)infinite
×(Phase types) infinite×(Phase types) infinite
×(structures at phase boundaries)infinite
→infinite
Natural phenomenon mediates structure controlNatural phenomenon mediates structure control
(The formation and the growth of nuclei)
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1 5 The definition and elements of the1.5 The definition and elements of the Production Process of Matter
Definition: to realize a structure in a ti l t f ll th t tparticular range out of all the structures
of infinite possibility by making a p y y gphenomenon in a particular range proceed out of all the phenomena ofproceed out of all the phenomena of infinite possibility.
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Four elements of the production process
Material: Chemical composition, Crystalline(amorphous) phases,
p p
impurities(inclusions)
Cf. Prof. Iye’s lecturey
Structure: Polycrystalline (amorphous) structure… form, size, uniformity, dimensionuniformity, dimension
Speed: generation rate
Condition: Principles, Instruments, Operations, materials, and control
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FlowThermal conduction
Ch i l ti
Material generatingprocess
Diffusion
Flow
Phase separation
Self-organizationChemical reaction
process Phase separationPhase transition
l hLiving Systems
nucleation
Chemical CompositionC t lli t t shape size Production rate
Natural PhenomenaPrinciple
Material Structure Speed ConditionInclusion
Crystalline structure shape sizeuniformity
dimension
Production rate
Control
InstrumentManipulation
p
Function ProductivityRaw materialPolycrystal Grain boundary
Purposep
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Steel is used in many waysSteel is used in many ways
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2.1 pig iron(a blast furnace): iron ore Fe2O3→deoxidized→Fe
Provided by: Nippon Steel Engineering Co.Ltd. Kimitsu Works‡
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2.2 Steelmaking(converter furnace)
Provided by: Nippon Steel Engineering Co.Ltd. Kimitsu Works‡
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2.3 Continuous Cast (CC)
Provided by: Nippon Steel Engineering Co.Ltd. Kimitsu Works‡
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2.4 hot rolling rolling ()(deformation driving, solid small-size crystal particle
Provided by: Nippon Steel Engineering Co.Ltd. Kimitsu Works‡
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2 5 Outline of an iron making process2.5 Outline of an iron-making process
• Shaft furnace(deoxidizing iron oxide)• Shaft furnace(deoxidizing iron oxide)• Converter furnace(removing impurities)• Casting(Liquid → Solid)• Casting(Liquid → Solid)• Rolling(crystal fine grain) • Control:When Rolling• Control:When Rolling
Pressure, Temperature, Speed of RollUniformity (μm to km)Uniformity (μm to km)Feedback, Feedforward
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2 6 Four elements in the production of matter2.6 Four elements in the production of matter
Material : Composition Crystalline phase impurities (inclusions)Material : Composition, Crystalline phase, impurities (inclusions)Structure: polycrystalline structure, form, size, uniformityS d t f thSpeed :rate of the processConditon : Principle of the process, instruments,
O ti diti (T t POperating condition (Temperature, Pressure, Concentration),
Control, Measurement
Matter and structure →function (property)
Control, Measurement
Matter and structure →function (property)Speed and Condition →ProductivityFunction and Productivity Application rangeFunction and Productivity → Application range
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FlowThermal conduction
Ch i l ti
Material generatingprocess
Diffusion
Flow
Phase separation
Self-organizationChemical reaction
process Phase separationPhase transition
l hLiving Systems
nucleation
Chemical CompositionC t lli t t shape size Production rate
Natural PhenomenaPrinciple
Material Structure Speed ConditionInclusion
Crystalline structure shape sizeuniformity
dimension
Production rate
Control
InstrumentManipulation
p
Function ProductivityRaw materialPolycrystal Grain boundary
Purposep
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3.Function and Applications (an example:Steel)pp ( p )
3.1 Thin plate for automobiles3. p ate o auto ob es
High strength and elasticity thanks to controls over phase transitions→weight saving, collision safety
3.2 Wire ropes for Akashi Kaikyo Bridgep y g
High strength thanks to nano self-organization
3.3 Supermetals
→long span structure
p
High strength thanks to superfine crystal grain
→high recyclability, high strength material
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0.2
Yahoo! Japan Autosより現行車種を抽出(http://car.autos.yahoo.co.jp/)Cars Currently for sale (http://car.autos.yahoo.co.jp/)
外国車
日本車
Foreign Cars
Japanese Cars0.15
/kg]
L/K
m]
0.1
消費
[L/
[Ltio
n
0 05
燃料
消on
sum
pt
0.05
ハイブリット車
Fuel
Co
Hybrid Cars
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
車両重量 [kg]Car Weight
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3.1 Structure and Energy absorption:
Pressure-Induced Structure Change and high t th t lstrength steel
Car-to-car 50% front offset impact test (50km/h)
safe injured(http://www.toyota.co.jp/jp/tech/safety/)
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Movie: Front frame transformation Equivalent to the plastic strainEquivalent to the plastic strain
A frame that consists only of soft steel plates( i l i j d)
gid
Wal
l (passengers are seriously injured)
Rig
A frame with some high-strength steel plates properly arranged(passengers are safe)
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HighHigh--Strength Steel produced byStrength Steel produced byF b i tiF b i ti I d d St t l ChI d d St t l ChFabricationFabrication--Induced Structural ChangeInduced Structural Change
(Process(Process--Induced Transformation)Induced Transformation)I ti (di t tiI ti (di t ti t f tit f ti h d i )h d i )In no time, (distortion In no time, (distortion → → transformation transformation → → hardening)hardening)
leading to martensitic transformation leading to martensitic transformation →→hardeninghardening
fcc bcc
Distortion leads to
γ: austenite α’:martensite (hard phase)
Distortion leads to
martensite
Remaining austenite (soft) is distorted and transforms to hard martensiteRemaining austenite (soft) is distorted, and transforms to hard martensiteDistortion propagates uniformly, and there are few local constriction,Realizing high ductility
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Structures of TRIP steel
bainite
ベイナイトf it
bainiteferrite
フェライト 残留オーステナイト(γ)austenite ferrite Residual austenite(γ)
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○manufacturing automobile steel plates○manufacturing automobile steel plates
bainitebainitebainitebainite
Provided by: Nippon Steel Engineering Co.Ltd. Kimitsu Works‡
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3.2 High-Strength Steel at Akashi Kaikyo Bridge:High-strength wire for bridges with texture controlHigh-strength wire for bridges with texture control technology at atomic level
‡
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Strength of zinc galvanized steel wire for bridgesStrength of zinc galvanized steel wire for bridges
‡
‡‡
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○Akashi Kaikyo Bridge
Provided by: Nippon Steel Engineering Co.Ltd. Kimitsu Works‡
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CrossCross--SectionSectionf M i C blf M i C blof Main Cableof Main Cable
at Akashi Kaikyo Bridgeat Akashi Kaikyo Bridge
i / d
290 strand/cable
127 wires/strand
‡
‡
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Wires used previously and Wires used previously and wires for Akashiwires for Akashi--Kaikyo Bridge Kaikyo Bridge y gy g
after galvanization of Si,Crafter galvanization of Si,Cr--induced steel induced steel (keeping the structure)(keeping the structure)
Previously used steel
‡
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APAP--FIMFIM of steel wireof steel wire
TEM image of FIM sample‡
FIM‡ FIM‡
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○wire rod rolling
< ><NSC/Kimitsu, Tokyo Rope MFG/Tsuchiura>
Provided by: Nippon Steel Engineering Co.Ltd. Kimitsu Works‡
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3.3 Supermetals
Transition of public demand
Mass production of ordinary productsEfficient production
Energy saving, resource saving,
Environment Automation
p
Environment, Automation, Highly-functional, high-tension, high-tenacity
Even higher function New demandsEven higher function New demands
M i l f i bl i
Crash safety
Materials for a sustainable society:
Energy saving、horizontal recyclingSimultaneous achievements
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Recyclabilityy yIron is recycled →electric furnace
400 million tons of steel out of 1.4 billion
Produced annually are for scrap metal
homogenization and degradation as ahomogenization and degradation as a
Consequence of recyclingConsequence of recyclingNow used as constructional materials
Controlling the structure of matterSupermetals
Controlling the structure of matter
Composed of only single element
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○rolling experiment of ultra fine particle steel
Provided by: Nippon Steel Engineering Co.Ltd. Kimitsu Works‡
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High strength thanks to small size of crystalline particles
1μm 1μm1μm
P i ( ll d) TMCP t l lt fi ti lPrevious(same as rolled) TMCP steel ultrafine particle steel
‡
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(MPa)(MPa)
1000Ult fiUltrafine
Particle Steel
Strength
O di
TMCP Steel
400
OrdinarySteel
1 10 20(μm)
00
Ferrite crystal particle size
Figure 1.the increase of strength due to the size of crystalline particles (a frame format)
‡
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The definition and elements ofThe definition and elements of manufacture
DefinitionCausing selected phenomena Realizing selected structure
• ElementsMaterial:Composition, Crystalline Phase Structure, i iti ( t i t)impurities (contaminant) Structure: Various crystalline structure, form, size, uniformity thicknessuniformity, thicknessSpeed:Speed of the process..Conditions:Principle, Device, manipulation,Conditions:Principle, Device, manipulation,
heat control, measurement
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4.Outline of this lecture4.Outline of this lectureLecture One:manufacturing processes e.g. metal(steel)g p g ( )
Lecture Two: Conjugation (devices)
semiconductors, inorganic materials
soft matters, e.g., liquid crystals
Lecture Three:materials for a sustainable future
f l b tt i i hifuel batteries, microchips
End of Lecture OneEnd of Lecture One