![Page 1: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
The Process of Portfolio
Management
Presentation by:
William Wood CFP®
![Page 2: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Investments
Traditional investment processes cover:
• Security analysis
– Involves estimating the merits of individual
investments
• Portfolio management
– Deals with the construction and maintenance of a
collection of investments
![Page 3: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Security Analysis
A three-step process
1) The investor considers prospects for the economy,
given the stage of the business cycle,
2) Determines which industries are likely to fare well in
the forecasted economic conditions,
3) Chooses particular companies within the favored
industries
• EIC (Economy, Industry, Company) analysis
(a top-down approach)
![Page 4: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Portfolio Management
Literature supports the
• efficient markets hypothesis
• On a well-developed securities exchange,
asset prices accurately reflect the tradeoff
between relative risk and potential returns of a
security
– Efforts to identify undervalued securities will be
essentially fruitless
– Free lunches are difficult to find
![Page 5: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Portfolio Management (cont’d)
Market efficiency and portfolio
management
• A properly constructed portfolio achieves a
given level of expected return with the least
possible risk
![Page 6: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Purpose of Portfolio
Management
Portfolio management primarily involves
reducing risk rather than increasing return
• Consider two $10,000 investments:
1) Earns 10 percent per year for each of ten years
(low risk)
2) Earns 9 percent, –11 percent, 10 percent, 8
percent, 12 percent, 46 percent, 8 percent, 20
percent, –12 percent, and 10 percent in the ten
years, respectively (high risk)
![Page 7: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Low Risk vs. High Risk
Investments
$25,937
$10,000
$23,642
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
' '99 '01 '03 '05 '07
LowRisk
HighRisk
Both investments have a mean return of 10 percent.
![Page 8: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Low Risk vs. High Risk
Investments (cont’d)
1) Earns 10 percent per year for each of ten years (low risk)
• Terminal value is $25,937
2) Earns 9 percent, –11 percent, 10 percent, 8 percent, 12 percent, 46 percent, 8 percent, 20 percent, –12 percent, and 10 percent in the ten years, respectively (high risk)
• Terminal value is $23,642
The lower the dispersion in the returns, the greater the accumulated value of equal investments
![Page 9: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Managing Your Portfolio
Begins with a statement of investment
policy, which outlines:
• Return requirements: given the funds
available for investment, what ROI do I need
to reach my goal.
• Risk tolerance: how much risk am I
comfortable with.
• Portfolio constraints: when do I need the
money.
![Page 10: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Six Steps of Portfolio
Management
1) Learn the basic principles of finance
2) Set portfolio objectives
3) Formulate an investment strategy
4) Have a game plan for portfolio revision
5) Evaluate the performance
6) Protect the portfolio when appropriate
![Page 11: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Step One
Background, Basic Principles, and
Investment Policy
A investor cannot effectively manage a
portfolio without a solid grounding in the
basic principles of finance
Egos sometimes get involved
• Take time to review “simple” material
• Fluff and bluster have no place in the formation
of investment policy or strategy
![Page 12: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Step One
Background, Basic Principles, and
Investment Policy (cont’d)
There is a distinction between “good
companies” and “good investments”
• The stock of a well-managed company may be
too expensive
• The stock of a poorly-run company can be a
great investment if it is cheap enough
![Page 13: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Step One
Background, Basic Principles, and
Investment Policy (cont’d)
The two key concepts in finance are:
1) A dollar today is worth more than a dollar
tomorrow…inflation erodes the purching
power of a dollar!
2) A safe dollar is worth more than a risky dollar
These two ideas form the basis for all
aspects of portfolio management
![Page 14: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Step Two
Set Portfolio Objectives
Setting objectives
• It is difficult to accomplish your objectives
until you know what they are
• Terms like growth or income may mean
different things to different people
![Page 15: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Step Two (con’t)
Investment Policy
Investment policy
• The separation of investment policy from
investment management is a fundamental
tenet of money management
![Page 16: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Step Three
Portfolio Construction
Formulate an investment strategy based
on the investment policy statement
• Investors must understand the basic elements
of capital market theory
– Informed diversification
– Naïve diversification
– Beta
![Page 17: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Step Three
Portfolio Construction (cont’d)
Informed Diversification
Security screening
• A screen is a logical protocol to reduce the security
universe to a workable number for closer
investigation
![Page 18: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Step Four
Portfolio Management
Subsequent to portfolio construction:
• Economic conditions change
• Market conditions change
• Portfolios need maintenance
![Page 19: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Step Four
Portfolio Management (cont’d)
Passive management has the following
characteristics:
• Follow a predetermined investment strategy
that is invariant to market conditions
• Do nothing
• Let the chips fall where they may
• Buy and Hold
![Page 20: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Portfolio Management (cont’d)
Passive Management
Less knowledge required
Reduced psychological anxiety in
management
• When to buy and sell??
The argument for index investing with
mutual funds?
20
![Page 21: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Step Four
Portfolio Management (cont’d)
Active management:
• Requires the periodic changing of the
portfolio components as the investor’s
outlook for the market changes; business
cycles evolve; Black Swan events change the
playing field.
![Page 22: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Active Management Through
Rebalancing the Portfolio
Rebalancing a portfolio is the process of
periodically adjusting it to maintain the
original conditions
![Page 23: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Rebalancing Within the
Equity Portfolio
Constant Mix
Constant Proportion Portfolio Insurance
Constant Beta Portfolio
![Page 24: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Constant Mix Strategy
The constant mix strategy:
• Is one in which the investor makes adjustments to maintain the relative weighting of the asset classes within the portfolio as their prices change
• Requires the purchase of securities that have performed poorly and the sale of securities that have performed the best
![Page 25: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Constant Mix Strategy (cont’d)
Example (cont’d)
What dollar amount of stock should the portfolio
manager buy to rebalance this portfolio? What dollar
amount of bonds should he sell?
Date Portfolio Value Actual Allocation Stock Bonds
1 Jan $2,000,000 60%/40% $1,200,000 $800,000
1 Apr $2,500,000 56%/44% $1,400,000 $1,100,000
![Page 26: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Constant Proportion
Portfolio Insurance
A constant proportion portfolio
insurance (CPPI) strategy requires the
investor to invest a percentage of the
portfolio in stocks
![Page 27: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Constant Proportion
Portfolio Insurance (cont’d)
Example
A portfolio has a market value of $2 million. The
investment policy statement specifies a floor value of $1.7
million and a multiplier of 2.
What is the dollar amount that should be invested in
stocks according to the CPPI strategy?
![Page 28: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Constant Proportion
Portfolio Insurance (cont’d)
Example (cont’d)
Solution: $600,000 should be invested in stock:
$ in stocks = 2.0 × ($2,000,000 – $1,700,000)
= $600,000
If the portfolio value is $2.2 million one quarter later, with $650,000 in stock, what is the desired equity position under the CPPI strategy? What is the ending asset mix after rebalancing?
![Page 29: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Relative Performance of
Constant Mix and CPPI
A constant mix strategy sells stock as it
rises
A CPPI strategy buys stock as it rises
![Page 30: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Relative Performance of Constant
Mix and CPPI (cont’d)
In a rising market, the CPPI strategy outperforms constant mix
In a declining market, the CPPI strategy outperforms constant mix
In a flat market, neither strategy has an obvious advantage
In a volatile market, the constant mix strategy outperforms CPPI
![Page 31: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Relative Performance of Constant
Mix and CPPI (cont’d)
The relative performance of the strategies
depends on the performance of the market
during the evaluation period
In the long run, the market will probably
rise, which favors CPPI
In the short run, the market will be volatile,
which favors constant mix
![Page 32: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Constant Proportion
A constant proportion strategy within an
equity portfolio requires maintaining the
same percentage investment in each stock
• May be mitigated by avoidance of odd lot
transactions
Constant proportion rebalancing requires
selling winners and buying losers on an
individual stock basis
![Page 33: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Constant Proportion (cont’d)
Example
An investor attempts to invest approximately one third of funds in
each of the stocks. Consider the following information:
Stock Price Shares Value % of Total Portfolio
FC 22.00 400 8,800 31.15
HG 13.50 700 9,450 33.45
YH 50.00 200 10,000 35.40
Total $28,250 100.00
![Page 34: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Constant Proportion (cont’d)
Example (cont’d)
After one quarter, the portfolio values are as shown below.
Recommend specific actions to rebalance the portfolio in order to
maintain the constant proportion in each stock.
Stock Price Shares Value % of Total Portfolio
FC 20.00 400 8,000 21.92
HG 15.00 700 10,500 28.77
YH 90.00 200 18,000 49.32
Total $36,500 100.00
![Page 35: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Constant Proportion (cont’d)
Example (cont’d)
Solution: The worksheet below shows a possible revision which
requires an additional investment of $1,000:
Stock
Price
Shares
Value
Before
Action
Value
After
% of
Portfolio
FC 20.00 400 8,000 Buy 200 12,000 32.00
HG 15.00 700 10,500 Buy 100 12,000 32.00
YH 90.00 200 18,000 Sell 50 13,500 36.00
Total $36,500 $37,500 100.00
![Page 36: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Constant Beta Portfolio
A constant beta portfolio requires maintaining the same portfolio beta
It is more likely to have requirements that beta be within some given range
To increase or reduce the portfolio beta, the portfolio manager can: • Reduce or increase the amount of cash in the portfolio
• Purchase stocks with higher or lower betas than the target figure
• Sell high-beta stocks or low-beta stocks
• Buy high-beta stocks or low-beta stocks
![Page 37: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Tactical Asset Allocation
What Is Tactical Asset Allocation?
How TAA Can Benefit a Portfolio
Designing a TAA Program
Caveats Regarding TAA Performance
Costs of Revision
Contributions to the Portfolio
![Page 38: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Tactical Asset Allocation
Tactical asset allocation (TAA) managers:
• Seek to improve the performance of their funds
by shifting the relative proportion of their
investments into and out of asset classes as the
relative prospects of those asset classes change
For example, shift to stocks if stocks are
expected to outperform bonds
![Page 39: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Definition (cont’d)
TAA attempts to take advantage of short-
term deviations from long-term trends
The most difficult part of TAA is asset
class appraisal
• The process of determining the relative merits
of the various asset classes given current
economic conditions
![Page 40: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Overview of Active
Management Techniques
![Page 41: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Efficient Market Implications
Active management strategies implicitly
assume it is possible to outperform a buy-
and-hold strategy by shifting asset classes,
or proportions or mix or risk…
• Inconsistent with the efficient market
hypothesis
Some fund managers have good records
compared to the market
• Might be skill or luck
![Page 42: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Step Five
Evaluate Performance
Performance evaluation
• Interpreting the numbers
– How much did the portfolio earn?
– How much risk did the portfolio bear?
– Must consider risk in conjunction with return
• How does performance and risk compare to the
IPS requirements?
![Page 43: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Traditional
Performance Measures
Sharpe Measure
Treynor Measures
Jensen Alpha
![Page 44: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Sharpe and
Treynor Measures (cont’d)
The Sharpe measure evaluates return
relative to total risk
• Appropriate for a well-diversified portfolio, but
not for individual securities
The Treynor measure evaluates the return
relative to beta, a measure of systematic risk
• It ignores any unsystematic risk
![Page 45: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Jensen Alpha
The Jensen measure stems directly from the
CAPM:
it ft i mt ftR R R R
![Page 46: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Step Six
Portfolio Protection and
Contemporary Issues
Portfolio protection
• Called portfolio insurance prior to 1987
• A managerial tool to reduce the likelihood
that a portfolio will fall in value below a
predetermined minimum level
![Page 47: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Step Six
Portfolio Protection and
Contemporary Issues (cont’d)
Futures
• Related to options
• Use of derivative assets to:
– Generate additional income
– Manage risk
Interest rate risk
• Duration
![Page 48: The Process of Portfolio Management - FPRR · Purpose of Portfolio Management Portfolio management primarily involves reducing risk rather than increasing return • Consider two](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040122/5f03b5387e708231d40a6143/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Final Thoughts
Hindsight is an inappropriate perspective for
investment decision making
• Everything you do as a portfolio manager must be
logically justifiable at the time you do it
• Everything you do as a portfolio manager must be
tested against expected outcome…did it work?
Discipline