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The President and
Foreign Policy.
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Foreign Policy may be composed of many elements:
isolationism police action
neutrality war
foreign aid
diplomacy
economic sanctions
political pressure
blockade
military intervention
covert action
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In 1799, Representative Marshall said on the floor of Congress:
“The president is the sole tool of the nation in its external relations, and its sole representative with foreign nations. “
Marshall would later be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the Court has upheld this attitude.
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Constitutional powers of president in foreign policy:
*appoint ambassadors (Senate ratifies)
*serve as commander-in-chief
*negotiate treaties (2/3 Senate vote ratifies)
*Presidents often use implied powers
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The President has much more influence in foreign policy then in domestic policy.
The public tends to support the President in a foreign policy crisis, especially if it is short term. If the crisis continues for a long period of time, the public becomes skeptical and may lose interest.
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In 1947, the National Security Council (NSC) was created to assist the president in coordinating foreign & defense policy.
Members:•President
•Vice President
•Secretary of State
•National Security Advisor
•Secretary of Defense
Advisor to council include CIA Director & Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff
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There are several factors that determine the President’s decisions in foreign policy:
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External Decision Makers:Example: President Carter had to take into consideration the American hostages that were held in captivity by Iran. He could not make a decision about foreign policy without having to think about the hostages.
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Time Available:Urgency of situation: FDR asked for an immediate declaration of war on Japan after Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.
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Public Opinion: DuringOperation Desert Shield, Bush’sapproval rating went sky high,enabling him to being OperationDesert Storm with no worries . . .
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Status Relationship . . .
Nixon listened closely to hisadvisor and one-time Secretary ofState, Henry Kissenger.
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Prior Experience . . .
President Eisenhowerhad been a general inWWII.
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Style of Decision-Making: Kennedy had a close group of personal friends who he had attended college with: these were known as “The Harvard Club.”
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Formal Rules:The War Powers Law will prevent Clintonfrom committing ground troops to Kosovo
for more then 60 days without the approval ofCongress.
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Available Resources:President Truman had twoatomic weapons to drop on
Japan.
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Importance of Issue:Most Americans would agree that it was
important for President Clinton tonegotiate a Middle East peace
agreement.