Download - The Political Aftermath of the 1997 Crisis: From Asian Values to Asian Governance

8/9/2019 The Political Aftermath of the 1997 Crisis: From Asian Values to Asian Governance

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]el Y`na}adbn Bh}lsjb}e `h }el 211; Dsatat6Hs`j Btabg Xbn|lt }` Btabg K`xlsgbgdl 0

F|na` D' ]llebgoll

[eb} b d`|g}sq gllmt }` mlxln`y at matdaynagl sb}els }ebg mlj`dsbdq' 2

Nll O|bg Ql{. 2113

]el ysltlg} ld`g`jad dsatat ys`xlt }eb} ag de``tagk mlj`dsbdq `xls b|}e`sa}bsabgatj. {lHanayag`t {lsl `g }el taml `h eat}`sq. sb}els }ebg `|}taml `h a}. bt lbsnals clnalxlm' 3

Hamln Sbj`t. 2115

]el t`n|}a`g }` Btab+t ld`g`jad ys`cnljt mam g`} nal ag kslb}ls mlj`dsbdq. c|} ag k``m k`xlsgbgdl. agdn|magk t`|gm cbgoagk nb{t. sak`s`|t t|ylsxata`g ag }el hagbgdabn tld}`s. bg m

ys`yls d`sy`sb}l k`xlsgbgdl' 4

Nll O|bg Ql{. 2115

Bh}ls }lg qlbst. }el 211; Btabg hagbgdabn dsatat ebt g`} `gnq bhhld}lm e`{ c|tagltt at

d`gm|d}lm ag T`|}elbt} Btab. a} ebt bnt` sltebylm }el }lssbagt `h y`na}adt' Ysa`s }` }el dsatat.}{` }slgmt debsbd}lsatlm }el slka`g6 }el ld`g`jad ks`{}e `h g`g*mlj`dsb}ad slkajlt bgm }el

mlj`dsb}atb}a`g `h h`sjlsnq g`g*mlj`dsb}ad slkajlt' = ]eltl }slgmt {lsl bs}ad|nb}lm }es`|ke

bg `yy`tagk. bncla} tajynat}ad. matd`|stl `h mlxln`yjlg} xlst|t mlj`dsbdq' ]el jbttaxl

ld`g`jad jln}m`{g y|} }` }lt} }el dnbajt `h }el mlxln`yjlg}bnat} matd`|stl `g `gl ebgm. bgm

mlj`dsb}atb}a`g `g }el `}els' ]el dsatat mam g`} `gnq luy`tl }el e`nn`{gltt `h }el

mlxln`yjlg}bnat} matd`|stl ys`ybkb}lm bt Btabg xbn|lt. c|} a} bnt` slxlbnlm }el ya}hbnnt `h

{lbo mlj`dsb}ad agt}a}|}a`gt ag mlxln`yagk d`|g}salt'

]el dsatat ys`xamlm }el gldlttbsq d`gma}a`gt h`s y`na}adbn debgkl ag j`t} d`|g}salt ag }el

slka`g? c|} a} {bt g`} t|hhadalg} lg`|ke h`s `}elst' Ag }el bh}lsjb}e `h }el dsatat. }el slka`g

Ybyls ysltlg}lm b} }el Ag}lsgb}a`gbn D`ghlslgdl lg}a}nlm ]lg Qlbst bh}ls }el Btabg Dsatat6 Bttlttagk }el Ld`g`jad bgm Y`na}adbn Nbgmtdbyl ag T`|}elbt} Btab elnm `g Bysan 39. 399; ag Talj Slby. Dbjc`mab. |gmls}el b|tyadlt `h }el Dbjc`mabg Agt}a}|}l h`s D``ylsb}a`g bgm Ylbdl %DADY! bgm }el Hsalmsade*Lcls}*T}ah}|gk%HLT!' 2 Bmxadl `h h`sjls Tagkby`slbg Ysajl Jagat}ls Nll O|bg Ql{ }` gl{nq ys`dnbajlm Yeanayyagl Ysltamlg} HamlnSbj`t %Da}lm ag T}lagclsk 21196 393!' 3 T}b}ljlg} `h Ysltamlg} Sbj`t t``g bh}ls el h`sjbnnq t}lyylm m`{g hs`j `hhadl %Da}lm ag Bdebsqb 21116 =33!' 4

T}sba}t ]ajlt ag}lsxal{ {a}e }el Tlga`s Jagat}ls %Da}lm ag Bdebsqb 21116 =33! = Mlj`dsbdq ag }eat ybyls slhlst }` naclsbn bgm slysltlg}b}axl mlj`dsbdq. {eanl g`g*mlj`dsbdalt agdn|mltlja*mlj`dsb}ad. t`h} b|}e`sa}bsabg bgm b|}e`sa}bsabg slkajlt' %Tll S|m`nye 39996 3=!'


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ebt tllg mlj`dsb}ad slkajl debgkl ag Agm`gltab? b tld`gm yl`ynl y`{ls |ysatagk ag }el

Yeanayyaglt? bgm bg`}els t|ddltth|n d`|y ag ]ebanbgm' Jlbg{eanl. naclsbnatb}a`g {bt

mllylglm ag Tagkby`sl bgm Jbnbqtab. c|} g`} naclsbn mlj`dsbdq' J`t} d`|g}salt sln|d}bg}nq

t{bnn`{lm ca}}ls ld`g`jad slh`sj ysltdsay}a`gt? c|} `}elst akg`slm }el ys`kg`tat h`s y`na}adbn

slh`sjt' [a}e }el slka`gt ld`g`jad ylsh`sjbgdl slt}`slm }` ysl*dsatat nlxlnt. }el ys`dltt `h

sl}eagoagk mlxln`yjlg} t}sb}lkalt bgm slc|anmagk y`na}adbn agt}a}|}a`gt d`g}ag|lt' ]eat ys`dltt

at d|sslg}nq clagk hsbjlm cq }el ljlsklgdl `h gl{ debnnlgklt }` }el mlj`dsb}ad matd`|stl ag

}el h`sj `h k``m k`xlsgbgdl bgm y`y|natj'

]eat ybyls {ann tdbg }el d`g}ag|a}q bgm debgkl ag }el y`na}adbn nbgmtdbyl `h T`|}elbt} Btab

}lg qlbst bh}ls }el hagbgdabn dsatat' A} {ann h`d|t `g haxl T`|}elbt} Btabg d`|g}salt }eb} ebxl

cllg bhhld}lm b} xbsqagk mlksllt cq }el dsatat. gbjlnq6 ]ebanbgm. Agm`gltab. Jbnbqtab.

Tagkby`sl bgm }el Yeanayyaglt' Y`na}adbn debgkl ag }eltl d`|g}salt {ann cl xal{lm {a}eag }el

d`g}lu} `h }el d`g}ag|b}a`g `h }el mlxln`yjlg} xlst|t mlj`dsbdq mlcb}l. slh`sj|nb}lm bt

k``m k`xlsgbgdl xlst|t y`y|natj' H`nn`{agk }el bsk|jlg}t `h Xad}`s Cloolst l} bn' %399;6

=! bgm Jbso ]e`jyt`g %399;!. }eat ybyls {ann bttls} }eb} dls}bag xbsabg}t `h k`xlsgbgdl

dbg cl ysltlg}lm bt }eslb}t }` mlj`dsbdq' @h d`|stl. a} k`lt {a}e`|} tbqagk }eb} `}els h`sjt

`h k`xlsgbgdl te`|nm cl d`jynljlg}bsq {a}e mlj`dsbdq' ]` dnbsahq }eat y`ag}. }eat ybyls

{ann ag}s`m|dl }el d`gdly} `h Btabg k`xlsgbgdl }` slhls }` }el d`|g}ls `s bg}a mlj`dsb}ad

matd`|stl j`canatlm cq olq y`na}adbn ynbqlst %a'l' t}b}l nlbmlst. jammnl dnbtt bd}axat}t. daxan

t`dal}q `skbgatb}a`gt. bgm ag}lsgb}a`gbn bklgdalt! bt b nlka}ajatagk }``n }` lgkbkl }el

ljlskagk }eslb} `h y`y|natj ag }el slka`g ' ]el h`nn`{agk tld}a`gt {ann ann|t}sb}l }el

ljlsklgdl `h }el k``m k`xlsgbgdl matd`|stl. a}t ajynadb}a`gt }` }el mlxln`yjlg}*

mlj`dsbdq mlcb}l. bgm a}t jbgahlt}b}a`gt ag }el bh}lsjb}e `h }el dsatat ag mlj`dsb}ad bgm g`g*

mlj`dsb}ad slkajlt'

[eb}t k``m bc`|} K``m K`xlsgbgdl0

Bgbnqtlt `h }el `sakagt bgm db|tlt `h }el dsatat ebxl cllg mattld}lm. mlcb}lm bgm

mattljagb}lm ag }el ybt} }lg qlbst' < B} }el glu|t `h }el ld`g`jad bgm y`na}adbn db|tlt `h }el

< ]elsl ebxl cllg matbkslljlg}t tyldabnnq bj`gk ld`g`jat}t `g }el xlsq gb}|sl `h }el dsatat {el}els a} {btlttlg}abnnq b d|sslgdq dsatat }eb} cs`|ke} bc`|} cq }el agelslg} x`nb}ana}q `h ag}lsgb}a`gbn hagbgdabn jbsol}t ys`gl


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4/18

ysagdaynlt `h ybs}adayb}a`g. }sbgtybslgdq. bdd`|g}bcana}q. s|nl `h nb{.

lhhld}axlgltt. lr|a}q. bgm t}sb}lkad xata`g'

]bqn`s %39936 4

aglxa}bcnl ys`dltt c|} bg aml`n`kadbn gbssb}axl f|t}ahqagk }el _gl`naclsbnZ t}b}l' Bt }el t}b}l

sljbagt dlg}sbn }` y`na}adt. }elsl byylbst na}}nl }` cl kbaglm hs`j }slb}agk k`xlsgbgdl bt

r|bna}b}axlnq mahhlslg} hs`j k`xlsgjlg}' H`nn`{agk }eat nagl `h b}}bdo. S`dbj`sb %39936 54!

bnt` r|lt}a`gt }el gl`naclsbn bgm bg}at}b}l n`kad `h }el k`xlsgbgdl d`gdly}6 k`xlsgbgdl bgm

mlj`dsb}atb}a`g matd`|stl dbgg`} cl |gmlst}``m `|}taml }el ag}lslt}t bgm bklgmbt `h

ag}lsgb}a`gbn dbya}bnatj bgm }el gb}a`gbn bgm j|n}agb}a`gbn agt}a}|}a`gt }eb} t|yy`s} }eltl

ag}lslt}t'

K`xlsgbgdl jlbgt mahhlslg} }eagkt ag mahhlslg} y`na}adbn tdalgdl t|chalnmt. bgm a}t ajysldata`g

at agdslbtlm cq }el h|vvq c`|gmbsalt a} tebslt {a}e `}els d`g}lt}bcnl d`gdly}t t|de bt

mlj`dsbdq. naclsbnatb}a`g. `s kn`cbnatb}a`g %Cloolst l} bn' 399;? ]bqn`s 3993!' Gbgmb %39986

381! t|ddagd}nq dby}|slt }el d`gdly}|bn lg}bgknljlg}t h }el k``m k`xlsgbgdl matd`|stl6

Bt }elsl at g` d`gtlgt|t `g }el dsa}lsab h`s jlbt|sagk k``m k`xlsgbgdl.

e`{lxls. }el }lsj sljbagt bjcak|`|t bgm elgdl ajysldata`g slt|n}t' Te`|nmld`g`jad ylsh`sjbgdl cl }el t`nl `s b ysajbsq jlbt|sagk s`m. `s te`|nm }el

}lsj cl lu}lgmlm }` lgd`jybtt }el k`xlsgbgdl `h y`na}adbn lg}a}alt. cl }elq

dlg}sbn `s t}b}l k`xlsgjlg}t `s lxlg j|gadaybna}alt0 [eb} at }el y`na}adbn

d`g}lg} `h k``m k`xlsgbgdl0 Bsl naclsbn. mlj`dsb}ad xbn|lt agdn|mlm bt bg

lnljlg} `h }eb} d`g}lg}. bgm. ah t`. e`{ ajy`s}bg} bsl }elq0 [eb} oagm `h

ybs}adayb}a`g ag mldata`g*jboagk at lgxatbklm bgm cq {e`j0 [eb} oagm `h

bdd`|g}bcana}q at slr|aslm0 E`{ |gaxlstbn bsl `s te`|nm cl }el t}bgmbsmt |tlm

}` lxbn|b}l k``m k`xlsgbgdl0

A} at lubd}nq }el ajysldatl gb}|sl `h }el k``m k`xlsgbgdl d`gdly} }eb} bnn`{t h`s a}t d`*

`y}b}a`g cq d`|g}ls mlj`dsb}ad. lxlg bg}a*mlj`dsb}ad. matd`|stlt' ]el h`nn`{agk {ann matd|tt

e`{ k``m k`xlsgbgdl {bt j`canatlm cq d`|g}ls mlj`dsb}ad bgm bg}a mlj`dsb}ad h`sdlt }`

d`jcb} }el }eslb} `h y`y|natj m|sagk bgm bh}ls }el }|sc|nlg} ylsa`m `h }el Btabg hagbgdabn

dsatat'


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Satl `h Y`y|natj ag Y`t}*Dsatat Btab

B mlj`dsb}ad d`g}bka`g h`nn`{lm }el dsatat bt xbsqagk mlksllt `h y`na}adbn debgkl

}sbgtyaslm ag Agm`gltab. Jbnbqtab. ]ebanbgm. bgm }el Yeanayyaglt' ]el dsatat ty|sslm slkajl

debgkl ag Agm`gltab. }el satl bgm hbnn `h }el slh`sj j`xljlg} ag Jbnbqtab. b tld`gm yl`ynl

y`{ls |ysatagk ag }el Yeanayyaglt. bgm d`gt}a}|}a`gbn slh`sj ag ]ebanbgm' Jbnbqtab at }el `gnq

d`|g}sq }eb} mam g`} luylsalgdl slkajl `s k`xlsgjlg} debgkl. c|} }el tllmt h`s h|}|sl

mlj`dsb}ad slh`sjt ebm cllg ynbg}lm' Ludly} h`s }el sldlg} d`|y ag ]ebanbgm. }el y`t}*dsatat

ylsa`m mam g`} nlbm }` slxlstbnt `h mlj`dsb}ad s|nl ag }el Yeanayyaglt bgm Agm`gltab' ]eltl

d`|g}salt ebxl cllg dlnlcsb}lm b} xbsa`|t f|gd}|slt cq }el ag}lsgb}a`gbn jlmab h`s }elas

mlj`dsb}ad slx`n|}a`gt' ; Sldlg} lxlg}t. e`{lxls. agmadb}l }el ljlsklgdl `h tlsa`|t

m`jlt}ad debnnlgklt }` mlj`dsbdq ag }eltl d`|g}salt'

]el dsatat ylsa`m bnt` dàgdamlm {a}e }el msbjb}ad satl `h y`y|natj ag }el slka`g' Tlxlsbn

hbd}`st jbq elny amlg}ahq {eq }eat {bt t`' Hast}. }el y`na}adbn hbnn`|} hs`j }el dsatat {bt

ajjlmab}lnq hln} }es`|ke`|} }el slka`g' Bt cak ld`g`jad ynbqlst n`t} h`s}|glt. t` mam }el

cbtad naxlnae``m `h jbgq `smagbsq da}avlgt ag }el slka`g' D`gtlr|lg}nq. k`xlsgjlg}t {lsl

y``snq y`ta}a`glm }` bmmsltt }el t`dabn majlgta`gt `h }el dsatat y`na}adbnnq bgm

bmjagat}sb}axlnq. }elslcq slt|n}agk ag }el hban|sl `h ag}lsxlg}a`gt }` slbde |scbg jammnl dnbtt.

{`soagk bgm jbskagbn dnbttlt %Ebkkbsm 3999!'

Tld`gm. }el dsatat ys`xamlm b y`na}adbn `yy`s}|ga}q t}s|d}|sl 5 }eb} sllglskatlm mlj`dsb}ad

bgm slh`sjat} j`xljlg}t' Sbnnqagk bs`|gm }el tn`kbg `h slh`sjbta. }eltl j`xljlg}t

%ybs}ad|nbsnq ag Agm`gltab bgm Jbnbqtab! cnlgmlm }el dbnn h`s c`}e mlj`dsbdq bgm k``m

k`xlsgbgdl' D`gtlr|lg}nq. da}avlgt hs`j Jbganb }` Cbgkoò bgm Fbobs}b xlg}lm }elas asl

}es`|ke }el cbnn`} cù. ag }el t}sll}t. `s lxlg t`dabn xa`nlgdl'

; Jbso ]e`jyt`g %39986 2! mlhaglt mlj`dsb}ad slx`n|}a`gt bt ty`g}bgl`|t y`y|nbs |ysatagkt ylbdlh|n.|scbg*cbtlm. bgm ds`tt*dnbtt ag d`jy`ta}a`g {eade }`yynl |gqalnmagk mad}b}`st bgm clkag b }sbgta}a`g ys`dltt{eade nlbmt }` }el d`gt`namb}a`g `h mlj`dsbdq' 5 Bdd`smagk }` Tamglq ]bss`{ %21156 39! }el }lsj y`na}adbn `yy`s}|ga}q t}s|d}|sl te`|nm g`} cl |gmlst}``m

bt bg agxbsabg} j`mln aglxa}bcnq ys`m|dagk t`dabn j`xljlg}t. c|} bt b tl} `h dn|lt h`s {elg d`g}lg}a`|t y`na}adt{ann ljlskl. tl}}agk ag j`}a`g b debag `h db|tb}a`g }eb} jbq |n}ajb}lnq nlbm }` t|t}baglm ag}lsbd}a`g {a}eb|}e`sa}alt bgm elgdl }` t`dabn j`xljlg}t'


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]easm. }el ld`g`jad dsatat ebm y`na}adbn s``}t. bgm b} dls}bag y`ag}t. h`s cl}}ls `s {`stl.

hbdana}b}lm t`jl y`na}adbn debgklt' K`xlsgjlg}t t|de bt }e`tl `h Debxbna} Q`gkdebaq|me bgm

De|bg Nlloyba ag ]ebanbgm. m|sbcnl slkajlt naol T|ebs}` ag Agm`gltab. hlnn ag }el {bol `h

lu}sljl lu}lsgbn ysltt|slt hs`j ag}lsgb}a`gbn hagbgdabn agt}a}|}a`gt bgm }el jbsol}. d`|ynlm

cq lr|bnnq t}s`gk ysltt|slt hs`j m`jlt}ad d`gt}a}|lgdalt %Ebkkbsm 3999!'

Nbt}nq bgm j`t} ajy`s}bg} `h bnn. mlj`dsb}ad d`gt`namb}a`g ag }eltl d`|g}salt %clh`sl bgm

ajjlmab}lnq bh}ls }el dsatat! ebt cllg bjcaxbnlg}. `h}lg ys`gl }` mlj`dsb}ad mlhada}t' ]el

dsatat ys`xamlm bg ajyl}|t }` mllylg bgm d`gt`namb}l mlj`dsbdq' Bdbmljadt bgm bd}axat}t.

e`{lxls. clj`bg }el nbdo `h t|ct}bg}abn mlj`dsb}ad kbagt ag k`xlsgbgdl slh`sj lhh`s}t tagdl

}el dsatat' K`jlv %3999!. h`s lubjynl. at tdly}adbn `g }el bd}|bn clbsagk `h bdd`|g}bcana}q bgm

}sbgtybslgdq ys`ksbjjlt `g slbny`na}ao . t|de bt ag lnld}`sbn tqt}ljt msaxlg cq d`ss|y}a`g.

dnalg}lnatj bgm j`glq y`na}adt'

Y`y|natj %hs`j }el Nb}ag {`sm y`y|nat ! slhlst }` b j`xljlg}. b slkajl. b nlbmls `s lxlg b

t}b}l {eade dnbajt dn`tl bhhaga}q {a}e }el yl`ynl %Ml Dbt}s` h`s}ed`jagk!' Y`y|natj at `h}lg

slxanlm tagdl a} kaxlt luysltta`g }` }el ds|mlt} e`ylt bgm hlbst `h }el jbttlt bgm cq nlbxagk

g` td`yl h`s mlnaclsb}a`g bgm sb}a`gbn bgbnqtat %Elq{``m 39996 2;5!' Bt ag j`t} mlhaga}a`gt

ag y`na}adt. y`y|natj at b eakenq d`g}lt}bcnl d`gdly}' [lqnbgm %2111!. h`s lubjynl.

mat}agk|atelt cl}{llg }sbma}a`gbn y`y|natj btt`dab}lm {a}e gb}a`gbnat}. ag{bsm*n``oagk

y`nadalt ag Nb}ag Bjlsadb hs`j }el 2149t }` 21


7/18

h`sjls. b y`y|nbs bd}a`g j`xal t}bs }|sglm y`na}adabg? bgm }el nb}}ls. bg lu*d`y }|sglm yn|}`*

y`y|nat} }qd``g {e` }slb}lm y`na}adt bt c|tagltt' C`}e slkat}lslm }sljlgm`|t lnld}`sbn

t|ddlttlt' H`s }el d`jj`g Hanayag` x`}ls. Lsby at b sl{`smagk `h }el d`nn`r|abn }lsj

ybsl {eade jlbgt ybn `s hsalgm' F`tlye Lsby Lt}sbmb `xls{elnjagknq {`g }el 2115

ysltamlg}abn lnld}a`gt `g }el t}slgk}e `h eat dn`tl bhhaga}q {a}e }el y``s? lgdbyt|nb}lm ag eat

dbjybakg tn`kbg Lsby ybsb tb jbeasby %Lsby at h`s }el y``s!' ]ebotag {bt b h`sjls d`y

}|sglm }lnld`jj|gadb}a`g }qd``g {e` ynlmklm b janna`g Cbe} %}el ]eba d|sslgdq! yls s|sbn

xannbkl' C`}e {lsl }sbma}a`gbny`y|nat}t' Lt}sbmbt dbjybakg dbya}bnavlm `g eat gb}a`gbnat}.

bg}a*Bjlsadbg cbtlt t}bgdl {elg el {bt b Tlgb}`s' Bn}e`|ke bt Ysltamlg}. el {`|nm nb}ls

takg b Xata}agk H`sdlt Bkslljlg} {a}e Bjlsadb' ]ebotag {`|nm ltdel{ jbsol} slh`sjt ag

hbx`|s `h eat c|tagltt ag}lslt}t bgm t|yy`s} h`s eat s|sbn cbtl' El bnt` j`canavlm gb}a`gbnat}

ajbklsq {a}e eat ybs}qt gbjl ]eba Sbo ]eba %]eba N`xlt ]eba!' ]ebotag lj|nb}lm. b}

}el tbjl }ajl t`|ke} }` |gmlsjagl. }el y`y|nbsa}q `h slxlslm Oagk Ce|jac`n Bm|nqbmlf' Bt

d`g}s`xlstabn h`slakg d`sslty`gmlg} Yb|n J' Ebgmnlq %39986 ===! luynbagt. [eanl ]ebotagt

b|}`dsb}ad k`xlsgjlg} {bt ys`cnljb}ad ag }el d`g}lu} `h mlj`dsbdq bgm k``m k`xlsgbgdl.

eat d`gdlg}sb}a`g `h y`{ls bs`|gm eajtlnh bt }el d`|g}sqt tlnh*t}qnlm dealh luld|}axl

d`|nm cl tllg bt b j`xl }` gl|}sbnatl }el ybnbdl ag y`na}adt'

]e`jyt`g %399;! da}lt }esll hbd}`st h`s }el lnld}`sbn m`jagbgdl `h Lt}sbmb bgm ]ebotag'

Hast}. }el hban|sl `h jammnl dnbtt*cbtlm slh`sjatj bgm }el d`g}ag|bgdl `h j`glq y`na}adt

h|lnnlm b ks`{agk mltasl bj`gk }el lnld}`sb}l h`s b gl{ bg}a*lna}at} bgm ys`*y``s y`na}adbn

ys`ksbjjl' Tld`gm. }el hban|sl `h t`dabn slh`sj ys`ksbjjlt ag }el Yeanayyaglt bgm ]ebanbgm

ebt {amlglm }el agd`jl kby cl}{llg |scbg bgm s|sbn bslbt' C`}e Lt}sbmb bgm ]ebotag

jbgbklm }` b}}sbd} e|kl t|yy`s}. g`} `gnq bj`gk }el s|sbn x`}lst. c|} hs`j s|sbn*`salg}lm

GK@t bt {lnn' Nbt}nq. c`}e slysltlg}lm dbya}bnat} ag}lslt}t }eb} {lsl dn`tlnq ag}ls}{aglm {a}e

t}b}l slk|nb}a`g y`nadalt' ]ebotagt }lnld`jj|gadb}a`g c|tagltt hn`|satelm }es`|ke t}b}l

nadlgtagk. bgm Lt}sbmbt jbf`s hagbgdabn cbdolst {lsl j`t}nq Jbsd`t nlbmagk c|tagltt

ds`galt'

Debsklt `h d`ss|y}a`g bkbagt} }el }{` y`y|nat} nlbmlst lxlg}|bnnq yn|gklm c`}e d`|g}salt ag b

gl{ s`|gm `h y`na}adbn agt}bcana}q }eb} }eslb}lglm }elas hnlmknagk mlj`dsb}ad `smls' Jana}bsq*

cbdolm. |scbg*cbtlm jammnl dnbtt slh`sj j`xljlg}t {`|nm nb}ls `|t} c`}e ag }el gbjl `h

k``m k`xlsgbgdl %]e`jyt`g 399;!' ]el lu}sb*d`gt}a}|}a`gbn `|t}ls `h }{` y`y|nbsnq


8/18

lnld}lm nlbmlst. e`{lxls. {`|nm bnt` sbatl r|lt}a`gt `h nlka}ajbdq }eb} h|s}els {lbolglm

mlj`dsb}ad agt}a}|}a`gt'

D`|g}ls Mlj`dsb}ad Cbdonbte

]el tld`gm yl`ynl y`{ls |ysatagk bkbagt} Lt}sbmb ag 3992 bgm }el 3998 jana}bsq d`|y bkbagt}

]ebotag {lsl g`} gldlttbsanq bg}a*mlj`dsb}ad c|} d`|g}ls* mlj`dsb}ad' ]esll hbd}`st tlsxl }`

hsbjl }eltl d`|g}ls*mlj`dsb}ad }slgmt ag }el slka`g6 2! dqdnlt `h y`na}adbn mlxln`yjlg} bgm

mldbq? 3! bh}ls lhhld}t `h }el Btabg hagbgdabn dsatat? bgm. 4! jammnl dnbtt y`na}adt'

]el y`na}adbn eat}`salt `h ]ebanbgm. Yeanayyaglt. bgm }` t`jl lu}lg} y`t}*T|ebs}` Agm`gltab.

dbg cl debsbd}lsatlm cq xada`|t dasdnlt `h y`na}adbn mlxln`yjlg} bgm mldbq' 29 H`s j|de `h a}t

eat}`sq. ]ebanbgm ebt luylsalgdlm 25 d`|yt. 2< d`gt}a}|}a`gt. bgm b j|n}a}|ml `h te`s}*naxlm

k`xlsgjlg}t' Ys`*mlj`dsbdq |ysatagk ag 2113 }ljy`sbsanq lgmlm tau}q qlbst `h jana}bsq

ag}lsxlg}a`gatj ag y`na}adt' Cq 2118. }el ]eba Gb}a`gbn Bttljcnq bddlmlm }` }el msbh}agk `h b

gl{ d`gt}a}|}a`g }es`|ke b D`gt}a}|}a`g Msbh}agk Bttljcnq %DMB!' ]el 211; ]eba

D`gt}a}|}a`g {bt b ys`m|d} `h }el d`gtlgt|t }eb} {bt h`sklm cq }el h`sdlt daxan t`dal}q

slh`sjlst. }el Nlh}. bgm }el Cbgko`o jammnl dnbtt }eb} slt}`slm mlj`dsb}ad s|nl ag 2113

%Ebkkbsm 3999!' ]el 3998 d`|y ag ]ebanbgm slysltlg}t }el kslb}lt} tl}cbdo ag lhh`s}t b}

mlj`dsb}ad d`gt`namb}a`g ag }el slka`g' ]el d`|y bkbagt} }el k`xlsgjlg} `h ]ebotag

Teagb{b}sb takgahalm }el sl*lg}sq `h jana}bsq ag}lsxlg}a`g ag ]eba y`na}adt'

H`s a}t ybs}. }el Yeanayyaglt at g` t}sbgkls }` ld`g`jad bgm y`na}adbn dsatlt' ]el Yeanayyagl

luylsalgdl {a}e jbsol}*cbtlm mlj`dsbdq at debsbd}lsatlm cq b sld|ssagk c``j*c|t} dqdnl ag

}el ld`g`jq }eb} `tdannb}lt {a}e b tajanbs yb}}lsg `h y`na}adbn mlxln`yjlg} bgm mldbq %[|shln

2155!' ]el ld`g`jq ebt {lb}elslm b g|jcls `h dsatlt tagdl Yeanayyagl agmlylgmlgdl ag

21=;' \g}an sldlg}nq. }el Yeanayyaglt ebt g`} luylsalgdlm b t|t}baglm ylsa`m `h ks`{}e tagdl

}el 21;9t' Ks`{}e j`jlg}|j hlnn tebsynq ag }el 2159t bgm hn|d}|b}lm lssb}adbnnq ag }el

2119t' T|ddlttaxl ysltamlg}abn bmjagat}sb}a`gt ebxl b}}ljy}lm }` ag}s`m|dl slh`sjt }` ty|s

ks`{}e ag }el {bol `h lxlsq dsatat' E`{lxls. }eltl y`nadq slh`sjt ebxl slyl}a}axlnq

lgd`|g}lslm y`na}adbn bgm agt}a}|}a`gbn d`gt}sbag}t %Cbnatbdbg bgm Eann 3994!' H|s}elsj`sl.

29

[sa}agk hs`j }el j`mlsgavb}a`g }sbma}a`g. Mbxam [|shln %2155. ua*uaa! mlhaglm y`na}adbn mlxln`yjlg} bt }elks`{}e `h agt}a}|}a`gbn dbybcana}q {a}e nlka}ajbdq ' Y`na}adbn mldbq. `g }el `}els ebgm. {bt mlhaglm bt }el n`tt`h nlka}ajbdq bgm dbybcana}q'


9/18

}eltl ld`g`jad dsatlt ebxl cllg ysldlmlm cq. `s {lsl slt|n}t `h. slylb}lm agt}a}|}a`gbn

cslbom`{gt }eb} eat}`sadbnnq s|y}|slm ag}` h|nn*cn`{g dsatlt `h nlka}ajbdq' Ag}lgtl ag}sb*lna}l

d`jyl}a}a`g. d`g}lt}lm lnld}a`gt. bgm }el }eslb} `h bsjlm slx`n|}a`g debsbd}lsavl h`|s jbf`s

y`na}adbn dsatlt ag 21


10/18

tlsa`|t debnnlgklt }` }el nlka}ajbdq `h els k`xlsgjlg} }eb} agdn|mlm }el hbanlm b}}ljy} b}

yl`ynl y`{ls |ysatagk cq Lt}sbmbt t|yy`s}lst? bgm b j|}agq nlm cq f|ga`s jana}bsq `hhadlst ag

F|nq 3994' Bss`q` gbss`{nq {`g sl*lnld}a`g bkbagt} bg`}els y`y|nat} bd}`s. Hlsgbgm` Y`l Fs'.

ag }el 399= ysltamlg}abn lnld}a`g' Bnnlkb}a`gt `h lnld}`sbn hsb|m d`jja}}lm cq els k`xlsgjlg}

slt|n}lm ag b dsatat `h nlka}ajbdq' Tel hbdlm bg`}els s`|gm `h jbttaxl t}sll} ys`}lt}t. }{`

t|ddlttaxl ajylbdejlg} debsklt ag D`gksltt. bgm b hbanlm jana}bsq*cbdolm yl`ynl y`{ls

b}}ljy} ag Hlcs|bsq 3998' Tel }|sglm }` ebsm*nagl y`nadalt. g`} d`gtat}lg} {a}e mlj`dsb}ad

ysagdaynlt. h`s slkajl t|sxaxbn'

Bt bg bh}lsjb}e `h }el dsatat. Agm`gltab cldbjl }el nbt} d`|g}sq }` saml }el dslt} `h }el

mlj`dsb}atb}a`g {bxl }eb} t{ly} }el slka`g' Ag 2115. ys`*mlj`dsbdq mlj`gt}sb}`stt|ddltth|nnq h`sdlm }el sltakgb}a`g `h Agm`gltabg t}s`gkjbg T|ebs}` bh}ls 43 qlbst ag y`{ls'

Y`t}*T|ebs}` Agm`gltab tebslt b tajanbs yb}}lsg {a}e y`t}*Jbsd`t Yeanayyaglt' Ag b slnb}axlnq

te`s} ylsa`m `h }ajl. Agm`gltab ebt tllg b msbjb}ad t|ddltta`g `h nlbmlsteay debgklt6 }el

mlhlb} `h T|ebs}` t|ddltt`s C'F' Ebcacal }` Bcm|ssbejbg [beam %K|t M|s! ag }el 2111

agmasld} ysltamlg}abn lnld}a`g? }el ajylbdejlg} `h K|t M|s bgm }el btdlgta`g `h debsatjb}ad

Xadl Ysltamlg} Jlkb{b}a T|obsg`y|}sa ag 3992? }el mlhlb} `h Jlkb{b}a bgm }el xad}`sq `h

slh`sjat} h`sjls Klglsbn T|tan` Cbjcbgk Q|me`q`g` ag }el hast} masld} ysltamlg}abn lnld}a`gag 399=' Jlkb{b}a {bt y`y|nbs bj`gk }el |scbg y``s. msb{g nbsklnq hs`j }el jlj`sq `h els

y`y|nat} hb}els bgm Agm`gltabt hast} ysltamlg}. T|obsg` %]e`jyt`g 399;!' Els b}}ljy}t }`

cnlgm y`na}adbn y`y|natj {a}e jbsol} naclsbnatb}a`g ls`mlm els y`y|nbsa}q. bgm slt|n}lm ag els

lnld}`sbn mlhlb}' E`{lxls. }el ljlsklgdl `h b j`sl ag}lgtl. gb}a`gbnat}. Atnbjat} y`y|natj ag

}el h|}|sl at xlsq y`ttacnl %Dbtl 3993!'

Bn}e`|ke bmly} b} j`canatagk y`y|nbs |ysatagkt. }el jammnl dnbtt ag T`|}elbt} Btab bsl

`|}g|jclslm cq }el y``s ag lnld}`sbn }lsjt. ltyldabnnq ag }el s|sbn bslbt. bgm }elq sltlg}lm

}el lnld}a`g `h y`y|nat} nlbmlst' ]el bg}a*y`y|nat} h`sdlt ag ]ebanbgm bgm }el Yeanayyaglt }eb}

{lsl nbsklnq nlm cq |scbg*cbtlm jammnl dnbtt slh`sjat}t bgm bd}axat}t. |g{a}}agknq }eslb}lglm

mlj`dsbdq ag }el gbjl `h tbxagk a} %]e`jyt`g 399=6 23=!' ]el jammnl dnbtt 22 ebt bn{bqt

ynbqlm bg bjcak|`|t s`nl ag T`|}elbt} Btabg y`na}adt' ]el jammnl dnbtt r|al}nq t|yy`s}lm

b|}e`sa}bsabg slkajlt t|de bt T|ebs}`t Gl{ @smls %@sml Cbs|! bgm Jbsd`t Gl{ T`dal}q

22

H`nn`{agk ]e`jyt`g %399;!. jammnl dnbtt elsl at }bolg bt b t|cfld}axl t`dabn d`g}sbd} }ebg bg `cfld}axlt}s|d}|sbn db}lk`sq' A} bnt` slhlst }` }el t`*dbnnlm gl{ jammnl dnbtt }eb} agdn|mlt bmjagat}sb}`st. jbgbklst.ys`hltta`gbnt bgm `}els {ea}l d`nnbs `hhadl {`solst bt {lnn bt ag}lnnld}|bnt bgm bd}axat}t'


11/18

%Cbk`gk Nay|gbg!' Bgm ql}. }elq ebxl cllg }el ajy`s}bg} d`sl `h ys`*mlj`dsbdq j`xljlg}t

ag Agm`gltab. }el Yeanayyaglt bgm ]ebanbgm' ]el jammnl dnbtt ebt j`canavlm bkbagt} nlbmlst

ylsdlaxlm bt agd`jyl}lg} bgm d`ss|y} t|de bt Lt}sbmb bgm [beam. bgm bnt` bkbagt} d`jyl}lg}

nlbmlst bdd|tlm `h d`ss|y}a`g. t|de bt Bss`q` bgm ]ebotag' \n}ajb}lnq. jammnl dnbtt

bd}axat}t `yy`tlm b|}e`sa}bsabg slkajlt nltt `|} `h mlj`dsb}ad d`gxad}a`g. }ebg k|bsmabgt `h

k``m k`xlsgbgdl' [lbo slh`sjat} k`xlsgjlg}t. }el yslxbnlgdl `h j`glq y`na}adt. bgm }el

satl `h y`y|nat} nlbmlst nlm }elj }` }|sg }el k``m k`xlsgbgdl matd`|stl bkbagt} mlj`dsb}adbnnq

lnld}lm nlbmlst. sbatagk tlsa`|t r|lt}a`gt bc`|} }el h|}|sl t}bcana}q `h mlj`dsbdq ag }el

slka`g %]e`jyt`g 399;!' E`{lxls. }el d`|g}ls mlj`dsb}ad jammnl dnbtt ag }eltl d`|g}salt

mam g`} `gnq ljcsbdl }el k``m k`xlsgbgdl matd`|stl' G`g*mlj`dsb}ad d`|g}salt }eb} {lsl

h`sjlsnq }el ybsbk`gt `h }el Btabg xbn|lt matd`|stl ebxl bnt` bs}ad|nb}lm a}'

Slagxlg}agk }el Mlxln`yjlg}bn T}b}l

]eat tld}a`g {ann bsk|l }eb} }elsl at b d|sslg} }slgm }`{bsmt slagxlg}a`g `h }el mlxln`yjlg}bn

t}b}l bgm b slh`sj|nb}a`g `h }el Btabg xbn|l matd`|stl' ]eat at jbgahlt}lm }es`|ke lhh`s}t }`

d`*`y} }el k``m k`xlsgbgdl matd`|stl bt b nlka}ajb}agk d`gdly} cq g`g*mlj`dsb}ad

slkajlt' ]el }sbfld}`sq `h }eat }slgm {ann cl yn`}}lm }es`|ke b matd|tta`g `h }el s``}t `h }el

mlxln`yjlg}bn t}b}l? }el ljlsklgdl `h }el Btabg xbn|lt matd`|stl? bgm. bm`y}a`g `h }el k``m

k`xlsgbgdl matd`|stl ag g`g*mlj`dsb}ad slkajlt'

]el }lsj gl{nq*agm|t}sabnatagk cldbjl }el takgb}|sl nbcln h`s j`t} Lbt} bgm T`|}elbt}

Btabg d`|g}salt' ]el Btabg Gl{nq Agm|t}sabnatagk D`|g}salt %GADt! cldbjl b kn`cbn lubjynl

h`s }el slt} `h }el mlxln`yagk {`snm %K`gvbnlv 2111!' ]el Btabg GADt agx`nxlm jammnl*

agd`jl d`|g}salt }eb} t|ddltth|nnq y|st|lm luy`s}*`salg}lm ks`{}e t}sb}lkalt }eb} {lsl

ys`ylnnlm cq eake nlxlnt `h agxlt}jlg} ag c`}e yeqtadbn bgm e|jbg dbya}bn %[``*D|jjagkt

2111? Ebkkbsm 3999!' ]el }ljynb}l h`s }eat ks`{}e t}sb}lkq {bt }el mlxln`yjlg}bn t}b}lt `h

G`s}elbt} Btab' 23 H`nn`{agk }el nlbm `h Fbybg. c`}e T`|}e O`slb bgm ]ba{bg. T`|}elbt}

Btabg d`|g}salt y|st|lm b gl`*jlsdbg}anat} bgm gb}a`gbnat} mlxln`yjlg} }sbfld}`sq }eb}

23

]e`jyt`g %399;! mat}agk|atelt cl}{llg mlxln`yjlg}bn slkajlt. debsbd}lsatlm cq }el eakenq c|slb|dsb}atlmt}b}lt `h G`s}elbt} Btab. bgm mlxln`yjlg}bnat} slkajlt. slhlssagk }` }el b|}e`sa}bsabg mad}b}`steayt `h Jbsd`tbgm T|ebs}`'


12/18

d`jcaglm t}s`gk t}b}l ag}lsxlg}a`g {a}e }el ys`j`}a`g `h cak ld`g`jad d`gkn`jlsb}lt %[``*

D|jjagkt 2111!'

Nlbmlst ag T`|}elbt} Btab lj|nb}lm Fbybg. g`} bt b mlj`dsbdq c|} bt b matdaynaglm

mlxln`yjlg}bn t}b}l' Elgdl. }el Yl`ynlt Bd}a`g Ybs}q %YBY! |gmls }el nlbmlsteay `h Nll

O|bg Ql{ lu}`nnlm Tagkby`slbgt }` Nlbsg hs`j Fbybg. {eanl Jbeb}as Jèbjjbm

ajynljlg}lm b N`ò Lbt} Y`nadq ag Jbnbqtab' Naol Fbybg. }el j`g|jlg}bn |gmls}boagk `h

nb}l agm|t}sabnavb}a`g ag Tagkby`sl bgm Jbnbqtab {bt |gmls}bolg cq nbskl hagbgdabn

agt}a}|}a`gt bgm }el t}b}l c|slb|dsb}ad byybsb}|t %]e`jyt`g 3999!' 24 \gnaol Fbybg. e`{lxls.

}el y`na}adbn tqt}ljt }eb} ljlsklm ag Tagkby`sl bgm Jbnbqtab {lsl debsbd}lsatlm cq t`h}

b|}e`sa}bsabg `s tlja*mlj`dsb}ad s|nl %Ebkkbsm 3999!'

]el d`gdly} `h Btabg xbn|lt ljlsklm bt b d|n}|sbn bgm aml`n`kadbn f|t}ahadb}a`g h`s }eltl

slkajlt' B} }el d`sl `h }el Btabg xbn|lt at }el slfld}a`g `h #[lt}lsg# agmaxam|bnatj ag

hbx`|s `h Btabg d`jj|ga}bsabgatj? bgm }el dnbaj }eb} mlj`dsbdq j|t} cl y|} `g e`nm. t`

}eb} mlxln`yjlg} dbg cl bdealxlm %]e`jyt`g 3999!' ]el xas}|lt `h Btabg xbn|lt ebxl cllg

`xls*mlcb}lm }es`|ke }el qlbst' C|} }eat ybyls {`|nm naol }` t}sltt }{` yàg}t6 2! }elsl at bnt`

b sade }sbma}a`g `h Btabg mlj`dsbdalt? bgm. 3! }elsl bsl }{` }qylt `h Btabg xbn|lt'

@gl hbd} }eb} {bt d`gxlgalg}nq h`sk`}}lg b} }el elake} `h }el Btabg xbn|lt mlcb}l {bt }eb}

t`jl d`|g}salt ag Lbt} bgm T`|}elbt} Btab ebxl agxbsabcnq bttajanb}lm mlj`dsb}ad }sbma}a`gt

bgm ysbd}adlt b} xbsa`|t eat}`sad f|gd}|slt' ]el Yeanayyaglt bgm ]ebanbgm. }`kl}els {a}e Fbybg.

bsl }esll Btabg gb}a`gt }eb} ebxl ajy`s}lm [lt}lsg mlj`dsb}ad agt}a}|}a`gt. t|de bt

d`gt}a}|}a`gbn nb{. y`na}adbn ybs}alt. lnld}a`gt bgm nlkatnb}|sl. ag }el lbsnq t}bklt `h }elas

sltyld}axl t}b}l c|anmagk' 2= Tajanbs lhh`s}t b} ag}s`m|dagk mlj`dsbdq ag `}els d`|g}salt naol

T`|}e O`slb. Jbnbqtab. Agm`gltab. bgm Tagkby`sl hbn}lslm lbsnq `g. bgm }eltl d`|g}salt

24 E`{lxls. }el ysajbsq bklg} `h Fbybgt ld`g`jad t|ddltt }el c|slb|dsbdq {`|nm lxlg}|bnnq cld`jl a}th|gmbjlg}bn {lbogltt bt }el tqt}lj `h c|slb|dsbdq*nlm d`nnbc`sb}a`g ylsjlb}lm }el lg}asl d`|g}sq' ]elc|slb|dsb}ad ys`}ld}a`g `h t|yynalst. cleagm*}el*tdlglt cam sakkagk. bgm d`nnbc`sb}a`g bj`gk t|yynalst {lsllgd`|sbklm cq }el dlg}sbn bgm n`dbn k`xlsgjlg} bgm {bt yslxbnlg} ag agm|t}sq. hbsjagk. jlmadbn bgm lm|db}a`gbntld}`st %Tbobaqb 3999!' 2= Fbybg ag}s`m|dlm }eltl agg`xb}a`gt bt b t`xlslakg t}b}l {a}e }el ys`j|nkb}a`g `h }el Jlafa D`gt}a}|}a`g ag2551' @g }el `}els ebgm. }el Yeanayyaglt mlxln`ylm a}t mlj`dsb}ad agt}a}|}a`gt |gmls d`n`gabn s|nl' ]elTybgabsmt hast} ag}s`m|dlm h`sjbn lnld}a`gt ag }el Yeanayyaglt ag }el 2519t }` tlnld} }el n`dbn k`clsgbm`sdann` `sj|gadaybn jbq`s' ]el Bjlsadbgt. ag }|sg. d`g}ag|lm {a}e }el luylsajlg} ag d`n`gabn mlj`dsbdq cq lu}lgmagklnld}a`gt hs`j }el j|gadaybna}q %2192!. }` }el ys`xagdl %2194!. }el gb}a`gbn nlkatnb}|sl %219;! bgm d|njagb}agk agysltamlg}abn lnld}a`gt |gmls }el Yeanayyagl D`jj`g{lbn}e %214


13/18

lx`nxlm ag}` g`g*mlj`dsb}ad tqt}ljt `h k`xlsgjlg}' Fbybg. ]ebanbgm. bgm }el Yeanayyaglt

ebxl bnt` t|dd|jclm }` g`g*mlj`dsb}ad ajy|ntlt c|} jbgbklm }` slt}`sl mlj`dsbdq b} t`jl

y`ag} ag }elas sltyld}axl eat}`sq'

Hs`j 2158 `g{bsm. b {bxl `h mlj`dsb}atb}a`g t{ly} }el Yeanayyaglt. ]ebanbgm. T`|}e O`slb.

bgm ]ba{bg' ]eltl d`|g}salt |gmls{lg} }sbgta}a`gt }` mlj`dsb}ad s|nl. {eade jlbg} g`}

tajynq }el t}bkagk `h lnld}a`gt c|} }el ljlsklgdl `h gl{ ybs}alt bgm ag}lslt} ks`|yt.

agdn|magk nbc`|s. bgm }el hsllagk `h ag}lnnld}|bnt bgm }el jlmab %Ebkkbsm 3999. 325!' Dsa}adt

e`{lxls. ebxl g`}lm }eb} t`jl. ah g`} bnn `h }el gl{ mlj`dsbdalt ag }el slka`g ebxl na}}nl }`

`hhls clq`gm lnld}a`gt' Elgdl. Btabg*t}qnl mlj`dsbdq ebt cllg xbsa`|tnq nbclnnlm

annaclsbn. tlja*mlj`dsb}ad. bgm mlhld}axl' %Ds`attbg} 3998. 22!

[lbo agt}a}|}a`gt `h}lg nlbm }` b nbdo `h }sbgtybslgdq bgm bdd`|g}bcana}q ag y`na}adt bgm }el

ld`g`jq' Bj`gk }el ajy`s}bg} nltt`gt nlbsglm m|sagk }el dsatat at }eb} c`}e b|}e`sa}bsabgatj

bgm {lbo mlj`dsb}ad agt}a}|}a`gt jbq db|tl bgm bkksbxb}l ld`g`jad dsatlt %S|m`nye 3999!'

E`{lxls. }elsl {lsl g` byybslg} bmxbg}bklt h`s g`g*mlj`dsbdalt ag bmf|t}agk }` }el dsatat?

{eanl mlj`dsbdalt {lsl j`sl t|ddltth|n ag bmmslttagk a} %Bdebsqb 2111? Ebkkbsm 3999!'

Mlj`dsbdalt `hhls agt}a}|}a`gbn tbhl}q xbnxlt %a'l' lnld}a`gt! ag dsatat ta}|b}a`gt }eb} `ylg |y

y`na}adbn `yy`s}|ga}q t}s|d}|slt h`s debgkl' Bt Bdebsqb %21116 =43! bt}|}lnq y|}t a}.

B|}e`sa}bsabgatj ag T`|}elbt} Btab ebt t|sxaxlm jbgq Btabg jasbdnl qlbst' ]el ld`g`jad

m`{g}|sg `h }el nb}l 2119t m`lt `hhls mlj`dsb}avb}a`g h`sdlt b gl{ `yy`s}|ga}q'

T`|}elbt} Btabg d`|g}salt ebxl bmjaslm }el mlxln`yjlg} luylsalgdl `h G`s}elbt} Btab.

ybs}ad|nbsnq Fbybg' Tagkby`sl bgm Jbnbqtab bm`y}lm }el lhhadalgdq `h }el Fbybgltl

mlxln`yjlg}bn t}b}l jag|t a}t mlj`dsb}ad hsllm`jt? `g }el `}els ebgm. ]ebanbgm bgm }el

Yeanayyaglt tebsl Fbybgt y`t}*{bs mlj`dsb}ad }sbma}a`gt jag|t a}t t}bcana}q' C`}e Tagkby`sl

bgm Jbnbqtab ljcsbdlm [lt}lsg*t}qnl dbya}bnatj. slt}sad}lm [lt}lsg*t}qnl mlj`dsbdq. bgm

nbclnnlm a} bt Btabg xbn|lt'

E`{lxls. g`g*mlj`dsb}ad slkajlt bsl g`} dslb}lm lr|bnnq' ]e`jyt`g %3999! amlg}ahalm }{`

}qylt `h Btabg xbn|lt }eb} {lsl eakenake}lm b} }el elake} `h }el dsatat6 2! slyslttaxl

mlxln`yjlg}bnat}? bgm 3! ys`tyls`|t y`t}*mlxln`yjlg}bnat}' Mlxln`yjlg}bnat} Btabg xbn|lt

jbgahlt}lm a}tlnh ag T|ebs}`t Gl{ @smls. {eade f|t}ahalm slysltta`g ag y|st|a} `h ld`g`jadmlxln`yjlg} bgm ysltlsxagk t`dabn ealsbsdealt' D`|g}salt }eb} ebxl bnslbmq b}}baglm eake


14/18

naxagk t}bgmbsmt %]bss`{ 2115!. c|} `yy`tlm mlj`dsbdq `g d|n}|sbn ks`|gmt. naol Tagkby`sl

bgm Jbnbqtab. ys`ybkb}lm y`t}*mlxln`yjlg}bnat} Btabg xbn|lt' Ludly} h`s Jqbgjbs. }el

hbnn `h T|ebs}` ebt lhhld}axlnq g|nnahalm }el slyslttaxl Btabg xbn|l matd`|stl ag }el slka`g' @g

}el `}els ebgm. bt bg b}}ljy} }` hlgm `hh mljbgmt h`s kslb}ls y`na}adbn ybs}adayb}a`g }eb}

h`nn`{t sbyam ld`g`jad j`mlsgatb}a`g. }el matd`|stl `h Btabg xbn|lt at naolnq }` cl sl*

ljyebtatlm `gnq g`{ }eb} }el ld`g`jalt `h }eltl d`|g}salt ebxl bkbag clk|g }` ks`{ %8


15/18

sld`kgatl }el te`s}d`jagkt bgm hban|slt ag }el J|tnaj {`snm' T`jl bsl

ljcsbdagk }el aga}ab}axlt }`{bsmt k``m k`xlsgbgdl bgm bg ag}lnnld}|bnnq j`sl

`ylg bgm xacsbg} |jjbe'

Ag b y`t} 1*22 kn`cbn lgxas`gjlg}. Cbmb{a tylbot `h Atnbj Ebmebsa. jlbgagk na}lsbnnq.

daxanatb}a`gbn Atnbj. `s bg byys`bde }`{bsmt b ys`kslttaxl Atnbjad daxanatb}a`g'

Hs`j Btabg Jasbdnl }` Dsatat bgm Clq`gm

Bt }el m`jagbg} kn`cbn xal{y`ag} }|sgt bgm lx`nxlt. `ctlsxlm Jlslma}e [``*D|jjagkt

%21116 au!. b jasbkl slynbdlt b jasbdnl. bgm ds`gq dbya}bnatj d`jlt }` takgahq b slka`g{elsl sljbsobcnl ks`{}e {bt `gdl tbam }` k` ebgm ag ebgm {a}e sljbsobcnl lr|a}q' ]eas}q

qlbst `h eake ld`g`jad ks`{}e ag }el Btab*Ybdahad slka`g kbxl satl }` }el t`*dbnnlm Btabg

j`mln `h mlxln`yjlg}. m|cclm bt }el Lbt} Btabg Jasbdnl cq }el [`snm Cbgo' Nll O|bg

Ql{ bgm Jbeb}as }s|jyl}lm }el t`*dbnnlm Btabg xbn|lt bt }elas ysajbsq olq }` t|ddltt'

]el Btabg dsatat. e`{lxls. cs`|ke} }esll mldbmlt `h Lbt} Btabg mlxln`yjlg} luylsalgdl bgm

}el Btabg xbn|lt matd`|stl ag}` r|lt}a`g' Jbnbqtab db|ke} c`}e }el hagbgdabn bgm mlj`dsb}ad

d`g}bka`g. bgm gbss`{nq yslxlg}lm slkajl debgkl' Tagkby`sl {bt nbsklnq ajj|gl }` c`}e.cldb|tl `h a}t t}sad} hagbgdabn slt}sad}a`gt %R|be 39926 428! bgm t|yyslttlm `yy`ta}a`g' ]el

dsatat. e`{lxls. ty|sslm xbsqagk nlxlnt `h y`na}adbn debgkl ag d`|g}salt naol Agm`gltab.

]ebanbgm. bgm }el Yeanayyaglt' Clq`gm }el ld`g`jad db|tlt `h }el dsatat. y`na}adbn bgbnqtlt

d`gtat}lg}nq y`ag}lm }` {lbo agt}a}|}a`gt. d`|ynlm {a}e }el nbdo `h }sbgtybslgdq bgm

bdd`|g}bcana}q ag k`xlsgjlg}*c|tagltt slnb}a`gt. bt }sakklsagk hbd}`st h`s }el hagbgdabn

jln}m`{g'

K``m k`xlsgbgdl ljlsklm bt }el ysajbsq agt}a}|}a`gbn bgm y`nadq ysltdsay}a`g h`s

d`jcb}agk bgm yslxlg}agk b slylb} `h }el dsatat ag }el h|}|sl' ]el d`gdly} e`{lxls. cldbjl b

gl{ matd|staxl glu|t h`s b d`g}ag|b}a`g `h }el n`gk s|ggagk mlxln`yjlg} xt' mlj`dsbdq

mlcb}l ag }el slka`g' @g `gl ebgm. d`|g}ls mlj`dsb}ad |scbg*cbtlm jammnl dnbtt h`sdlt ebxl

`|t}lm mlj`dsb}adbnnq lnld}lm y`y|nat} nlbmlst ag }el Yeanayyaglt bgm ]ebanbgm ag }el gbjl `h

k``m k`xlsgbgdl' @g }el `}els. g`g*mlj`dsb}ad d`|g}salt naol Tagkby`sl ebxl bm`y}lm }el

d`gdly} bt b gl{ nlka}ajatagk }``n }` f|t}ahq Btabg xbn|lt' Ag }el lgm. }el ysltdsay}a`g


16/18

`sakagbnnq y|telm cq [lt}lsg hagbgdabn agt}a}|}a`gt ag }el bh}lsjb}e `h }el hagbgdabn dsatat ebt

cld`jl }s|nq Btabg'

Cacna`ksbyeq

Bdebsqb. Bja}bx' 2111' T`|}elbt} Btab+t Mlj`dsb}ad J`jlg}' Btabg T|sxlq 4164. Jbq*F|gl6=25*=43'

Cbmb{a. Bcm|nnbe Bejbm' 3998' Atnbj. Ag}lsgb}a`gbn Ylbdl bgm Tld|sa}q' Mabn`k|l /D``ylsb}a`g 26 2*;'

Cbnatbdbg. Bstlga` J'. bgm Ebn Eann' 3994' Bg Ag}s`m|d}a`g }` }el Olq Att|lt' Ag ]elYeanayyagl Ld`g`jq6 Mlxln`yjlg}. Y`nadalt. bgm Debnnlgklt ' R|lv`g Da}q6 B}lgl`ml Jbganb \gaxlsta}q Ysltt'

Cloolst. Xad}`s. Kltol Mafot}sb. Bs}e|s Lm{bsmt. bgm Jlg` Hlgkls' 399;' K`xlsgbgdl bgm }el Mlj`dsb}ad Mlhada}6 Bttlttagk }el Mlj`dsb}ad Nlka}ajbdq `h K`xlsgbgdlYsbd}adlt' Bnmlste`}6 Btekb}l'

Dbtl. [annabj' 3993' Y`na}adt ag T`|}elbt} Btab6 Mlj`dsbdq `s Nltt' S`|}nlmkl D|sv`g6N`gm`g'

Delljb. K' Tebccas' 399


17/18

K`gvbnlv. Lm|bsm` ]' 2111' @xlsxal{6 [eb} Ebxl [l Nlbsglm T` Hbs Hs`j }el Lbt} BtabgLd`g`jad J`mln0 Ag Sld`gtamlsagk }el Lbt} Btabg J`mln6 [eb}+t Belbm h`s }elYeanayyaglt . lm' Lm|bsm` ]' K`gvbnlv. 2*22' Ybtak Da}q6 Mlxln`yjlg} Bdbmljq `h }elYeanayyaglt'

Ebkkbsm. T}lyebg' 3999' ]el Y`na}adbn Ld`g`jq `h }el Btabg Hagbgdabn Dsatat'

Ebgmnlq. Yb|n J' 3998' ]el Oagk Glxls Tjanlt' Gl{ Ebxlg6 Qbnl \gaxlsta}q Ysltt'

Elmjbg. Lxb*N`}}b L'. bgm Fèg ]' Tamln' 3999' Yeanayyagl Y`na}adt bgm T`dal}q ag }el]{lg}al}e Dlg}|sq6 D`n`gabn Nlkbdalt. Y`t}*d`n`gabn ]sbfld}`salt' N`gm`g6S`|}nlmkl'

Elq{``m. Bgmsl{' 3999' Olq D`gdly}t ag Y`na}adt' N`gm`g6 Jbdjannbg Ysltt N}m'

F`j`. O'T' 2115' Ag}s`m|d}a`g6 Hagbgdabn K`xlsgbgdl. Naclsbnatb}a`g bgm Dsatlt ag Lbt} Btab'Ag]aklst ag ]s`|cnl * Hagbgdabn K`xlsgbgdl. Naclsbnavb}a`g bgm Dsatlt ag Lbt} Btab .lm' O'T' F`j`. 2*34' N`gm`g6 Vlm C`òt'

Oè. ]`jjq' 3992' H`|s Qlbst Bh}ls }el Btabg Dsatat6 At D`gh|dabgatj Mlbm0 Agt}a}|}l `h Y`nadq T}|malt' F|gl 25' e}}y6//{{{'ayt'`sk'tk/t}bhh/}`jjqoè/agmlu2'e}j %bddlttlmBysan 49. 399;!'

Gbgmb. Xlm Y' 3998' ]el #K``m K`xlsgbgdl# D`gdly} Slxata}lm' ]el Bggbnt `h }el Bjlsadbg Bdbmljq 894. Fbg|bsq6 381*354'

G`nbgm. Jbsd|t' 3999' ]el Yeanayyaglt ag }el Btabg Hagbgdabn Dsatat6 E`{ }el Tado JbgBxàmlm Ygl|j`gab' Btabg T|sxlq Jbq*F|gl6 =92*=23'

Ybslmlt. S|cq C' 2151' Ag}s`m|d}a`g6 ]el Ybsbmù `h Yeanayyagl D`n`gabn Mlj`dsbdq' AgYeanayyagl D`n`gabn Mlj`dsbdq . lm' S|cq C' Ybslmlt. 2*23' R|lv`g Da}q6 B}lgl` mlJbganb \gaxlsta}q Ysltt'

Ysbtas}|o. Oa}}a' H`s}ed`jagk' Hs`j Y`na}adbn Slh`sj bgm Ld`g`jad Dsatat }` D`|y m+l}b}6]el ]{at}t bgm ]|sgt `h ]eba Y`na}adbn Ld`g`jq. 211;*3998' Ag ]lg Qlbst Bh}ls }el

Btabg Hagbgdabn Dsatat6 Debgklt bgm D`g}ag|a}q'

R|be. F`g ]' 3992' Tagkby`sl6 Jlsa}`dsb}ad Da}q*T}b}l' Ag K`xlsgjlg} bgm Y`na}adt agT`|}elbt} Btab . 312*43;' Tagkby`sl6 Agt}a}|}l `h T`|}elbt} Btabg T}|malt'S`dbj`sb. F`ln' 3993' B Dnbte `h Aml`n`kalt6 Ag}lsgb}a`gbn Dbya}bnatj bgm }el T}b}l ag }el

[bol `h }el Btabg Dsatat' Ag Mlj`dsb}ad K`xlsgbgdl ( T`dabn Aglr|bna}q . lm' F`tlyeT' ]|ndeag. ;


18/18

T}lagclsk. Mbxam F`ln' 2119' ]el Yeanayyaglt6 B Tagk|nbs bgm Yn|sbn Ynbdl' C`|nmls6[lt}xal{'

]bss`{. Tamglq' 2115' Y`{ls ag J`xljlg}6 T`dabn J`xljlg}t bgm D`g}lg}a`|t Y`na}adt' Tld`gm' Dbjcsamkl6 Dbjcsamkl \gaxlsta}q Ysltt'

]bqn`s. Bgmsl{' 3993' K`xlsgbgdl' Ag D`g}ljy`sbsq Y`na}adbn D`gdly}t6 Bg Ag}s`m|d}a`g .lm' Kl`skagb Cnbolnlq bgm Xbnlsal Csqt`g. 4

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