![Page 1: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Plant Kingdom:The Plant Kingdom:Seedless PlantsSeedless Plants
Chapter 27Chapter 27
![Page 2: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Objective 1Learning Objective 1
• What are some environmental challenges What are some environmental challenges of living on land?of living on land?
• How do some plant adaptations meet How do some plant adaptations meet these challenges?these challenges?
![Page 3: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Colonization of Land by PlantsColonization of Land by Plants
• Required anatomical, physiological, and Required anatomical, physiological, and reproductive adaptationsreproductive adaptations
• Waxy Waxy cuticlecuticle • protects against water lossprotects against water loss
• StomataStomata• for gas exchange needed for photosynthesisfor gas exchange needed for photosynthesis
![Page 4: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Alternation of GenerationsAlternation of Generations 11
• 2 parts of plant life cycle2 parts of plant life cycle• haploid haploid gametophyte generationgametophyte generation • diploid diploid sporophyte generationsporophyte generation
• Gametophyte plantGametophyte plant• produces gametes by mitosisproduces gametes by mitosis• gametes fuse (fertilization) to form gametes fuse (fertilization) to form zygotezygote
(first stage of sporophyte generation)(first stage of sporophyte generation)
![Page 5: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Basic Plant Life CycleBasic Plant Life Cycle
![Page 6: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fig. 27-2, p. 582
Gametophyte
Spore Sperm Egg
HAPLOID (n) GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION
Meiosis Fertilization
DIPLOID (2n) SPOROPHYTE GENERATION
Zygote
Embryo
Sporophyte
![Page 7: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fig. 27-2, p. 582
Stepped Art
Spore
DIPLOID (2n) SPOROPHYTE GENERATION
Sporophyte
Zygote
Embryo
Sperm Egg
FertilizationMeiosis
HAPLOID (n) GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION
Gametophyte
![Page 8: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Alternation of GenerationsAlternation of Generations 22
• Zygote develops into multicellular Zygote develops into multicellular embryoembryo• protected and nourished by gametophyteprotected and nourished by gametophyte
• Mature Mature sporophyte plantsporophyte plant• develops from the embryodevelops from the embryo• produces sporogenous cells (spore mother produces sporogenous cells (spore mother
cells)cells)
![Page 9: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Alternation of GenerationsAlternation of Generations 33
• Sporogenous cells undergo meiosis to Sporogenous cells undergo meiosis to form form sporesspores • first stage in gametophyte generationfirst stage in gametophyte generation
![Page 10: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Plants undergo an alternation of Plants undergo an alternation of generations between multicellular generations between multicellular gametophyte and sporophyte generationsgametophyte and sporophyte generations
![Page 11: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Gametangia 1Gametangia 1
• Most plants have multicellular Most plants have multicellular gametangiagametangia• with protective jacket of sterile cells with protective jacket of sterile cells
surrounding gametessurrounding gametes
![Page 12: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Gametangia 2Gametangia 2
• AntheridiaAntheridia• gametangia that produce sperm cellsgametangia that produce sperm cells
• ArchegoniaArchegonia• gametangia that produce eggsgametangia that produce eggs
![Page 13: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
GametangiaGametangia
![Page 14: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fig. 27-3a, p. 583
Developing sperm cells
Antheridium
Sterile cells
![Page 15: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fig. 27-3b, p. 583
Egg
ArchegoniumSterile cells
![Page 16: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vascular Transport SystemVascular Transport System
• In ferns and other vascular plantsIn ferns and other vascular plants• xylemxylem conducts water and dissolved minerals conducts water and dissolved minerals• phloemphloem conducts dissolved sugar conducts dissolved sugar
![Page 17: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Adaptations to life on land that have Adaptations to life on land that have evolved in plants include a waxy cuticle to evolved in plants include a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss; multicellular prevent water loss; multicellular gametangia; stomata; and for most plants, gametangia; stomata; and for most plants, vascular tissues containing ligninvascular tissues containing lignin
![Page 18: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Learning Objective 2Learning Objective 2
• From which green algal group are plants From which green algal group are plants hypothesized to have descended?hypothesized to have descended?
• Describe supporting evidenceDescribe supporting evidence
![Page 19: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CharophytesCharophytes
• Plants probably arose from Plants probably arose from charophytescharophytes• a group of green algae a group of green algae
• Based on molecular comparisons of DNA Based on molecular comparisons of DNA and RNA sequencesand RNA sequences• close match between charophytes and plantsclose match between charophytes and plants
![Page 20: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Plant EvolutionPlant Evolution
![Page 21: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fig. 27-4, p. 584
VASCULAR SEEDLESS PLANTS
VASCULAR SEED PLANTS
NONVASCULAR BRYOPHYTES
Ho
rnw
ort
s
Liv
erw
ort
s
Mo
sses
Clu
b m
oss
es
Fer
ns
Gym
no
sper
ms
An
gio
sper
ms
Evolution of seeds
Evolution of dominant sporophyte, vascular tissue
Evolution of cuticle, multicellular gametangia, multicellular embryos
Green algal
ancestor
![Page 22: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Biologists infer that plants evolved from Biologists infer that plants evolved from aquatic green algal ancestors known as a aquatic green algal ancestors known as a charophytescharophytes
![Page 23: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Insert “Evolutionary tree Insert “Evolutionary tree for plants”for plants”
plant_tree_v2.swfplant_tree_v2.swf
![Page 24: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Explore plant evolution by Explore plant evolution by clicking on the figure in clicking on the figure in
ThomsonNOW. ThomsonNOW.
![Page 25: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Learning Objective 3Learning Objective 3
• What features distinguish bryophytes from What features distinguish bryophytes from other plants?other plants?
![Page 26: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
BryophytesBryophytes
• Nonvascular (lack xylem and phloem)Nonvascular (lack xylem and phloem)• unlike other land plantsunlike other land plants
• Dominant gametophyte generationDominant gametophyte generation• unlike other plantsunlike other plants
• Sporophytes remain permanently attachedSporophytes remain permanently attached• nutritionally dependent on gametophytesnutritionally dependent on gametophytes
![Page 27: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Learning Objective 4Learning Objective 4
• What are the three phyla of bryophytes?What are the three phyla of bryophytes?
![Page 28: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)
• Gametophytes are green plants that grow Gametophytes are green plants that grow from a filamentous from a filamentous protonema protonema
![Page 29: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta)Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta)
• Many gametophytes are flattened, lobelike Many gametophytes are flattened, lobelike thallithalli (others are leafy) (others are leafy)
![Page 30: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
HornwortsHornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta)(Phylum Anthocerophyta)
• Have thalloid gametophytesHave thalloid gametophytes
![Page 31: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Fig. 27-5, p. 585
![Page 32: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fig. 27-5 (1), p. 585
No
nv
asc
ula
r b
ryo
ph
yte
s
Va
scu
lar
see
dle
ss
pla
nts
Va
scu
lar
see
d p
lan
ts
Green algal
ancestor
![Page 33: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Mosses and other bryophytes lack Mosses and other bryophytes lack vascular tissues and do not form true vascular tissues and do not form true roots, stems, or leavesroots, stems, or leaves
![Page 34: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Learning Objective 5Learning Objective 5
• Describe the life cycle of mossesDescribe the life cycle of mosses
• Compare their gametophyte and Compare their gametophyte and sporophyte generationssporophyte generations
![Page 35: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Mosses 1Mosses 1
• Green moss gametophyteGreen moss gametophyte• bears archegonia / antheridia at top of plant bears archegonia / antheridia at top of plant
• FertilizationFertilization• sperm cell fuses with egg cell in archegonium sperm cell fuses with egg cell in archegonium
(zygote)(zygote)
![Page 36: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Mosses 2Mosses 2
• ZygoteZygote• grows into embryogrows into embryo• develops into moss sporophyte attached to develops into moss sporophyte attached to
gametophytegametophyte
![Page 37: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mosses 3Mosses 3
• MeiosisMeiosis• occurs within capsule of sporophyteoccurs within capsule of sporophyte• produces spores produces spores
• When spore germinatesWhen spore germinates• grows into a grows into a protonemaprotonema• forms buds that develop into gametophytesforms buds that develop into gametophytes
![Page 38: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Moss Life CycleMoss Life Cycle
![Page 39: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fig. 27-6, p. 586
Gametophyte plants Antheridia at the tip of the gametophyte shootBuds on
protonema 1 Antheridia with sperm cellsSpore
germinates
Spores released 6
ProtonemaSperm cell
2HAPLOID (n) GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION
Archegonium with egg
Meiosis Fertilization
DIPLOID (2n) SPOROPHYTE GENERATION
5
Calyptra Zygote
Sporogenous cells that undergo meiosis
Capsule
Sporophyte4 3
Embryo
Gametophyte plant
![Page 40: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Moss Moss SporophytesSporophytes
![Page 41: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Fig. 27-7, p. 587
Capsule
Seta
Foot
![Page 42: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Liverwort Life CycleLiverwort Life Cycle
![Page 43: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Fig. 27-8, p. 588
AntheridiophoreArchegoniophore
Male thallusGermination of spores
and development of young gametophyte
1
Female thallus 5
Gemmae cup
Antheridia with sperm cells
Spores released Male and female
gametophyte plants
Sperm cell
HAPLOID (n) GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION
Archegonia with eggs 2
MeiosisDIPLOID (2n)
SPOROPHYTE GENERATION
Fertilization
4
Foot
SetaZygote
Tissue derived from archegonium Capsule Embryo
Sporogenous cells that undergo meiosis 3
Sporophyte
![Page 44: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Insert “Moss life cycle”Insert “Moss life cycle”
moss_life_cycle_v2.swfmoss_life_cycle_v2.swf
![Page 45: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Insert “Marchantia, a Insert “Marchantia, a liverwort”liverwort”
liverwort.swfliverwort.swf
![Page 46: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Watch the life cycles of the Watch the life cycles of the mosses and liverworts by mosses and liverworts by clicking on the figures in clicking on the figures in
ThomsonNOW. ThomsonNOW.
![Page 47: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Learning Objective 6Learning Objective 6
• What features distinguish seedless What features distinguish seedless vascular plants from algae and vascular plants from algae and bryophytes?bryophytes?
![Page 48: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Seedless Vascular PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants
• Have adaptations that algae and Have adaptations that algae and bryophytes lackbryophytes lack• vascular tissuesvascular tissues• dominant sporophyte generation dominant sporophyte generation
• Reproduction depends on waterReproduction depends on water• as transport medium for motile sperm cells as transport medium for motile sperm cells
(as in bryophytes)(as in bryophytes)
![Page 49: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Learning Objective 7Learning Objective 7
• What are the two phyla of seedless What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants?vascular plants?
![Page 50: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Club MossesClub Mosses (Phylum Lycopodiophyta) (Phylum Lycopodiophyta)
• Sporophytes consist of roots, rhizomes, Sporophytes consist of roots, rhizomes, erect branches, and erect branches, and microphylls microphylls (leaves(leaves))
![Page 51: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Fig. 27-10a, p. 590
Stem
Microphyll
Vascular tissue Enation
Vein
Smooth stem
Enation Vascular supply to enation
Microphyll (one vein)
![Page 52: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Club Club MossesMosses
![Page 53: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Fig. 27-11 (1), p. 591
No
nva
scu
lar
bry
op
hyt
es
Vas
cula
r se
edle
ss p
lan
ts
Vas
cula
r se
ed p
lan
ts
Green algal
ancestor
![Page 54: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Fig. 27-11 (a-b), p. 591
Strobilus
Leaves (microphylls)
![Page 55: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Ferns (Phylum Pteridophyta) Ferns (Phylum Pteridophyta)
• Largest and most diverse group of Largest and most diverse group of seedless vascular plants seedless vascular plants
• Fern sporophyte consists of a rhizome that Fern sporophyte consists of a rhizome that bears fronds and true roots bears fronds and true roots
• Includes Includes whisk fernswhisk ferns and and horsetailshorsetails
![Page 56: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
FernsFerns
![Page 57: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Fig. 27-12 (1), p. 592
No
nva
scu
lar
bry
op
hyt
es
Vas
cula
r se
edle
ss p
lan
ts
Vas
cula
r se
ed p
lan
ts
Green algal
ancestor
![Page 58: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Fig. 27-12a, p. 592
![Page 59: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Fig. 27-12b, p. 592
![Page 60: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Fig. 27-12c, p. 592
![Page 61: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Fern Life CycleFern Life Cycle
![Page 62: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Fig. 27-13, p. 593
Underside of enlarged mature gametophyte (prothallus)
Germination of spores and development of young gametophyte Egg
4 5 ArchegoniumSpores released Rhizoids
3Antheridium
Sporangium HAPLOID (n) GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION
Sperm cell
MeiosisCells within sporangia undergo meiosis
Fertilization
Sorus (cluster of sporangia)
DIPLOID (2n) SPOROPHYTE GENERATION
2 Zygote
6Frond 1
Leaf of young sporophyte
Leaf cross section Development of the sporophyte
Fiddlehead Haploid prothallus
Roots RhizomeRoot of young sporophyte
Underside of a frond
Fern (mature sporophyte)
![Page 63: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Whisk FernsWhisk Ferns
• SSporophytes have porophytes have dichotomously dichotomously branchingbranching rhizomes and erect stems rhizomes and erect stems• lack true roots and leaves lack true roots and leaves
![Page 64: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Fig. 27-14a, p. 594
No
nva
scu
lar
bry
op
hyt
es
Vas
cula
r se
edle
ss p
lan
ts
Vas
cula
r se
ed p
lan
ts
Green algal
ancestor
![Page 65: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Fig. 27-14b, p. 594
Sporangia
Aerial stem with scalelike outgrowths (no leaves)
![Page 66: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
HorsetailsHorsetails
• Sporophytes haveSporophytes have• hollow, jointed roots, rhizomes, aerial stemshollow, jointed roots, rhizomes, aerial stems• leaves reduced to leaves reduced to megaphyllsmegaphylls
![Page 67: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fig. 27-10b, p. 590
Thicker main stem
Dichotomous end branches
Equal branches
Vascular tissue Thinner
side branch
Dichotomously branching
stems
Overtopping (unequal
branching)
Planation (branching in same plane)
Webbing of side branch
system
Megaphyll (many veins)
![Page 68: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
HorsetailsHorsetails
![Page 69: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Fig. 27-15a, p. 594
No
nva
scu
lar
bry
op
hyt
es
Vas
cula
r se
ed
less
pla
nts
Vas
cula
r se
ed
pla
nts
Green algal
ancestor
![Page 70: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Fig. 27-15b, p. 594
Strobilus
Vegetative shoots
Reproductive shoots
![Page 71: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Insert “Seedless vascular Insert “Seedless vascular plants”plants”
seedless_vascular.swfseedless_vascular.swf
![Page 72: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• In club mosses and ferns, lignin-hardened In club mosses and ferns, lignin-hardened vascular tissues that transport water and vascular tissues that transport water and dissolved substances throughout the plant dissolved substances throughout the plant body have evolvedbody have evolved
![Page 73: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Learning Objective 8Learning Objective 8
• Describe the life cycle of fernsDescribe the life cycle of ferns
• Compare sporophyte and gametophyte Compare sporophyte and gametophyte generationsgenerations
![Page 74: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Fern SporophytesFern Sporophytes
• Roots, rhizomes, leaves are Roots, rhizomes, leaves are megaphyllsmegaphylls
• Leaves (Leaves (frondsfronds) bear sporangia in clusters ) bear sporangia in clusters ((sorisori))
• Meiosis in sporangia produces haploid Meiosis in sporangia produces haploid spores spores
![Page 75: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Fern GametophyteFern Gametophyte
• Fern GametophyteFern Gametophyte (prothallus) (prothallus)• develops from haploid sporedevelops from haploid spore• bears both archegonia and antheridiabears both archegonia and antheridia
![Page 76: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Insert “Fern life cycle”Insert “Fern life cycle”
fern_life_cycle_v2.swffern_life_cycle_v2.swf
![Page 77: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Watch the life cycle of the ferns Watch the life cycle of the ferns by clicking on the figure in by clicking on the figure in
ThomsonNOW. ThomsonNOW.
![Page 78: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Learning Objective 9Learning Objective 9
• What is the difference between the What is the difference between the generalized life cycles of generalized life cycles of homosporoushomosporous and and heterosporousheterosporous plants? plants?
![Page 79: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
HomosporyHomospory
• Production of one kind of sporeProduction of one kind of spore• in bryophytes, most club mosses, most ferns in bryophytes, most club mosses, most ferns
including whisk ferns and horsetailsincluding whisk ferns and horsetails
• Spores give rise to gametophyte plantsSpores give rise to gametophyte plants• produce both egg cells and sperm cellsproduce both egg cells and sperm cells
![Page 80: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
HeterosporyHeterospory 11
• Production of two kinds of spores Production of two kinds of spores ((microsporesmicrospores and and megasporesmegaspores))• in some club mosses and fernsin some club mosses and ferns• in all seed plantsin all seed plants
![Page 81: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Heterosporous Life CycleHeterosporous Life Cycle
![Page 82: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Fig. 27-16, p. 595
Gametophyte
Megaspore Gametophyte Archegonium
Microspore Antheridium
HAPLOID (n) GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION
Sperm Egg
Meiosis FertilizationDIPLOID (2n)
SPOROPHYTE GENERATION
Microsporocyte Zygote
Megasporocyte Microsporangium
EmbryoMegasporangium Sporophyte
![Page 83: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
HeterosporyHeterospory 22
• MicrosporesMicrospores • give rise to male gametophytes that produce give rise to male gametophytes that produce
sperm cellssperm cells
• MegasporesMegaspores• give rise to female gametophytes that give rise to female gametophytes that
produce eggsproduce eggs
![Page 84: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
SelaginellaSelaginella Life Cycle Life Cycle
![Page 85: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Fig. 27-17, p. 596
Male gametophyte develops inside microspore wall
Single antheridium in male gametophyte produces many sperm cells3
Microspores5 Sperm cell
Ruptured megaspore wall
Archegonium containing egg
4Female gametophyte develops and protrudes from megaspore wall
Longitudinal section through archegonium
MegasporesHAPLOID (n)
GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION
Egg
Meiosis FertilizationMicrosporangium with microsporocytes
DIPLOID (2n) SPOROPHYTE GENERATION
Megasporangium with megasporocyte Strobilus
Female gametophyte
First leaves1 Leaf
(microphyll) Stem
Stem6
ZygoteLongitudinal section through strobilus
Root
Root Young sporophyte (attached to female gametophyte)Mature
sporophyte
![Page 86: The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants Chapter 27. Learning Objective 1 What are some environmental challenges of living on land? What are some environmental](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649d095503460f949db8f1/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Evolution of HeterosporyEvolution of Heterospory
• Essential step in evolution of seedsEssential step in evolution of seeds
• RhyniaRhynia
• AglaophytonAglaophyton