Download - The Physical Properties of Water
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The Physical The Physical
Properties of Properties of
WaterWater
An Introduction to the World’s Oceans Sverdrup et al. - Chapter Five - 8th Ed.
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Table 5.1 topTable 5.1 top
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Table 5.1 bottomTable 5.1 bottom
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The Water MoleculeThe Water Molecule
HH22O: two hydrogen atoms and one O: two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atomoxygen atom
Covalent bondsCovalent bonds
Polar moleculePolar molecule
Hydrogen bondsHydrogen bonds
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Temperature and HeatTemperature and Heat
Molecules in motion: solids, liquids & gases Molecules in motion: solids, liquids & gases
– increasingly disorganizedincreasingly disorganized
Average atomic or molecular kinetic energy Average atomic or molecular kinetic energy
measured by temperature in degrees of three measured by temperature in degrees of three
scalesscales
– Fahrenheit (Fahrenheit ( o o F), Celsius (F), Celsius (
o o C) or Kelvin (K)C) or Kelvin (K)
32 32 oo F = 0 F = 0 oo C = 273.15 K ( freezing point of water ) C = 273.15 K ( freezing point of water )
212 212 oo F = 100 F = 100 oo C = 373.15 K ( boiling point of water ) C = 373.15 K ( boiling point of water )
0 K = absolute zero0 K = absolute zero
Heat: measure of the total amount ofHeat: measure of the total amount of kinetic energy kinetic energy
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Changes of StateChanges of State Three states of water: Three states of water:
solid, liquid and solid, liquid and gasgas– dew pointdew point
Changes of stateChanges of state– Hydrogen bondsHydrogen bonds
– Latent heat of fusionLatent heat of fusion 80 calories / g- 80 calories / g- oo C C
– Latent heat of vaporizationLatent heat of vaporization 540 calories / g- 540 calories / g- oo C C
– Pressure dependencePressure dependence Depressed freezing/boilingDepressed freezing/boiling
– Sublimation – ice to vaporSublimation – ice to vapor
– Salinity effectsSalinity effects
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Table 5.2Table 5.2
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Heat CapacityHeat Capacity Heat capacity: Heat capacity:
quantity of heat quantity of heat required to produce required to produce a unit change in a unit change in temperaturetemperature
Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds and high heat and high heat capacity of watercapacity of water
Stability of Earth’s Stability of Earth’s temperaturetemperature– High heat capacityHigh heat capacity– High latent heat of High latent heat of
fusionfusion– High latent heat of High latent heat of
vaporizationvaporization
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Cohesion, Surface Cohesion, Surface Tension, Tension,
and Viscosityand Viscosity
Hydrogen bonds hold water togetherHydrogen bonds hold water together– CohesionCohesion
– Surface tension: measure of how Surface tension: measure of how difficult it is to stretch or penetrate the difficult it is to stretch or penetrate the surface of a liquidsurface of a liquid
Viscosity: resistance to motion or Viscosity: resistance to motion or
internal frictioninternal friction Effects of temperature on viscosityEffects of temperature on viscosity
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DensityDensity The effect of pressure The effect of pressure
– Water is nearly incompressibleWater is nearly incompressible
– Pressure increases with depthPressure increases with depth
– Density increases with depthDensity increases with depth
The effect of temperatureThe effect of temperature– Density decreases temperatureDensity decreases temperature
– Density of iceDensity of ice
– Density of moist air Density of moist air
The effect of saltThe effect of salt– Density increases with salinityDensity increases with salinity
– Combined effect of temperature and salinity near the Combined effect of temperature and salinity near the freezing pointfreezing point
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Table 5.4Table 5.4
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Dissolving AbilityDissolving Ability Water is the “universal solvent” Water is the “universal solvent” Polar nature of water molecules Polar nature of water molecules
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Transmission of EnergyTransmission of Energy Heat Heat
– ConductionConduction– Convection Convection – RadiationRadiation
LightLight– Electromagnetic Electromagnetic
radiation radiation – Absorption, scattering, Absorption, scattering,
and reflectionand reflection– Attenuation and Beer’s Attenuation and Beer’s
LawLaw– Attenuation and Attenuation and
wavelength of lightwavelength of light SoundSound
– Speed of sound in Speed of sound in seawaterseawater
– DissipationDissipation– Sound shadow zonesSound shadow zones– Sofar channelSofar channel
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Light & SoundLight & Sound Scattering & absorption (attenuated)Scattering & absorption (attenuated)
frequency dependentfrequency dependent
Photic & aphotic zonesPhotic & aphotic zones Refraction Refraction Sound also scattered and absorbed Sound also scattered and absorbed
(attenuated)(attenuated) frequency dependentfrequency dependent
Velocity increases with salinity, P & T.Velocity increases with salinity, P & T. 1500 m/sec in H1500 m/sec in H22O vs. 334 m/sec in air @ sea levelO vs. 334 m/sec in air @ sea level
Speed of sound = (axial modulus/density) Speed of sound = (axial modulus/density) ½½
Deep Scattering Layer & other “organism” affects Deep Scattering Layer & other “organism” affects The SOFAR layer (The SOFAR layer (sosound und ffixing and ixing and rranging)anging) SONAR (SONAR (sosound und nanavigation and vigation and rranging)anging)
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Fig. 5.9Fig. 5.9Attenuation of “Light”Attenuation of “Light”• AbsorbedAbsorbed
• By waterBy water• By organisms - By organisms -
photosynthesisphotosynthesis
• ScatteredScattered• ReflectedReflected
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Table 5.6Table 5.6
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Fig. 5.10Fig. 5.10RefractioRefraction of n of LightLight
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Secchi DiskSecchi Disk
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MMarine arine OOptical ptical BBuouoyy
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Fig. 5.13Fig. 5.13Travel
time vs. depth
d = ½ v t
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Fig. 5.14Fig. 5.14
Precision
Depth Finder
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Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean ClimateClimate
Sound speed Sound speed
and travel time: and travel time:
function of function of
temperaturetemperature
Low frequency Low frequency
sound pulses sound pulses
can measure can measure
global warmingglobal warming
Effects on Effects on
marine marine
mammalsmammals
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Ice and FogIce and Fog Sea iceSea ice
– Formed by low air and water temperaturesFormed by low air and water temperatures– Freezing seawaterFreezing seawater– Salt water in ice escapes over timeSalt water in ice escapes over time
IcebergsIcebergs– Formed by glaciers on landFormed by glaciers on land– Iceberg activity may be due to global warming, Iceberg activity may be due to global warming,
driving an increased rate of meltingdriving an increased rate of melting FogFog
– Condensation of moisture forms cloudsCondensation of moisture forms clouds– Three types of fogThree types of fog
Advective fog—warm, water-saturated air passes Advective fog—warm, water-saturated air passes over cold waterover cold water
Sea smoke—dry, cold air moves over warm waterSea smoke—dry, cold air moves over warm water Radiative fog—warm, moist air cools at nightRadiative fog—warm, moist air cools at night
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Fig. 5.18c,dFig. 5.18c,d
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Green IcebergsGreen Icebergs Color of icebergs Color of icebergs
normally blue to normally blue to
whitewhite
Green ice Green ice
contains contains
dissolved organic dissolved organic
material from material from
seawaterseawater
Formed by Formed by
freezing seawater freezing seawater
under ice shelvesunder ice shelves
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The EndThe End