Origins Petroleum = Rock Oil Dead organisms’ organic material accumulates
in aquatic environments Buried in a reducing environment Gradual increase in Temp. and Pressure Petroleum is an intermediate of a process that
ends with methane and graphite
Origins (cont.) Organic material is converted to Kerogen and
Bitumen (high molecular wt.) Kerogen – insoluble Bitumen – soluble
Nature of kerogen determines whether oil or gas Wood derived – gas Surface coatings of plants – waxy oils Algae, aquatic organisms – normal crude
Composition Saturates, aromatics, and compounds with
sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen
Sweet crude – low sulfur (>1.5 wt%) Sour crude – high sulfur (<1.5wt%)
Extraction (Drilling) Rotary Drilling
Roller bit Drill pipe Drilling fluid (mud) is pumped through drill pipe
Mud carries drill cuttings out Enough pressure to stop cave-in or seep-in Cool the bit
Casing – most of well cost Depths Range 200-20,000 ft, Pressures < 10,000 psi
Extraction (Pumping) Natural flow Gas lift Rod or beam pumping Hydraulic pumping Submergible electric pumping
Extraction (Enhanced Recovery)
Fluid injection Steam Drive Steam Soaking Underground generation of heat – in situ
(fire flooding)
Extraction (Marine) Issues
Re-entry systems Blowout preventer
controls Risers Dynamic positioning
controls
Subsector VOC NOx HAP
Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas 60,040 178,207 2,846
Natural Gas Liquids 34,195 187,278 899
Drilling Oil And Gas Wells 59 753 20
Oil And Gas Exploration Service 12 13
Oil And Gas Field Services, NEC 243 542 1
Total, all oil and gas extraction (tons/yr) 94,549 366,820 3,766
Pipe Still Distillation column (< 350°C) Atmospheric cuts
Naphtha, kerosene, light gas oil
Vacuum cuts (50-100 mmHg, OH~150°C) Heavy gas oil, lube oil, vacuum gas oil, residuum
Coker Conversion of heavy feedstock into lighter
distillate products (gas oil, coke) Delayed Coking
Semi-continuous Feed is vacuum resid 480-515°C, 24 hour run time
Fluid coking, Flexi-coking
Fluid Catalytic Cracking Vacuum gas oil (VGO)
is feed Fluidized bed Zeolite catalyst –
aluminosilicates Continuous catalyst
regeneration
Hydrotreating Gas oil feeds Removing sulfur and nitrogen Fixed bed catalytic process – Co, Mo, W Products – hydrogen sulfide, ammonia ~350°C, 500-1000 psi Effluent stream stripped and scrubbed Sulfur used in fertilizer production
Reformers Very important in gasoline market Heavy naphtha feed
Straight run, coker naphtha
Converts long chain paraffins to high octane rating olefins (dehydrogenation)
~550°C, 400-1000 psi Fixed bed - Platinum
Isomerization Provide feed for alkylation units (isobutane) Aluminum chloride catalyst
Alkylation Olefins reacted with paraffins to form isoparaffins Acid catalyst (sulfuric acid) High octane gasoline additive
Pollution FCC – Primary pollution source in refinery
Flare emissions Seal leaks Coke
FCC Air Pollution 50,000 BPD Unit
90's (tons/day) Now (tons/day)
Fine Catalyst Particles
2-3 < 0.5
NOx 3-4 < 0.7
SOx 0.5 < 0.5
CO 1.5-2 < 0.3
Gasoline and Diesel Ratings Octane Rating (gasoline)
Ability to avoid knocking in a single cylinder engine Isooctane (C8H18) rating 100, heptane rating 0
Equivalent knocking at volume percentage
Cetane Rating (diesel) Ability to ignite quickly Cetane (C16H34) rating 100, heptamethylnonane 15 Usually 30-60 range
Gas Prices (cont) 2005 Gasoline Excise Taxes
Federal 18.4¢/gallon Average State 21¢/gallon Wisconsin 32.9¢/gallon
Estimate tax revenue: 9.16 million bbls gasoline/day 2005: $60 billion 4.6 million bbls diesel/day 2005: $35.5 billion 7.0 million gal gasoline/day WI 2004: $840 million
Causes of 2005 Gas Price Increase Increase in crude price (Jan $42, Sept $70)
Worldwide demand increased dramatically
Katrina Took out 25% of US crude production 15% of refining capacity Some pipelines were shutdown Had to increase imports
References Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Online Edition Shell Book Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, pg 359-363 Pump Handbook 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Knovel, pg www.energy.gov www.eia.doe.gov/basics/energybasics101.html www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/diesel/dieselprices200
6.html www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/gasolinepricesprimer/e
ia1_2005primerM.html