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The Penitential State
In 833 Emperor Louis the Pious, Charlemagne’s son, submitted to apublic penance in the wake of a rebellion by his three elder sons. Thispenance amounted to a deposition, for Louis was to atone for his sins forthe rest of his life. Only half a year later, he was back on the throne again.In this major re-evaluation of Louis’s reign, Mayke de Jong argues thathis penance was the outcome of a political discourse and practice inwhich the accountability of the Frankish ruler to God played an increas-ingly central role. However heated their debates, this was a moral highground Louis shared with churchmen and secular magnates. Through aprofound re-reading of texts by contemporary authors who reflected onlegitimate authority in times of crisis, this book reveals a world in whichpolitical crime was defined as sin, and royal authority was enhanced byatonement.
mayke de jong is Professor of Medieval History in the Department ofHistory and Art History, Utrecht University.
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Utrecht Psalter: The Psalmist admonishes Saul. The title of Psalm (51)52 –
‘…Doeg the Edomite came and told Saul, and said unto him, David iscome to the house of Ahimelech’ (cf. I Reg. 22.9) – is depicted at thelower left of the illustration. Doeg stands on one side of the enthronedSaul, and three retainers on the other. The Psalmist delivers a spiritedadmonition to the king (Ps. 51.3–9), pointing at Christ and His saintswith one hand, and at Saul and his entourage with the other hand, whichholds a razor (Ps. 51.4). (Utrecht, Universiteitsbibliotheek, MS 32, fol.30r; by permission of the Utrecht University Library.)
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The Penitential StateAuthority and Atonement in the Age of Louisthe Pious, 814–840
Mayke de Jong
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cambridge univers ity pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,São Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of Americaby Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521881524
© Mayke de Jong 2009
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2009
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataDe Jong, Mayke.The penitential state : authority and atonement in the age of Louis the Pious,814–840 / Mayke de Jong.p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-88152-4 (hbk.)1. Louis I, Emperor, 778–840. 2. Louis I, Emperor, 778–840 – Religion.3. Repentance – Political aspects – France –History –To 1500. 4. Atonement –Political aspects – France – History – To 1500. 5. Monarchy – France –History – To 1500. 6. Church and state – France – History – To 1500.7. France – Kings and rulers – Biography. 8. France – History – To 987 –
Sources. 9. France – Church history – To 987 – Sources. 10. France – Kingsand rulers – Religious aspects. I. Title.DC74.D4 20089440.014092–dc22[B]
2008049138
ISBN 978-0-521-88152-4 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred toin this book, and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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For my students
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Contents
Preface page ixA note on annotation, citation and translation xiList of abbreviations xiiMap 1 The Carolingian world in the first half of the
ninth century xviMap 2 Louis’s succession arrangement of 817
(the so-called Ordinatio imperii) xviiiTable 1 Pippin and Charlemagne xixTable 2 The descendants of Louis the Pious I xxTable 3 The descendants of Louis the Pious II xxi
Introduction: The penitential state 1
1 Louis the Pious (778–840) 14A boy who became a king 14Adolescentia 16The conquest of Aachen 19Dynasty 24Procreation 31Hludowicus Augustus 34Scapegoats and rebels 38Intermezzo 44833 and all that 46Restoration 50‘The last years’ 52
2 Ninth-century narratives 59The court and its narratives 59The message from inside: annals 63Imperial imagery: Einhard 67A bishop’s view: Thegan 72The corridors of power: the Astronomer 79Poetic praise: Ermold the Black 89With hindsight: Nithard on Louis the Pious 96Looking back in anger: Radbert on Wala 102
vii
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3 Admonitio, correptio, increpatio 112Criticising rulers 112The watchman for the house of Israel 114The vocabulary of admonition and sin 118Exaltation by admonition: Attigny, 822 122Royal admonition 131Admonition from beyond the grave 135From admonitio to increpatio 142
4 The wages of sin (828–829) 148Scapegoats: Matfrid and Hugh 148Clades: the offended deity 153The winter assembly of 828–829 157Letters from the palace 170A penitential council: Paris, 829 176
5 Purity and danger (830–831) 185The reputation of the palace 185The one and only queen 188Sexual slander 195Purity and danger 200Rebellion and restoration 205
6 Scandal and satisfaction (832–834) 214An unexpected visitor 214Debates on the Field of Lies 224Public sin and public penance 228The bishops argue their case 234The case against the bishops 241Penance and public humiliation 245Turning the tables 249
Epilogue: The penitential state after Louis the Pious 260
Appendix 271Bibliography: primary sources 280Bibliography: secondary sources 283Index of biblical references 305General index 306
viii Contents
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Preface
This book started almost a decade ago, in 1999, when I was a VisitingFellow Commoner at Trinity College, Cambridge. Having written somechapters, I realised that I hadmore work to do before I could do justice to abook with Louis’s penance of 833 at its heart. After years of exploring thetopic through articles, it was only during the academic year 2005–6 thatI completed the first full draft ofThe Penitential State. I could do so thanks toa Fellowship at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies (NIAS) inWassenaar, and a replacement grant awarded by the NetherlandsOrganisation for Scientific Research (NWO). During this much-neededsabbatical year,my colleagues at Utrecht University generously enabledmeto concentrate fully on writing. Particular thanks are due to Josine Blok,who took over fromme as Chair of the History Department, and to MarcoMostert and Carine van Rhijn, who jointly held the fort in the section ofMedieval History. At NIAS I had gathered a small theme group on ‘TheFormation of Carolingian Identity’, consisting of Rosamond McKitterick,David Ganz and Els Rose. In our ‘medieval attic’, this Carolingianistnucleus was joined by Joseph Harris, Anu Mand, Arjo Vanderjagt andJan Ziolkowski, with Helmut Reimitz as a regular visitor. To work shoulderto shoulder with this inspiring group of first-rate medievalists was a realprivilege. As usual, NIAS provided the ideal environment for a joint projectof this kind, with precisely the right mixture of solitude and sociability tokeep us going. Rosamond McKitterick and I read each other’s prose assoon as it rolled off the printer; other groupmembers also offered helpfulcomments on first versions of various chapters, and so did assortedguests who attended our series of one-day workshops. In the summerof 2006, Stuart Airlie and Matthew Innes read the draft I had completedat NIAS. Their comments, and their confidence in the book-to-be, wereinvaluable.
Many factors then conspired against my finishing The Penitential Stateby the date stipulated in my CUP contract, such as moving to a newuniversity building as well as to a new house in the autumn of 2006, andanother two years of chairing what had suddenly become the Department
ix
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of History andArt History. That I managed to complete the book only halfa year behind schedule says a lot about the co-operative climate in theUtrecht Faculty of Humanities. I thankmy fellow-administratorsMaartenPrak, Wiljan van den Akker and Louise van der Kaaden for their support.Yet I sincerely doubt whether I would have managed to produce thisbaby without my two learned midwives across the Channel, RosamondMcKitterick and Jinty Nelson. Despite their own very busy lives, theyfound time to read and comment on the penultimate version of the entiremanuscript. Their always prompt and pertinent feedback was tremen-dously encouraging, and, moreover, an act of real friendship. At the finalstage and at short notice, I asked Stuart Airlie and Tom Noble to go overmy last two chapters, which they did quickly and to my benefit; Tom alsoread the Introduction. I am grateful to them, and also to JeroenDuindam,who shed an early modernist’s light on chapter 5 and Carolingian courtculture. Obviously, the final result remains entirely my own responsibility.
Throughout the years, I have incurred a great number of debts. Apartfrom those already mentioned, there are other colleagues and friendswho, in various ways, have inspired me in the course of this project:Leslie Brubaker, Philippe Buc, Yitzhak Hen, Walter Pohl, BarbaraRosenwein and Chris Wickham. Since our days in the ESF programmeThe Transformation of the Roman World, Cristina La Rocca, Régine Le Jan,Julia Smith (members of ‘group five’, like Jinty Nelson and myself) and IanWood have been allies one can rely on. Furthermore, I have benefited fromthe generosity of Philippe Depreux, Albrecht Diem, Max Diesenberger,Gerda Heydemann, Conrad Leyser, Rob Meens, Christina Pössel,Steffen Patzold and Elina Screen, who have all shared ideas and unpub-lished work with me. On top of all this, I was blessed with a veritablesupport team in Utrecht: Carine van Rhijn, Irene van Renswoude,Erik Goosmann, Janneke Raaijmakers, Rutger Kramer and BartSelten. They read various chapters at an early stage, gave me practicalassistance, and generally cheered me on. At the proofreading stage,Janneke Raaijmakers came to the rescue, together with Wolfert vanEgmond, Dorine van Espelo and Ruud Kroon. The map of theCarolingian world is Erik Goosmann’s creation; Mariken Teeuwenkindly checked my translations for the Appendix. From California,Suzan Schönbeck masterminded the bibliography. To my infinite relief,the Utrecht undergraduate and graduate students who served as myguinea-pigs seemed to understand and enjoy what they read. This wasperhaps the greatest boost of all, for it was mostly with such students inmind that I have written The Penitential State.
x Preface
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A note on annotation, citationand translation
For reasons of space, full titles of secondary literature can be found only inthe bibliography. Throughout the footnotes, short titles have been used.Titles of frequently cited primary sources, editions and secondary liter-ature have been abbreviated, and can be found in the list of abbreviations.Except for a few paraphrases within extracts from early medieval authors,biblical citations come from R. Weber’s edition of the Vulgate, andtranslations of biblical texts from the Douai-Rheims Bible, in the versionrevised by Richard Challoner. I have gratefully made use of Tom Noble’sunpublished working translation of the Thegan and the Astronomer, andof the translation of Ermold the Black by Carey Dolores Fleiner, anno-tated by Tom Noble. There are also excellent translations of Einhard’swork by Paul E. Dutton, and of the Annals of St-Bertin by Janet L. Nelson.Unless indicated in the footnotes, I have usually made a translation ofmy own. To my regret, there was rarely room to complement thesetranslations with the relevant Latin texts in the footnotes. I have resignedmyself to this necessity, in the knowledge that the many primary editionsare nowadays readily available on internet.
xi
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Abbreviations
AB Annales de Saint-Bertin, ed. F. Grat, J. Vielliardand S. Clémencet (Paris, 1964)
AF Annales Fuldenses sive annales regni Francorumorientalis, ed. F. Kurze, MGH SRG 7(Hanover, 1891)
AfD Archiv für Diplomatik, Schriftgeschichte, Siegel-und Wappenkunde
Agobard, Epp. Agobard of Lyon, Epistolae, ed. E. Dümmler,MGH Epp. V (Berlin, 1898–9)
Agobard, Cartula Agobardi cartula de poenitentia ab imperatoreacta (833), MGH Conc. II/2, pp. 56–7
Agobard, Opera Agobard of Lyons, ed. L. Van Acker, AgobardiLugdunensis Opera Omnia, CCCM 52(Turnhout, 1981)
AKG Archiv für KulturgeschichteAMP AnnalesMettenses Priores 10, ed. B. von Simson,
MGH SRG (Hanover, 1905)Annales q.d. Einhardi Annales qui dicuntur Einhardi, ed. F. Kurze,
MGH SRG 6 (Hanover, 1895)Ansegis Ansegisus, Collectio Capitularium, ed.
G. Schmitz, Die Kapitulariensammlung desAnsegis, MGH Capit. n.s. I (Hanover, 1996)
ARF Annales regni Francorum, ed. F. Kurze, MGHSRG 6 (Hanover, 1895)
Astronomer Astronomus, Vita Hludowici imperatoris, ed.E. Tremp, MGH SRG 64 (Hanover, 1995),pp. 280–554
BAV Rome, Biblioteca apostolica VaticanaBL London, British LibraryBM2 J. F. Böhmer and E. Mühlbacher, Regesta
Imperii, I: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unterden Karolingern, 751–918, 2nd edn(Innsbruck, 1908)
xii
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BnF Bibliothèque nationale de FranceCCCM Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio
Mediævalis (Turnhout, 1966– )CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina
(Turnhout, 1952– )Charlemagne’s Heir P. Godman and R. Collins (eds.),
Charlemagne’s Heir: New Perspectives on theReign of Louis the Pious (Oxford, 1990)
CSEL Corpus Scriptorum EcclesiasticorumLatinorum (Vienna, 1866– )
DA Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des MittelaltersDOP Adalhard/Hincmar, De ordine palatii,
ed. Th. Gross and R. Schieffer, MGH Fontes3 (Hanover, 1980)
Dutton, CC P. E. Dutton, Charlemagne’s Courtier: TheComplete Einhard, Readings in Civilisationsand Cultures 2 (Toronto, 1998)
EHR English Historical ReviewEinhard, Epp. Einhard, Epistolae, ed. K. Hampe, MGH
Epp. V (Berlin, 1898–9)Einhard, TMP Einhard, Translatio et Miracula SS Marcellini
et Petri, ed. G. Waitz and W. Wattenbach,MGH SS XV (Hanover, 1888), pp. 238–64
Einhard, VK Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni, ed.O. Holder-Egger, MGH SRG 25, 6th edn(Hanover and Leipzig, 1911)
EME Early Medieval EuropeEpistola generalis (828) Hludowici et Hlotharii epistola generalis, MGH
Conc. II/2, pp. 599–601Ermold Ermoldus Nigellus, In Honorem Hludowici
Pii, ed. (with French translation) E. Faral,in Ermold le Noir: Poème sur Louis le Pieux etÉpîtres au roi Pépin, 2nd edn (Paris, 1964)
Flodoard Flodoard, Historia Remensis Ecclesiae, ed.M. Stratmann, MGH SS 36 (Hanover, 1998)
FmSt Frühmittelalterliche StudienHJ Historisches JahrbuchHZ Historische ZeitschriftJEH Journal of Ecclesiastical HistoryLMA Le Moyen ÂgeMGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica
List of abbreviations xiii
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Auct. Ant. Auctores antiquissimi, 15 vols. (Berlin, 1877–1919)Capit. Capitularia, legum sectio II, Capitularia regum
Francorum, ed. A. Boretius and V. Krause, 2 vols.(Hanover, 1883–97)
Capit. Episc. Capitula episcoporum I–IV, ed. P. Brommer, R.Pokorny and M. Stratmann (Hanover, 1984–2005)
Conc. Concilia, legum sectio III, Concilia: II, ed.A. Werminghoff (Hanover, 1906–8); III, ed. W.Hartmann (Hanover, 1984); IV, ed. W. Hartmann(Hanover, 1998)
Epp. Epistulae III–VII (= Epistulae merovingici et karoliniaevi, Hanover, 1892–1939)
Epp. sel. Epistulae selectae in usum scholarum, 5 vols. (Hanover,1887–91)
Fontes Fontes iuris germanici antiqui in usum scholarumseparatim editi.
Poet. lat. Poetae latini aevi carolini, ed. E. Dummler, L. Traube,P. von Winterfeld and K. Strecker, 4 vols. (Hanover,1881–99)
SRG Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarumseparatim editi, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, novaseries
SRM Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum, ed. B. Krusch andW. Levison, 7 vols. (Hanover, 1885–1951)
SS Scriptores in folio, 30 vols. (Hanover, 1826–1924)
MIÖG Mitteilungen des Instituts für ÖsterreichischeGeschichtsforschung
MS manuscriptMMS Monographien zur Geschichte des
MittelaltersNCMH II The New Cambridge Medieval History, II,
c. 700–c. 900, ed. R. McKitterick(Cambridge, 1995)
Nithard Nithard, Historiarum libri IV, ed. and trans.P. Lauer, Nithard: Histoire des fils de Louis lePieux (Paris, 1964)
Notker Notker, Gesta Karoli magni imperatoris, ed.H. F. Haefele, MGH SRG, n.s. 12 (Berlin,1959)
ÖNB Österreichische Nationalbibliothek
xiv List of abbreviations
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PL Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina, ed.J. -P. Migne, 221 vols. (Paris, 1841–64)
Radbert, EA Paschasius Radbertus, Epitaphium Arsenii,ed. E. Dümmler, in Abhandlungen derköniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zuBerlin, Phil.-Historische Abhandlungen2 (1900), pp. 1–98
Radbert, VA Paschasius Radbertus, Vita Adalhardi, PL120, cols. 1507–82
RB Revue BénédictineRelatio (833) Episcoporum de poenitentia, quam Hludowicus
imperator professus est, relatio Compendiensis,MGH Conc. II/2, pp. 51–5
RH Revue HistoriqueSC Sources ChrétiennesSettimane Settimane di studio del centro italiano di
studi sull’alto medioevo (Spoleto, 1954–)Thegan Thegan, Gesta Hludowici imperatoris, ed.
E. Tremp, MGH SRG 64 (Hanover, 1995),pp. 168–258
TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
List of abbreviations xv
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Palace
Episcopal see
Archiepiscopal see
Monastery
BattleOther places
Almost battle
N
Bruges
Doué
Attigny
Dorestadt
Quentovic
Nantes
Tarragona
Blois
Barcelona
AngersFontenoy (841)
Toulouse
Avignon
Marseille
Orange
Limoges
Valence
Nîmes
Rennes
Gerona
Clermont
Langres
Senlis
Paris
Angoulême
OrléansAuxerre
Chalon
Soissons(St-Médard)
Châlons
Troyes
Autun
Liège
Poitiers(Ste-Croix)
Verdun
Bayeux
Le Mans
Laon(Notre-Dame)
Amiens
Utrecht
Uzès
Arles
Rheims
Lyons
Vienne
Rouen
Sens
Narbonne
Tours
Bordeaux
Bourges
Ghent(St. Bavo)
St-Wandrille
St-Denis
St-Riquier
St-Bertin
St-Quentin
Chelles
Corbie
Noirmoutiers(St. Philibert)
St-Amand
FRISIA
NEUSTRIA
AQUITAINE
GASCONY
SEPTIMANIA
PROVENCE
BURGUNDY
Chasseneuil
Quierzy
Ponthion
Compiègne
Map 1 The Carolingian world in the first half of the ninth century
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Thionville
Colmar
Tortona
Rothfeld (833)
e
Toul
Metz
Hildesheim
Genoa
Verona
Turin
Constance
Passau
Basle
Cologne
Salzburg
Trier
Speyer
Ravenna
Milan
WürzburgMainz
FreisingAugsburg
Besançon
Strasbourg
Regensburg(St-Emmeram)
Worms
Pavia
Chur
Venice
Trent
Rome
Aquileia
Embrun
Fulda
Bobbio
Lorsch
Corvey
St-Maurice d’Agaune
Hersfeld
St-Gall
Michelstadt
Kornelimünster
Seligenstadt
Remiremont
Reichenau
Prüm
Weissenburg
Murbach
Echternach
AUSTRASIA
ALSACE
SAXONY
THURINGIA
ALEMANNIA
BAVARIA
LOMBARDY
FRIULI
ISTRIA
SORBS
BOHEMIANS
Nijmegen
Paderborn
Ingelheim
Bodman
Salz
Frankfurt
Gondreville
Aachen
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SPANISHMARCH
PAMPLONA
0 100 miles
0 200 km
GASCONY
AQUITAINE
NEUSTRIABRITTANY
FRANCIA AUSTRASIA
THURINGIA
BURGUNDY
KINGDOM OFITALY
PROVENCE
BAVARIA
ALEMANNIA
SAXONY
GASCONY
N
RHAETIA
Lothar
Louis the German
Pippin I of Aquitaine
SE
PTIMANIA
Map 2 Louis’s succession arrangement of 817 (the so-called Ordinatioimperii)
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k. o
f Ita
ly91
5 em
p.
Hei
liwic
hJu
dith
Gis
ela
Loth
ard.
865
Car
lom
and.
876
m. (
1) Æ
thel
wul
f K. o
f Wes
sex
(
2) Æ
thel
bald
, K. o
f Wes
sex
(
3) B
aldw
in, C
ount
of F
land
ers
Cha
rles
d. 8
66m
. ? w
idow
of C
ount
Hum
bert
Loui
s II
the
Sta
mm
erer
877–
879
m. (
1) A
nsga
rd, d
au.
o
f Cou
nt
Har
duin
(
2) A
delh
eid
dau.
o
f Cou
nt
Ada
lhar
d
Gis
ela
d. b
efor
e88
4m
. Rob
ert
Cou
nt o
fTr
oyes
Cha
rles
IV, t
he S
impl
eso
le k
. 898
–922
m. (
1) F
rede
runa
(
2) E
adgi
fu
dau
. of E
dwar
d
the
Eld
er, k
. of
W
esse
x
Bal
dwin
IIC
ount
of
Fla
nder
s(8
63/5
–918
)m
. Æth
elth
ryth
dau.
of k
. Alfr
edof
Wes
sex
Ral
ph(8
65–8
96)
Loui
s th
eG
erm
an(s
ee T
able
3)
Loui
s III
879–
882
Car
lom
an87
9–88
4
Gis
ela
m.
819/
22–8
74m
. Ebe
rhar
dco
unt o
f mar
chof
Friu
li
Judi
th84
4–af
ter
870
othe
rs
Tab
le2
The
descen
dantsof
Lou
isthePious
I
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-88152-4 - The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louisthe Pious, 814–840Mayke de JongFrontmatterMore information
Loui
s th
e P
ious
814
–840
m. (
1) Ir
min
gard
(2)
Jud
ith, s
iste
r of
Em
ma,
dau
. of C
ount
Wel
f
Loth
ar 8
14 k
ing
817
co-E
mpe
ror
d. 8
55
Loui
s II
840
king
850
empe
ror
d. 8
75m
. Eng
ilber
ga
Irm
enga
rdm
. Bos
o,co
unt o
fP
rove
nce
Hug
hd.
885
(ille
g.)
Ber
tha
(ille
g.)
m. (
1) T
heob
ald
of A
rles
(2)
Ada
lber
t of T
usca
ny
Loui
s th
e B
lind
of P
rove
nce
Loui
s th
e C
hild
(legi
t.) k
. 900
–911
no is
sue
Zw
entib
old
(ille
g.)
k. o
fLo
thar
ingi
a89
5, d
. 900
Loth
ar II
conc
. Wal
drad
am
. The
utbe
rga
Cha
rles
of P
rove
nce
d. 8
63
Pip
pin
IIof
Aqu
itain
ed.
afte
r 86
4
Cha
rles
856
arch
bp.
of M
aine
d. 8
63
Kar
lman
n87
6 ki
ng o
fB
avar
iad.
880
m. L
iuts
win
d
Arn
ulf o
f Car
inth
ia(il
leg.
)88
8 ki
ng89
6 em
p.d.
899
3 co
ncub
ines
; m. O
da
Loui
s th
e Yo
unge
r87
6 ki
ng in
Fran
coni
a an
dS
axon
y; 8
80 k
.in
Bav
aria
m. L
iutg
ard,
dau.
of L
iudu
lfdu
x of
Sax
ony
3 ch
ildre
n; n
o le
gitim
ate
son
reac
hed
adul
thoo
d
Cha
rles
III87
0, k
. in
Ale
man
nia
880,
em
p. a
nd k
. in
Italy
882,
k. o
f E. F
rank
s88
4, k
. of W
. Fra
nks
887
depo
sed
d. 8
88
Pip
pin
Iof
Aqu
itain
eH
ildeg
ard
Rot
rud
Loui
s th
e G
erm
ank.
of B
avar
ia 8
17k.
of e
ast F
ranc
ia 8
33d.
876
, m. E
mm
a, s
iste
r of
Jud
ith
Cha
rles
II th
e B
ald
(see
Tab
le 2
)
m. R
icha
rdis
Ber
nard
(ill
eg.)
d. 8
91
Tab
le3
The
descen
dantsof
Lou
isthePious
II
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-88152-4 - The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louisthe Pious, 814–840Mayke de JongFrontmatterMore information