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The other French Revolution
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New advancements that contributed to Impressionism…
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Impressionism • attempt to avoid the realistic depiction of
photographs and capture the emotional spontaneity – Primarily done through bright colors and broad,
thick brushstrokes
• Favored lighting over detail, looking for the unfinished look
– Spontaneous creativity unbound by social conventions
• Started by a group of artists whose work was rejected by The Salon (the annual government-sponsored art exhibition in Paris)
• first Impressionist exhibit was in Paris in 1874
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The Salon style of academic painting
• Painted like the Old
Masters
• Primarily painted historical scenes or portraits
• Portrayed the wealthy aristocrats
• Were staged sittings
•William Adolphe Bouguereau,
“The Rest” (1879)
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Impressionism • How the Impressionists differed?
– Their work was not staged; spontaneous – Painted ordinary people, usually their friends and family – Not connected to patrons; painted for themselves – Painted nature scenes – Not as defined – Experimented with new colors and brushstrokes
• How were the Impressionists were viewed? – Work was disliked and offensive – Considered lazy as it looked like they didn’t finish their
paintings – Too connected to nature, which was considered a boring
and uninteresting subject – Not real painters as you could still see the brushstrokes
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•Vincent van Gogh,
“Self Portrait” (1887)
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William Adolphe Bouguereau, “The Rest” (1879)
Pierre Auguste Renoir, “The Apple Seller” (1890)
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Impressionism
• In 1874 French art critic Louis Leroy coined the term “impressionist” in a satirical review of a private exhibition of paintings by a group called The Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, etc. – Leroy was prompted to use this term in part by a
modest harbor scene, Impression, Sunrise (1873) by Monet
– The term “impressionist” struck Leroy as an appropriate description of the loose, inexact manner of painting
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Impressionism
• Group consisted of: • Edouard Manet (1832-1883) -- French
• Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) -- French
• Claude Monet (1840-1926) -- French
• Edgar Degas (1834-1917) -- French
• Camille Pissarro (1830-1903) -- French
• Berthe Morisot (1841-1895) -- French
– The group started to meet in 1866 in cafes throughout Paris • Paris at this time was art capital of the world
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Edouard Manet (1832-1883)
• Manet firmly believed that only modern life, no matter how ordinary, was an acceptable subject for art
• He also believed that modern life must be depicted directly and truthfully, without sentiment or idealization
Self Portrait
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• Manet submitted The Absinthe Drinker to The Salon in 1858, which promptly rejected it because its subject matter and style was vulgar
• Absinthe was a wildly popular drink with artists and authors in France at this time – Dangerously addictive, producing
hallucinations • the word comes from the
Greek apsinthion, which means undrinkable
• the essential ingredient is a medicinal herb called wormwood
– Called the cocaine of the late 1800s
– Became illegal in 1915 because it was thought to be wrecking French society
– Also banned in America in 1912 because of health concerns
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The Funeral
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A Bar at the Folies-Bergere
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Portrait of Emile Zola
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Claude Monet
Painting on His Boat
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Woman Reading
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The Barricade
• Repression of the Parisian rebels of the Paris Commune, by France’s national guards in 1871
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Basket of Fruit
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Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1840-1926)
• “I haven’t any rules or methods.”
• Renoir preferred to paint people rather than landscapes, his favorite subjects were women and children
• intense observation of the outdoor world
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• Country Footpath in the Summer
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Woman with a Parasol and Small Child on a Sunlit Hillside
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• Banks of the Seine at Champrosay
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Banks of the Seine at Asnières
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• “The Apple Seller” (1890)
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Dance at Bougival
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Dance at Bougival
• embodies the Impressionist commitment to paining scenes of everyday modern life
• Showcases Renoir’s perennial good humor and love of life
• Renoir makes it so that the audience, like the man in the painting, focus solely on the woman
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Claude Monet (1840-1926)
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• Impression, Sunrise
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• The White Water Lilies
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Water-Lilies
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Meadow with Poplars
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Poppy Field
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The Walk. Lady with a Parasol
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The Rouen Cathedral
• Monet painted more than 30 canvases of the façade of the Rouen Cathedral in Rouen, France
– One of his many “time series”
– Study in different light and seasons
– The Impressionists were fascinated by the changing effects of light and color at different times of day and in different weather and seasons
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Houses of Parliament “time series”
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Grainstack “time series”
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Waterloo Bridge “time series”
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Edgar Degas (1834-1917)
• Like Manet, he was more attracted to city life
• Degas often painted fashionable upper-class entertainments
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L'absinthe
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• Ballet Rehearsal on the Set
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The Dance Class
• 24 women – ballerinas and their mothers – wait while a dancer executes an attitude for her examination
• Jules Perrot, one of the best known dancers and ballet masters in Europe, conducts the class
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The Little 14-Year-Old Dancer
• Bronze sculpture with a cotton skirt and a satin hair ribbon
• The model was a ballet student in the Paris Opera named Marie van Goethem
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Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)
• Self-Portrait
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Two Young Peasant Women • These young laborers dominate the landscape setting
• An avowed anarchist, Pissarro wanted to preserve the values of agrarian society that were being threatened by the rapid industrialization of France
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Haystacks, Morning
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• Boulevard Montmartre
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The Old Market Town
at Rouen
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Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)
• French painter
• sister-in-law of Manet (married his brother)
• In 1864, she exhibited for the first time in Paris Salon – in 1874, she joined the
Impressionists in the first of their own exhibitions
• included Cézanne, Degas, Monet, Pissarro, and Renoir
• One of the few female Impressionist painters
• Focused on domestic life – Refused to paint nudes • Édouard Manet, “Berthe Morisot
with a Bouquet of Violets”
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“Hanging Laundry out to Dry”
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“On the Balcony”
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“Eugene Manet on the Isle of Wight”
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“Summer Day”
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“After Lunch” *sold for $10.9 million in 2013, the most expensive work ever sold by a female artist at auction
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Mary Cassat (1844-1926)
• An American painter who lived most of her adult life in France – Moved to Paris in 1866
– Became friends with Degas and exhibited with the Impressionists
• created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children
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Degas’ “Portrait of
Miss Cassatt”
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“Reine Lefebre and Margot before a Window”
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“The Boating Party”
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“Summertime”
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Post-Impressionism
• movement in French painting that emphasized the artist’s personal response to a subject
• whereas impressionist painters concentrated on the depiction of a subject’s immediate appearance, post-impressionists focused on emotional or spiritual meanings of the subject
• use of strong, unnatural colors and exaggeration or slight distortion of forms
• began in 1886
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Post-Impressionism
• Includes:
– Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) -- Dutch
– Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) -- French
– Paul Cèzanne (1839-1906) – French
– Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) – French
– Georges Seurat (1859-1891) -- French
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Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)
Self-Portrait
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Vincent van Gogh • was a salesman in an art gallery, a French tutor, a
theological student, and an evangelist before becoming an artist
• wanted to experience poverty, so he gave away all of his possessions to the poor and lived in extreme poverty – lived with prostitutes, drank absinthe, lived in excess
• Had numerous stays in an asylum for madness (most people today that his condition was that of a manic depressive or even bipolar)
• didn’t start painting seriously until 1880 – taught himself to draw and paint
• met Paul Cezanne in Paris, who commented, “Sir, you paint like a madman.”
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• Self-Portrait
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• Café Terrace at Night
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• Starry Night
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• Bedroom at Arles • hoped to start a colony of “Impressionists of the South” in Arles in southern France, but only
Gauguin was willing to join him in 1888 (lived together for 2 months there)
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Vincent van Gogh at Arles • December 23, 1888
– after drinking at a café in Arles, van Gogh threw his glass of absinthe at Gauguin, then later attacked Gauguin with a razor blade in the street
– the same night, he went to a brothel and gave a prostitute part of his ear, saying she should “guard this object carefully”
• Gauguin many times awoke to find van Gogh staring at him in bed
• when Gauguin wanted to leave Arles, van Gogh started waving the razor blade around wildly saying that he’d do damage to himself if he left
• Gauguin left and van Gogh refused to eat because he felt his food was poisoned (admitted to a mental hospital and diagnosed with epilepsy) – drank turpentine, ate paint, and drank incessantly
• Eventually spent a year in a mental hospital as a result • shot himself in the chest on July 27, 1890, and died two days
later of infection • sold only 1 painting during his lifetime
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Self-portrait With Bandage and Pipe
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Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)
• refused to study painting, preferring instead to learn from other painters
• drew with Pissarro, van Gogh, and Cézanne who became close friends of his
Self Portrait
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• Van Gogh Painting Sunflowers
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Tahitian Woman with Children
• Gauguin turned against “everything that is artificial and conventional” in Europe and sailed to Tahiti
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Women of Tahiti
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Paul Cèzanne (1839-1906)
• Self-Portrait
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The House of Dr.
Gachet in Auvers
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Card Players
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Still Life
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• Green Apples
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Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (“too-loo la-trek”) - (1864-1901)
• stayed in the Montmartre section of Paris, the center of the cabaret entertainment and bohemian life that he loved
• Physically disfigured because of breaking both legs and them not healing correctly, he found comfort in brothels around prostitutes
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1891 poster La Goulue for the Moulin Rouge
by Lautrec
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At the Moulin Rouge
• the Moulin Rouge opened in 1889
• Toulouse-Lautrec is in the background
• English singer May Milton is on the right
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La Goulue Arriving at the Moulin Rouge
with Two Women
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Georges Seurat (1859-1891)
• Worked mainly with Pointillism (small dots used instead of brushstrokes)
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A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
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Art Nouveau
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Art Nouveau • French for 'new art‘
• climaxed in the years 1892 to 1902
• an international style of art, architecture and design – Described as dynamic, undulating, and flowing
• forward-looking artists and designers seceded from the mainstream salon exhibitions to exhibit on their own work in more congenial surroundings
• Replaced by modernism and Art Deco (design movement)
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Gustav Klimt (1862-1918)
• Austrian
• one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau (Vienna Secession) movement
• primary subject is the female body
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The Tree of Life
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The Kiss
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Portrait of
Baroness
Elisabeth
Bacchofenecht
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Portrait of
Friederike
Maria
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• Adele Bloch-Bauer I
• sold for $135 million in 2006
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Auguste Rodin
• 1840-1917 • Frenchman who primary
did bronze sculptures • modeled the human
body with realism and celebrated individual character and physicality – expressive interpretation
of the human body
• "It is [Michelangelo] who has freed me from academic sculpture."
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The Gates of Hell
• depicts a scene from "The Inferno", the first section of The Divine Comedy by Dante
• Some of the original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own – Including The Thinker,
which characterizes Dante
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The Thinker
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Bust of Victor Hugo
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Monument to Balzac
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