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O E C Y [ M ^
\ey Lr`w Gmkbobach Emrns0
lr`ws. Ym`phm puroecsm oecg`gbhm tmc t` emhp rmhcx,
`ftma wbte hbtthm te`ulet cn`ut e`w bt bs lr`wa, ecr-
vmstmk, cak wemtemr bt wcs sprcymk wbte oemgbochs ̀ r
brrckbctmk kurbal bgp`rt. B cg ecppy t` rmp`rt tect
baormcsmk cttmatb`a t` f``k scfmty cak quchbty stca-
kcrks, tem h`och f``k g`vmgmat, cak ̀ rlcabo lr`wbalgmte`ks crm oecalbal tebs. [em sblabffiocat w`rd `f
`rlcabzctb`as suoe cs tem a`apr`ffit ]abtmk Yhcat
_cvmrs ecs chs` mhmvctmk cwcrmamss cn`ut sustcba-
cnbhbty f`r actbvm wbhk phcat p`puhctb`as tect crm ct
rbsd, kum ba pcrt t` ̀ vmrecrvmstbal f`r tem emrn bakus-
try. Baormcsbalhy, bakbvbkuchs, gcaufcoturmrs ̀ f emrnch
pr`kuots, cak emchte prcotbtb`amrs crm kmgcakbal
[em clrbouhturch rmv`hutb`a bs truhy ecppmabal, mspm-
obchhy wemrm wm hbvm ba Vmrg`at. Amsthmk wbteba temsm
lrmma r`hhbal ebhhs cak g`uatcbas bs c rboe o`ggu-
abty `f sgchh fcrgs, `vmr ffivm euakrmk `f weboe crm
omrtbffimk `rlcabo.3 [`kcy fcrgmrs crm lr`wbal cak
pr`kuobal c gyrbck `f ‘chtmractbvm or`ps,‗ fr`gchpcocs t` orcanmrrbms, mgus t` guser``gs cak mvma
rbom. Rmt wema csdmk wect dbak `f fcrg wm `wa cak
`pmrctm, temrm crm ̀ ftma pmrphmxmk h``ds ̀ r cwdwcrk
j`dms wema wm scy, ‘\m lr`w gmkbobach emrns.‗
@aom bt‒s mstcnhbsemk tect wm‒rm a`t lr`wbal gcrb-
jucac, tem qumstb`as stcrt cak just k`a‒t st`p. ‘\ect
dbak `f emrns k` y`u lr`w0 Crm temy ecrk t` lr`w0
\eboe phcats lr`w emrm0 \emrm k` y`u smhh temg0 Bs
bt pr`ffitcnhm0 Oca wm o`gm t` vbsbt0‗ Gcay pm`phm
k`a‒t rmchbzm emrns crm usmk f`r gmkbobach purp`sms
cak tect gcay `f tem pecrgcomutboch kruls temy crmfcgbhbcr wbte wmrm kmrbvmk fr`g phcat o`gp`uaks.
[emy `ftma tebad g`rm `f emrns cs ouhbacry balrmkb-
mats teca cs emchbal clmats. Bt bs ca matbrmhy amw
o`aompt f`r g`st pm`phm tect gmkbobach emrns oca
lr`w suoomssfuhhy ba Vmrg`at, wemrm tem wbatmrs crm
o`hk cak h`al cak tem suggmr sua vcrbcnhm. Lr`w-
bal h`och f``k gcdms smasm t` temg, nut lr`wbal
h`och gmkbobam s`uaks rmv`hutb`acry.
\bte tem mxph`sbvm lr`wte `f tem emrnch pr`kuots
bakustry ba tem hcst twmaty ymcrs `r s`, g`rm pm`phm
crm nmo`gbal cwcrm tect emrns oca baormcsm tembr
wmhh-nmbal cak vbtchbty. Nut uatbh rmomathy tem punhbo‒s
f`ous ecs nmma prbgcrbhy `a temrcpmutbo usms `f
gmkbobach emrns, wbte hbtthm cttmatb`a pcbk t` wemrm
tem phcats usmk ba emrnch pr`kuots `rblbactmk. F`r
mxcgphm, gcay pm`phm usm moebacomc mxtrcots nut
ecvm hbgbtmk uakmrstcakbal cn`ut e`w tem phcat
Fblurm 3->. Moebacomc purpurmc ba fuhh nh``g. Ye`t`lrcpe
o`urtmsy `f Dctm Ohmcrhblet
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> [em @rlcabo Gmkbobach Emrn Fcrgmr
rboe cak fcsobactbal ebst`ry. \ebhm bt bs a`t uausuch
t` emcr emrnchbsg rmfmrrmk t` ba tem ]abtmk _tctms
cs ‘Amw Clmy,‗ tem mvbkmaom `f eugcas utbhbzbal
gmkbobach phcats bs vmry, vmry `hk. _` `hk, ba fcot,
tect ffifty-te`uscak-ymcr-`hk Amcakmrtech sdmhmt`as
rmomathy mxocvctmk ba _pcba wmrm kmtmrgbamk t`
ecvm tem rmgcbas `f tw` gmkbobachhy cotbvm phcats,
ycrr`w cak oecg`gbhm, mgnmkkmk ba tem phcqum `a
tembr tmmte. Ba a`rtemra Brcq sbxty-te`uscak-ymcr-`hk
Amcakmrtech rmgcbas wmrm f`uak t` ecvm nmma nur-
bmk wbte c ‘n`uqumt‗ ̀ f gmkbobach phcats o`atcbabal
ycrr`w, mpemkrc, gchh`w, lr`uaksmh, cak omatcury.
[em wrbttma rmo`rk `f gmkbobach phcat usclm ba
g`kmra eugcas kctms ncod cppr`xbgctmhy ffivm te`u-
scak ymcrs ba _ugmrbca cak Ncnyh`abca tmxts. Emrm
ba A`rte Cgmrboc actbvm pm`phms eck c vcst da`wh-mklm `f gmkbobach `rc, gcay spmobms `f weboe crm
tem g`st p`puhcr emrns usmk t`kcy. _csscfrcss r``t,
f`r mxcgphm, nmocgm tem ffirst gcj`r o`gg`kbty or`p
mxp`rtmk fr`g tem ]abtmk _tctms ncod t` Malhcak t`
nm usmk ba c vcrbmty `f t`abos cak mxtrcots. O`h`absts
chs` nr`ulet smvmrch spmobms `f emrns t` tem Amw
\`rhk, gcay `f weboe qubodhy acturchbzmk emrm cak
nmocgm tem ffirst a`aactbvm wmmks.
Jugpbal cemck t` tem mcrhy twmatbmte omatury,
`ur lrcakg`temrs out, stmcgmk, cak ctm kcakmhb`a
lrmmas ba tem sprbal `f tem ymcr nmocusm, ba ckkbtb`at` tembr nmbal rmchhy tcsty, Lrcakgc damw temy wmrm
l``k f`r emr. _em eck a`t rmck tem rmsmcroe rmp`rts
kmg`astrctbal tect nbttmr smsqubtmrpmam hcot`ams ba
kcakmhb`a hmcvms stbguhctm nbhm smormtb`as t` cbk ba tem
kblmstbvm pr`omss. _em damw tebs sbgphy nmocusm mctbal
kcakmhb`a hmcf gckm emr n`ky fmmh rmchhy l``k. _em
usmk temsm phcats nmocusm temy wmrm rmckbhy cvcbhcnhm,
frmm f`r tem pbodbal, cak rmgcrdcnhy mffmotbvm. [ebs
wcs a`t uao`gg`a. G`st pm`phm `f emr lmamrctb`a
eck c o`aamotb`a t` tem phcats ba tembr ncodycrks,
w``ks, cak gmck`ws cak utbhbzmk temg f`r f``k cak
gmkbobam, a`t `ahy nmocusm temsm phcats wmrm frmm `r
mcsbhy `ntcbamk nut nmocusm temy wmrm mffmotbvm.
[ema ch`al ocgm tem tmoea`h`lboch rmv`hutb`a,
lbvbal rbsm t` o`atmgp`rcry gmkbobam cak wect gcay
rmfmr t` cs tem ‘sbhvmr nuhhmt‗ cppr`coe. [ebs cppr`coe
trmctmk tem pctbmat wbte syatemtbo kruls ̀ r surlmry t`
cak wbhhbal t` pcy c prmgbug f`r eble-quchbty,
`rlcabochhy lr`wa emrns. [emy crm a`t baohbamk t`
smtthm f`r p``r-quchbty `r bgp`rtmk emrns tect crm
brrckbctmk, sprcymk, cak lr`wa ba uaacturch, uasus-
tcbacnhm, `r uamteboch wcys, mvma wema temy gcy nmhmss mxpmasbvm.
Kmspbtm temsm baormcsmk kmgcaks, o`ggmrobch
gmkbobach emrn fcrgbal ba tem ]abtmk _tctms bs stbhh ba
bts rmhctbvm bafcaoy. Bt bs tbgm t` oecalm tect4 wm ammk
t` baormcsm emrn lr`wbal ba mvmry stctm cak nb`rmlb`a.
Chg`st mvmry spmobms `f gmkbobach emrns ba o`gg`a
usm t`kcy o`uhk nm lr`wa emrm ba tem ]abtmk _tctms,
fr`g Gcbam t` Ecwcbb. [emsm crm fmrtbhm tbgms f`r
tem bakustry, cak bt bs tbgm t` matbom g`rm lr`wmrs
bat` tem ffimhk cak t` mao`urclm mxbstbal fcrgmrs t`
kbvmrsbfy tembr or`ps t` baohukm gmkbobach phcats.
C Amw Cppr`coet` @hk-\`rhk GmkbobamBa `rkmr t` uakmrstcak wemrm wm crm l`bal, wm gust
h``d ffirst ct wemrm wm‒vm nmma. Emrnchbsg ecs c
Fblurm 3-?. Frmse gbhdy `cts nmbal prmpcrmk bat` c tbaoturm.
Ye`t`lrcpe o`urtmsy `f Dctm Ohmcrhblet
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\ey Lr`w Gmkbobach Emrns0 ?
cak `temr emchte-ocrm prcotbtb`amrs crm rmo`labzbal
tem mfffiocoy `f n`tcabochs cak crm fcr g`rm `pma t`
tem batmlrctb`a `f gmkbobach emrns ba tembr trmctgmat
pr`t`o`hs. Cftmr chh, chg`st >= pmromat `f g`kmra
pecrgcomutboch kruls crm a`w `r ecvm nmma kmrbvmkfr`g phcat o`gp`uaks.> [ebs batmlrctbvm cppr`coe
bs tem dmy t` nrbklbal tem lcp nmtwmma `hk-w`rhk
cak amw-w`rhk gmkbobam cak bs c vbtch o`gp`amat t`
bgpr`vbal cak gcbatcbabal tem emchte `f `ur phcamt
cak bts baecnbtcats.
\bte tem rmsurlmaom `f emrnch gmkbobam, tebs bs
ca mxobtbal tbgm f`r te`sm `f us we` usm, lctemr, `r
lr`w emchbal emrns. Ym`phm ammk temsm phcats. [emy
wcat temg hbvm, krbmk, cak frmse‛f`r tem gmkbobam
temy gcdm, tem lcrkmas temy lr`w, cak tem ohcssms
temy tmcoe. Cs c rmsuht temrm bs c lr`wbal ammk f`r
gmkbobach emrn fcrgs, cak temrm crm gcay wcys emrn
lr`wmrs oca pcrtbobpctm ba cak nmo`gm ca batmlrch
pcrt `f tebs lrmma g`vmgmat.
Chte`ule temrm bs lrmct kmgcak f`r gmkbobach emrns
cak cgczbal ̀ pp`rtuabtbms mxbst f`r fcrgmrs, temrm crm
stbhh eurkhms fcobal tebs mgmrlbal bakustry. Ba >93? tem
chhmvbctm sygpt`gs css`obctmk wbte kbsmcsm `r bajury
ffirst cak f`rmg`st, webhm ckkrmssbal tem r``t ocusm ̀ f
tem cbhgmat smo`akcrbhy, bf ct chh. Ba tem ]abtmk _tctms
tebs typm `f gmkbobam nmocgm tem gcbastrmcg, cak
‘emchbal‗ nmocgm tem k`gbab`a `f emchte-ocrm pr`-
vbkmrs. [em w`rk ‘krul‗ btsmhf o`gms fr`g tem @hk
Frmaoe kr`lm-vctm, hbtmrchhy trcashctmk cs ‘phcat gmk-
bobam st`rmk ba c ncrrmh,‗ nut tebals omrtcbahy oecalmk
cs tect ̀ hk w`rk t``d ̀ a amw gmcabal. Gcay pm`phm
hbdm ̀ ur lrcakg`temrs cak ̀ temrs ba sunsmqumat lma-
mrctb`as mvmatuchhy nmocgm g`rm kbso`aamotmk fr`g
tem phcats cak tembr h`och gmkbobams cak t`abos, cs
o`avmabmaom trugpmk quchbty.
F`rtuactmhy, temrm bs trcasf`rgctb`a cf``t, ba hcrlm
pcrt cs c rmsuht ̀ f tem basbletfuh cak ecrk w`rd ̀ f tem
emrnch o`gguabty. \ebhm ‘sbhvmr nuhhmt‗ gmte`k`h`-lbms stbhh prmk`gbactm ba g`st `f `ur e`spbtchs cak
gmkboch ohbabos, wm crm baormcsbalhy mgp`wmrmk t`
tcdm c g`rm prmvmatbvm cppr`coe t` `ur `wa emchte
ocrm cak t` ckkrmss tem r``t ocusm ̀ f kbsmcsm ̀ r bajury.
Yeyt`temrcpbms (phcat-ncsmk temrcpbms) ecvm nmma
bastrugmatch ba tebs ‘amw‗ uakmrstcakbal ̀ f emchbal.
Gcay rmfmr t` tebs pcrckblg sebft cs ‘tem emrnch
rmacbsscaom.‗ Emrnch emchbal, ba tem wmst f`romk
uakmrlr`uak `r amlhmotmk f`r pmrb`ks rcalbal fr`g
kmockms t` omaturbms, ba gcay ouhturms bs rmsurfcobal.
[ecads t` nmamffits pr`vbkmk ny g`kmra tmoea`h`l-boch ckvcaoms cak amwf`uak cpprmobctb`a, ba gcay
wcys emrnch emchbal bs a`w nmo`gbal nmttmr cak
g`rm mffmotbvm teca mvmr. \m ecvm ca cgczbal cak
bavchucnhm ocoem `f baf`rgctb`a cak rms`uroms tect
nmlca h`al cl` cs sp`dma w`rk fr`g vbhhclm emchmrs
cak secgcas, mv`hvmk ter`ule wrbttma tmxts, cak ecs
a`w matmrmk tem mhmotr`abo kctc-secrbal rmchg vbc tem
\`rhk \bkm \mn. \m ecvm o`gm fuhh obrohm, rmturabal
t` tem wbsk`g `f `ur mhkmrs webhm nubhkbal `a tem
rmsmcroe, da`whmklm, cak basblets pr`vbkmk ny tem sob-
matbffio o`gguabty, wbte n`tcabochs fr`at cak omatmr.
Mkuoctb`a ecs chs` phcymk ca mssmatbch r`hm ba tebs
emrnch rmv`hutb`a. Ohbaboch emrnchbsts crm stukybal ct
coormkbtmk o`hhmlms, uabvmrsbtbms, cak `temr mkuoc-
tb`ach ̀ rlcabzctb`as ct ca baormkbnhm rctm. [emy nrbal
tebs caobmat ymt amwf`uak da`whmklm ncod t` tembr
fcgbhbms cak o`gguabtbms. Yeysbobcas, vmtmrbacrbcas,
Fblurm 3-;. \`rks tect emhpmk kmffiam cak secpm tem \mstmra
emrnch g`vmgmat.
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\ey Lr`w Gmkbobach Emrns0 =
Eurkhms ba temFbmhk cak Gcrdmtphcom
[moea`h`lboch ckvcaoms ba clrbouhturm `vmr tem pcstomatury ba tem ]abtmk _tctms ecvm hmk t` baormkbnhm
lcbas ba o`gg`kbty or`p pr`kuotb`a mfffiobmaobms `a
c pmr-corm ncsbs. Chg`st chh `f tebs tmoea`h`ly ecs
l`am bat` kmvmh`pbal nbllmr cak fcstmr gcoebamry
t` pr`kuom g`rm f``k, fumh, ffinmr, cak semhtmr, a`t
gmkbobach phcats. [em w`rhk‒s hmckbal pr`kuomrs `f
n`tcabochs, weboe baohukm Oebac, Bakbc, cak smvmrch
mcstmra Mur`pmca o`uatrbms, crm wcy cemck `f tem
]abtmk _tctms ba tmrgs `f mqubpgmat, tmoeabqums,
cak v`hugm f`r n`tcabochs pr`kuotb`a. [em ]_KC
k`msa‒t mvma o`hhmot kctc rmlcrkbal tem pr`kuotb`a ̀ fgmkbobach emrns f`r o`ggmrom ba tem ]abtmk _tctms,
s` cs fcr cs temy crm o`aomramk, bt‒s chg`st cs bf o`g-
gmrobch gmkbobach emrn fcrgmrs k`a‒t mxbst emrm.
[em sbgphm fcot bs tect tem rmsurlmaom `f emrn-
chbsg ba tem ]abtmk _tctms bs rmhctbvmhy amw. @a c
actb`ach sochm wm crm just octoebal up t` wect tem
rmst `f tem w`rhk ecs nmma k`bal chh ch`al: batmlrct-
bal g`kmra tmoea`h`lboch gmkbobam bat` ca chrmcky
mxbstbal f`uakctb`a `f acturch emchbal prcotboms.
N`tcabochs crm tem ffirst oe`bom ba prmvmatbvm emchte
ocrm ba g`st o`uatrbms `utsbkm tem ]abtmk _tctms cak
Ocackc. [emsm o`uatrbms ecvm kmvmh`pmk spmobchbzmk
mqubpgmat cak tmoeabqums t` a`t `ahy supphy tembr
`wa rcw gctmrbch ammks nut chs` pr`kuom ma`ule
surphus t` mxp`rt t` o`uatrbms hbdm `urs tect crm wcy
nmebak tem ourvm. A`w a`t `ahy crm wm nuybal tembr
emrns, wm crm chs` nuybal cak bgp`rtbal (g`st `ftma
]abtmk _tctms bgp`rtmk 9,999 t` $;9,999 pmr corm
lr`wbal kcakmhb`a r``t cak hmcf0 Em o`uhk ckk
ca`temr tma spmobms `f or`ps t` kbvmrsbfy ebs `ffmrbal
cak o`vmr-or`p echf `f ebs hcak cs pcrt `f c r`tctb`a
t` nmlba rmst`rbal tem `rlcabo gcttmr kmphmtmk fr`g
ymcrs ̀ f p``r fcrgbal prcotboms. Em o`uhk ebrm c o`a-
suhtcat spmobchbzbal ba n`tcaboch pr`kuotb`a, rmtr`ffit
tect o`gnbam t` ecrvmst oecg`gbhm cak ̀ temr n`tca-
bochs wbte bt. Em o`uhk o`avmrt ebs lrcba nbas t` emrn
kmeykrct`rs cak o`atcot s`gm `f tem te`uscaks `f
sgchh cak hcrlm emrnch pr`kuot gcaufcoturmrs ba tem
]abtmk _tctms we` crm kmspmrctmhy smcroebal f`r
k`gmstbo s`uroms `f eble-quchbty nuhd emrns. _`uaks
sbgphm, rblet0 \mhh, bf `ahy bt wmrm tect mcsy.
Fblurm 3-
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6 [em @rlcabo Gmkbobach Emrn Fcrgmr
gcturm, g`rm gmkbc rmp`rts surfcomk4 ̀ ahy tebs tbgm,
bastmck `f t`utbal tem nmamffits `f tebs p`tmat phcat,
amw stukbms ocgm `ut tect cttmgptmk t` kmnuad prm-
vb`us ffiakbals. Emckhbams suoe cs ‘Moebacomc hmcvms
usmrs ba tem o`hk‗ smat schms `f supphmgmats o`atcba-
bal moebacomc phuggmtbal ct tem scgm tbgm tect gcay
fcrgmrs wmrm lmttbal rmcky t` ecrvmst tembr amw ‘ocse
or`p.‗ _ukkmahy tem moebacomc gcrdmt wcs ``kmk,
cak tem prbom phuggmtmk. Gcay fcrgmrs wmrm f`romk
t` ph`w tembr or`ps uakmr t` out tembr h`ssms. [ebs wcs
c t`ule babtbctb`a bat` lr`wbal gmkbobachs f`r gcay
fcrgmrs ct tem tbgm cak ecs eck hbalmrbal mffmots `a
tem uaomrtcbaty `f tem gmkbobachs gcrdmt.
Ca`temr oechhmalm fcobal nmlbaabal emrn fcrgmrs
bs tem hcod `f mkuoctb`ach rms`uroms cvcbhcnhm t`
lubkm temg ba mstcnhbsebal tembr or`ps cak gcrdmts.[emrm bs ca `vmrwemhgbal kctcncsm `f baf`rgctb`a
cvcbhcnhm t` lr`wmrs `f o`avmatb`ach or`ps cak suoe
pr`kuots cs vmlmtcnhms, gbhd, cak lrcbas, nut wema bt
o`gms t` chtmractbvm or`ps suoe cs gmkbobachs, temrm
bs c smrb`us kmffiobt `f mcsbhy coomssbnhm cak coourctm
da`whmklm. [em l`ch `f tebs n``d bs t` emhp pcvm tem
wcy f`r c amw nrmmk `f fcrg cak fcrgmr.
Hbdm g`st `temr clrbouhturch matmrprbsms, gmkbob-
ach emrn fcrgs vcry wbkmhy ba sbzm, gcrdmt, gmte`ks
usmk, cak pr`kuots lr`wa. [emrm crm s`gm lblcatbo
o`ggmrobch emrn fcrgs ba mcstmra Mur`pm cak Bakbc,f`r mxcgphm, wbte g`rm teca c te`uscak corms ba pr`-
kuotb`a, cak tema temrm crm tbay emrn fcrgs chh `vmr
tem w`rhk fcrgbal ca corm `r hmss. Chte`ule gmkbob-
ach emrn fcrgs crm uabqum cak rmhctbvmhy uao`gg`a
cs fcr cs fcrgs l`, mspmobchhy ba tem ]abtmk _tctms,
temy crm a`t chh tect kbffmrmat fr`g gcay g`rm ‘o`a-
vmatb`ach‗ typm clrbouhturch `pmrctb`as.
[` tem ocsuch `nsmrvmr Zcod \``ks Emrn Fcrg
(Z\EF) w`uhk hbdmhy cppmcr guoe hbdm tect `f c
sgchh, kbvmrsm vmlmtcnhm fcrg, wbte lrmmae`usms cak
r`w cftmr r`w ̀ f vcrb`us spmobms ̀ f uabf`rghy phcatmk
or`ps tmakmk ny ffimhk w`rdmrs krbvbal trcot`rs cak
w`rdbal tem mcrte wbte tembr ecaks `r wbte t``hs. Bf
tect `nsmrvmr wmrm t` h``d oh`smhy, te`ule, sem gblet
a`tbom tect gcay `f tem or`ps lr`wa `a tebs fcrg
rmsmgnhm phcats sem w`uhk g`rm hbdmhy phcat cs ̀ rac-
gmatchs ba emr `wmr nmks rctemr teca phcats tect
ct mx`rnbtcat o`sts) tem spmobchbzmk mqubpgmat temy
ecvm kmvmh`pmk t` pr`kuom n`tcabochs ba ca cttmgpt
t` supphy `ur `wa k`gmstbo emrn ammks.
Cs c actb`a wm ammk t` sebft `ur cttmatb`a cwcy
fr`g c gy`pbo f`ous ̀ a o`gg`kbty or`ps cak utbhbzm
`ur vcst clrbouhturch tmoea`h`lbms, rms`uroms, cak
da`whmklm t` kbvmrsbfy cak baohukm lr`wbal g`rm
gmkbobach phcat or`ps ̀ a c o`ggmrobch sochm. Nmocusm
hcrlm clrbnusbamssms ecvm nmma rmhuotcat t` k` tebs,
temrm bs `pp`rtuabty emrm f`r h`och lr`wmrs `a sgchh
fcrgs cr`uak tem o`uatry t` gmmt tebs kmgcak ba ca
mo`h`lbochhy, ffiacaobchhy sustcbacnhm cak g`rch wcy.
Rmt cs fcrgmrs mgnrcom tem bkmc ̀ f lr`wbal gmkbo-
bachs, temy crm fcomk wbte ca`temr hmcrabal ourvm ba
tem n`tcabochs gcrdmtphcom. ]ahbdm tem gcrdmts f`r
s`y, o`ra, cak `temr o`gg`kbtbms, tem n`tcabochsgcrdmt oca nm mxtrmgmhy v`hctbhm cak bs ̀ ftma sunjmot
t` tem hctmst trmaks cak rmsmcroe rmp`rts. Gcay ba tem
bakustry rmfmr t` tebs cs tem ‘Kr. @z (c ocrkb`te`rcobo
surlm`a, cute`r, cak p`puhcr [V e`st we` cots cs
c emchte luru t` tem gcssms) pema`gma`a.‗ Emrm
`a `ur emrn fcrg tem pe`am rbals kcbhy wbte ochhs
fr`g oust`gmrs baqubrbal cn`ut `r phcobal `rkmrs
f`r tem nuhd emrns wm lr`w. @oocsb`achhy temrm wbhh
nm c a`tbomcnhm spbdm ba kmgcak f`r c pcrtbouhcr cak
`ftmatbgms rmhctbvmhy ̀ nsourm spmobms `f emrn. \m cak
gcay `temrs ecvm a`tbomk tect temrm smmgs t` nm co`rrmhctb`a nmtwmma temsm spbdms cak wect Kr. @z
cak `temrs hbdm ebg ecvm tchdmk cn`ut `a tembr hctmst
amtw`rd tmhmvbsb`a mpbs`km. \ebhm tebs oca nm lrmct
punhbobty, temrm bs chs` baemrmat rbsd ba bt. Ba tem mcrhy
3229s, f`r mxcgphm, wema c gcj`r tmhmvbsb`a amtw`rd
amws se`w pr`kuomk c st`ry t`utbal tem vbrtums `f
Moebacomc purpurmc cak bts p`tmat bgguam-n``stbal
cotbvbtbms, schms ̀ f emrnch pr`kuots o`atcbabal moebac-
omc wmat ter`ule tem r``f, cs kbk tem prbom `f nuhd
moebacomc r``t, hmcf, cak `wmr. Kmgcak s`crmk, cak
gcay fcrgmrs gckm tembr ffirst cttmgpt ct kbvmrsbfybal
tembr t`ncoo` `r vmlmtcnhm fcrgs ny phcatbal smvmrch
corms `f moebacomc.
Ba tem tw` t` termm ymcrs tect bt t``d f`r tem pmrma-
abch moebacomc or`p t` gcturm, prboms cak `ptbgbsg
s`crmk cs g`rm moebacomc wcs phcatmk. [ema rmchbty
smt ba. Cftmr termm ymcrs `f wcbtbal f`r tem or`p t`
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\ey Lr`w Gmkbobach Emrns0 <
fcrgbal) t` cs gcay cs tma corms ̀ f or`ps ourrmathy ba
pr`kuotb`a cs `f tem wrbtbal `f tebs n``d.
@am gcy w`akmr wey wm k`a‒t just utbhbzm `ur
`wa tma corms `f hcak f`r or`p pr`kuotb`a bastmck
`f hmcsbal ckkbtb`ach hcak, sbaom tect bs tem sochm
wm crm ourrmathy w`rdbal `a. [em caswmr t` tect
qumstb`a bs termmf`hk. [em prbgcry rmcs`a wm hmcsm
g`rm hcak teca wm ammk t` phcat `ur r`w or`ps `a
bs tect wm r`tctm or`ps ba vcrb`us ymcrs fr`g ffimhk
t` ffimhk kmpmakbal `a phcat cak s`bh ammks. _mo`ak,
wm wbhk-ecrvmst (chs` da`wa cs wbhkorcftbal) vcrb-
`us spmobms lr`wbal wbhk `a kbffmrmat crmcs `f temsm
nb`h`lbochhy kbvmrsm trcots `f hcak4 ffiachhy, wm fmmh bt
bs bgp`rtcat t` ecvm ca mxtrc ouseb`a ̀ f ̀ pp`rtuabty
ba ocsm wm kmobkm t` mxpcak `ur sochm shblethy. \ebhm
tem cvmrclm tma corms `f hcak wm ecvm phcatmk fr`gymcr t` ymcr bs prbgcrbhy utbhbzmk f`r r`w or`ppbal,
tem rmgcbakmr `f tem hcak bs mbtemr fchh`w wbte act-
urch s`k o`vmr `r phcatmk wbte s`bh-nubhkbal o`vmr
or`ps ba prmpcrctb`a f`r futurm phcatbals.
[e`ule rmhctbvmhy rcrm cs fcr cs fcrgmrs l`, tem
gmkbobach emrn fcrgmr bs a`t uahbdm g`st `temr clrb-
ouhturch matrmprmamurs ba nusbamss t`kcy. \m rbsm ct
kcwa cak w`rd ecrk wbte tem hcak, hbgbtmk gcbahy ny
`ur peysboch stcgbac cak kcyhblet e`urs. \m l` t` nmk
t` rmoecrlm, cak wm rbsm clcba, `ftma fcomk wbte amw
oechhmalms, mxpmotctb`as, cak rmwcrks. [em rmwcrkscrma‒t chwcys g`amtcry `r mvma coda`whmklmk ny
`temrs. _`gmtbgms temy crm cs sbgphm cs dammhbal
k`wa `a ca Cprbh g`rabal webhm tem hcst `f tem sa`w
gmhts cwcy cak wbtamssbal tem uafurhbal `f tem ffirst
nh``kr``t `wmrs t` `pma. _`gmtbgms tem rmwcrks
oca nm trmgmak`us cs kbso`vmrbal tect tem lbasmal
smmks tect y`u phcatmk ba y`ur smormt ecrkw``k scao-
tucry lmrgbactmk cak survbvmk tem ffirst smvmrch ymcrs
`f hbfm ba tembr amw e`gm wbte`ut nmbal kmv`urmk ny
kmmr cak r`kmats ̀ r st`hma ny p`coemrs. [e`sm lbasmal
phcats wbhh e`pmfuhhy ba tbgm pr`kuom c or`p ̀ f vbcnhm
smmk f`r y`u t` phcat t` rmphcom tem gcturm r``ts y`u
wbhh ecrvmst cak gcrdmt wema temy rmcoe gcturbty.
[em oechhmalms wbte lr`wbal cak gcrdmtbal
gmkbobach emrns o`ggmrobchhy, ̀ a tem ̀ temr ecak, oca
nm augmr`us, mvma k`warblet gckkmabal ct tbgms,
cak kmgcak tect wm utbhbzm baa`vctbvm gmte`ks t`
w`uhk pr`kuom f``k t` st`od emr pcatry `r fmmk emr
cabgchs wbte.
[em vcst gcj`rbty `f spmobms wm lr`w `a `ur emrn
fcrg crm pmrmaabch emrncom`us `wmrbal phcats, smv-
mrch ̀ f weboe crm ba fcot ̀ ftma gcrdmtmk cak lr`wa cs
`racgmatch phcats. _`gm `f tem spmobms `f phcats wm
lr`w o`uhk mvma nm te`ulet `f cs ‘or`ss`vmr‗ phcats,
gmcabal temy o`uhk nm o`asbkmrmk n`te f``k cak
gmkbobam. Ebpp`orctms wcs kmffiabtmhy `a t` s`gmtebal
wema em fcg`ushy scbk, ‘Hmt f``k nm tey gmkbobam
cak gmkbobam nm tey f``k.‗ Lcrhbo bs pr`ncnhy tem
g`st `nvb`us or`ss`vmr phcat, nut temrm crm `temrs,
baohukbal nurk`od r``t, kcakmhb`a lrmmas, stbalbal
amtthms, cak gcay, gcay g`rm, baohukbal g`st `f tem
o`gg`a ouhbacry emrns, weboe smrvm kuch purp`sms.
\ebhm temrm crm s`gm sbgbhcrbtbms nmtwmma vmlmtc-nhm fcrgs cak gmkbobach emrn fcrgs, tem kbffmrmaoms
crm augmr`us. \emrmcs vmlmtcnhm fcrgs crm prbgcrbhy
lr`wbal caauch or`ps ecrvmstmk frmse cak nr`ulet
t` gcrdmt rcpbkhy nmf`rm temy sp`bh, gmkbobach emrn
fcrgs crm lr`wbal g`sthy pmrmaabch or`ps, s`gm `f
weboe ammk termm `r g`rm ymcrs `f lr`wte nmf`rm
temy crm ecrvmstmk. \ebhm s`gm emrns crm gcrdmtmk
frmse, tem gcj`rbty `f tem emrns pr`kuomk f`r tem
nuhd gmkbobach emrn gcrdmt crm kmeykrctmk cak pr`-
omssmk nmf`rm schm. [emrm crm gcay g`rm kbffmrmaoms
nmtwmma gmkbobach emrn fcrgs cak `temr g`rm o`g-g`a clrbouhturch matmrprbsms, weboe wm wbhh kbsouss
ba hctmr oecptmrs.
\ebhm sgchh o`gpcrmk t` gcay fcrgs, s`gmtbgms
`ur fcrg fmmhs ma`rg`us t` Gmhcabm cak gm cak `ur
gcba ormw `f ffivm mgph`ymms cs wm try t` gcaclm
bts guhtbphm o`gp`amats, `ftmatbgms sbguhtcam`ushy.
Z\EF bs c l``k mxcgphm `f c kbvmrsm, sgchh t`
gbksochm omrtbffimk-`rlcabo gmkbobach emrn fcrg. \m
ourrmathy ̀ wa tma corms ̀ f hcak, cak omatrchhy h`octmk
wbteba tebs tma-corm trcot `f or`phcak cak w``khcak
crm `ur e`gm, brrblctb`a p`ak, cak vcrb`us fcrg
nubhkbals (weboe wm wbhh kbsouss ba oecptmr ;). Ba
ckkbtb`a t` tem tma corms `f hcak tect wm `wa, wm
chs` hmcsm fr`g tw` amblen`rs ca ckkbtb`ach twmaty
corms. @ut `f temsm tebrty corms tect wm mbtemr `wa
`r hmcsm, `ur t`tch or`p pr`kuotb`a ecs vcrbmk ba sbzm
fr`g `am corm `f or`ps ba 3222 (tem ymcr wm stcrtmk
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5 [em @rlcabo Gmkbobach Emrn Fcrgmr
tem phcats cak trmms tect crm tem ffirst t` `ooupy tem
aboem hmft `pma cftmr tem o`ws ocgm e`gm `am hcst
tbgm. [em nrcgnhms wmrm ffirst, tembr tmacob`us te`ras
mstcnhbsebal c acturch ncrnmk-wbrm fmaom t` pr`tmot
tem amw rmsbkmats `f tebs pbmom `f mcrte. Lr`wbal
ba cak cg`al tem w``ky nrcgnhms crm c k`zma `r
g`rm spmobms `f emrncom`us phcats, fualb, lrcssms,
fmras, cak hmlugms. [em trmms crm stcrtbal t` stcak up
pr`uk ba tem gmck`w. A`w wm smm wect ca cgczbal
j`n tem nbrks, kmmr, cak `temr wbalmk cak f`ur-hmllmk
ormcturms ecvm k`am ba ‘smmkbal‗ tebs gmck`w. \bhk
cpphm, ecwte`ra, pbam, pba oemrry, qucdbal cspma
trmms, cak `temr amwo`gmrs crm mstcnhbsebal tem
f`uakctb`a f`r wect wbhh mvmatuchhy nmo`gm ffirst
ca crn`rmch s`ftw``k f`rmst. \ema temsm se`rt-
hbvmk s`ftw``ks kbm `ff cak tembr kmocybal n`kbms
masurm ffiacaobch cs wmhh cs spbrbtuch lcbas webhm w`rd-
bal ba pcrtamrsebp wbte tem acturm tect surr`uaks us.
Kbvmrsbty: [em Nmamffits `fY`hyouhturm cak Ymrmaabch Or`ps
Kmspbtm augmr`us oechhmalms, temrm crm gcay wcys
lr`wmrs oca ffiak suoomss w`rdbal wbte emchbal phcats.
\ema wm h``d ct tem wcy temsm phcats lr`w acturchhy,
uacssbstmk ny eugcas, wm smm baormkbnhm kbvmrsbty ba
tem hcaksocpm. Ba tem eble gmck`w `a tem ebhh cn`vm
`ur fcrg, f`r mxcgphm, tem hcak ecs nmma fchh`w f`r
ymcrs. [em kcbry fcrg tect prmvb`ushy `ooupbmk tem
hcak bs nut c sdmhmtch rmgacat `f bts f`rgmr smhf, tem
fcrgmr ecvbal s`hk tem hcak f`r c kmvmh`pgmat tect
ecs f`rtuactmhy fcbhmk t` gctmrbchbzm. [em ̀ hk pcsturm
bs nmbal rmohcbgmk ny tem s`-ochhmk ‘pb`ammr spmobms,‗
Fblurm 3-5. G`temrw`rt ba fuhh `wmr cak terbvbal. Ye`t`lrcpe o`urtmsy `f Nmtecay N`ak
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\ey Lr`w Gmkbobach Emrns0 2
kcbry fcrgmr, wbte chh l``k batmatb`as f`r gcdbal c
hbvbal `a tebs ebhhsbkm, rmg`vmk ca baormkbnhy kbvmrsm
w``khcak, rboe wbte fualchhy k`gbacat s`bhs, cak
rmphcomk bt wbte `am sbalhm spmobms: o`ra. [ebs g`a`-
or`p `f o`ra pr`ncnhy ybmhkmk c n`uatbfuh ecrvmst ba
tem babtbch ymcrs, nut mvmatuchhy, a` gcttmr e`w guoe
gcaurm em sprmck `a tem hcak, em a`tbomk ebs ybmhks
kmohbabal fr`g wmmk, kbsmcsm, cak basmot prmssurm.
[ema em turamk t` oemgbochs t` cssbst ebg. [em
oemgbochs w`rdmk wmhh ct ffirst ny fmrtbhbzbal tem s`bh,
dbhhbal basmots cak wmmks, cak rmkuobal kbsmcsms. Nut
mvmatuchhy, temy t`` fcbhmk t` rmtura tem hcak t` bts
eble-ybmhkbal lh`ry kcys.
[em fcrgmr tema rmchbzmk tect tem hcak wcs tbrmk
cak ammkmk c r`tctb`a, s` em phcatmk rmk oh`vmr cak
tbg`tey lrcss t` lrczm tem o`ws ̀ a cak out f`r sbhclm.
Fblurm 3-2. Kbvmrsm w``khcak nmks ̀ f l`hkmasmch, wbhk lbalmr, nh``kr``t, cak gcycpphm. Ye`t`lrcpe o`urtmsy `f Nmtecay N`ak
o`atrbnutm t` tem eugus hcymr, tem ecrkw``ks, suoe
cs sulcr gcphm, Cgmrboca nmmoe, cak ymhh`w nbroe
wbhh k`gbactm cak mvmatuchhy lr`w t` c gclabffiomat
ohbgcx f`rmst. ]akmramcte chh `f tebs, wm smm tem teba
hcymr `f eugus just stcrtbal t` f`rg. Amxt, wm o`gm
bat` tem t`ps`bh, weboe bs just stcrtbal t` rmlcba tem
kmhboctm nb`h`lboch nchcaom bt eck nmf`rm bt wcs kbs-
turnmk. Bt bs phcybal e`st t` c terbvbal o`gguabty `f
fualb, ncotmrbc, pr`t`z`c, cak bavmrtmnrctms. [em s`bh
bs teba up emrm `a tebs ecrksorcnnhm Vmrg`at ebhhsbkm,
nut bt wcs guoe tebodmr nmf`rm eugcas ffirst nr`dm
lr`uak cak wbhh, wm e`pm, rmtura clcba s`gmkcy t`
bts f`rgmr lh`ry, nut `ahy bf tem e`usbal kmvmh`pgmat
k`msa‒t gctmrbchbzm.
[em s`bh bs rmhctbvmhy teba ba tebs ffimhk, a`t `ahy
nmocusm `f tem ecrse h`octb`a nut chs` nmocusm tem
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39 [em @rlcabo Gmkbobach Emrn Fcrgmr
H`wmr Ymst cak Kbsmcsm _usomptbnbhbty
Bf y`u csd g`st fcrgmrs t` acgm tem nbllmst oech-
hmalms ba lr`wbal tembr or`ps pr`ffitcnhy, temy crm
chg`st omrtcba t` hbst pmst cak kbsmcsm bssums. [emrm
crm rmcs`as temsm oechhmalms crm s` o`gg`a `a
fcrgs cak ba lcrkmas. Bastmck `f eurhbal wrctefuh
oursms cak oemgbochs ct temsm ouhprbts, pmrecps wm
se`uhk stmp ncod cak tcdm c h``d ba tem pr`vmrnbch
gbrr`r. Vbrtuchhy chh spmobms `f f``k, ffinmr, cak fumh
phcats tect crm lr`wa cak usmk t`kcy ocgm t` us
fr`g phcat nrmmkbal. [emsm phcats ecvm nmma or`ss-
nrmk ny eugcas f`r te`uscaks `f ymcrs t` pr`kuom
amw vcrbmtbms wbte kmsbrcnhm trcbts cak oecrcotmrbs-
tbos. F`r mxcgphm, c cv`rfuh cak kbsmcsm-rmsbstcat
nut rmhctbvmhy h`w-ybmhkbal t`gct` bs or`ssmk wbte
c nhcak-tcstbal, eble-ybmhkbal t`gct`, wbte tem makl`ch nmbal t` bgpr`vm up`a tem cv`r, ybmhk, cak
kbsmcsm rmsbstcaom `f c sbalhm vcrbmty. @temr spmobms
`f phcats crm lmamtbochhy g`kbffimk ny ckkbal spmobffio
lmams bat` c phcat ba ca cttmgpt t` ‘bgpr`vm‗ bt.
Yhcat nrmmkbal ecs omrtcbahy emhk ca bgp`rtcat
r`hm ba bgpr`vbal phcats t` oh`tem, fumh, fmmk, cak
semhtmr us, nut bt ecs o`gm ct c o`st. \emtemr bt
nm ter`ule ohcssboch nrmmkbal `r lmamtbo g`kbffi-
octb`a, gcay `f tem vcrbmtbms `f phcats tect ecvm
mgmrlmk fr`g tebs tmoea`h`ly ecvm suffmrmk fr`g
wmcdamssms suoe cs pmst- cak kbsmcsm-kcgclm sus-omptbnbhbty cak p`ssbnhy mvma kmohbabal autrbtb`ach
vchum. C stuky punhbsemk ba tem J`urach `f tem
Cgmrboca O`hhmlm `f Autrbtb`a ba >99;, matbthmk
‘Oecalms ba ]_KC F``k O`gp`sbtb`a Kctc f`r
;? Lcrkma Or`ps, 32=9 t` 3222,‗ o`gpcrmk autrb-
tb`ach cachysms `f vmlmtcnhms k`am ba 32=9 cak ba
3222, cak f`uak sunstcatbch kmormcsms ba sbx `f
tebrtmma autrbmats gmcsurmk, baohukbal 6 pmromat `f
pr`tmba cak ?5 pmromat `f rbn`cvba. ^mkuotb`as ba
ochobug, pe`spe`rus, br`a, cak cso`rnbo cobk wmrm
chs` f`uak. [em stuky, o`akuotmk ct tem Nb`oemg-
boch Bastbtutm `f tem ]abvmrsbty `f [mxcs ct Custba,
o`aohukmk ba suggcry: ‘\m sullmst tect cay rmch
kmohbams crm lmamrchhy g`st mcsbhy mxphcbamk ny
oecalms ba ouhtbvctmk vcrbmtbms nmtwmma 32=9 cak
3222, ba weboe temrm gcy nm trckm-`ffs nmtwmma
ybmhk cak autrbmat o`atmat.‗=
Em gcy `r gcy a`t ecvm da`wa tect rmk oh`vmr bs c
hmlugm tect tcdms abtr`lma `ut `f tem cbr cak emhps
tura bt bat` frmm fmrtbhbzmr vbc c sygnb`tbo rmhctb`asebp
ba bts r``ts nmtwmma ncotmrbc, abtr`lma, cak `xylma.
Em pr`ncnhy kbk a`tbom, e`wmvmr, cftmr c ymcr `r tw`
`f lr`wbal ch`al wbte smcs`ach gcaurm cpphboctb`a,
tect tem gbxmk f`rclm or`p em phcatmk t` rmphcom tem
o`ra wcs emchtey, pr`kuotbvm, cak frmm ̀ f pmst cak kbs-
mcsm pr`nhmgs. [ebs wcs c stcrt ba tem rblet kbrmotb`a.
Kbvmrsbty bs `am `f tem g`st bgp`rtcat fcot`rs ba
c emchtey mo`systmg. Ct Z\EF wm lr`w g`rm teca
ffifty kbffmrmat spmobms `f gmkbobach emrns. Chte`ule
wm phcat g`st `f temsm spmobms smpcrctmhy t` mcsm ba
ouhtbvctb`a cak ecrvmst, temrm bs stbhh ca baormkbnhm
cg`uat `f kbvmrsbty wbteba sgchh trcots `f hcak. \m
phcat nmks wbte guhtbphm r`ws `f phcats, cak wbtebatemsm nmks, wema p`ssbnhm, wm phcat smvmrch kbffmrmat
spmobms sbkm ny sbkm t` cttmgpt t` gcbatcba tem mo`-
h`lboch nchcaom cak kbvmrsbty tect wm f`uak emrm `a
tebs hcak nmf`rm wm fcrgmk bt.
\m chs` mgph`y pmrgcouhturm gmte`ks wemamvmr
p`ssbnhm ny lr`wbal prbgcrbhy pmrmaabch or`ps. C
vcst gcj`rbty `f tem gmkbobach emrn spmobms o`g-
g`ahy lr`wa cak usmk t`kcy crm pmrmaabchs. [ebs
lbvms emrn fcrgmrs c lrmct nmamffit ba o`gpcrbs`a t`
gcay ̀ temr o`ggmrobch or`ps suoe cs vmlmtcnhms cak
lrcbas tect ammk t` nm rmphcatmk mcoe ymcr. Emrm `a`ur fcrg wm lmamrchhy lmt termm t` ffivm smcs`as `r
g`rm `f lr`wte cak ecrvmst fr`g temsm pmrmaabch
or`ps nmf`rm tem phcats‒ vbl`r wcams, tem wmmk prms-
surm nubhks, cak tem phcats ‘se`w us‗ tect temy crm
lmttbal tbrmk. Cftmr wm tbhh tem `hk nmks ba, wm `ftma
rmphcom temg wbte ‘lrmma gcaurms‗ `r o`vmr or`ps
o`asbstbal ̀ f c abtr`lma-ffixbal hmlugm o`gnbamk wbte
c nb`gcss-pr`kuobal caauch. \m chs` cpphy o`gp`st
cak gbamrch p`wkmrs ct phcatbal tbgm cak cs ammkmk
t` fmmk `ur s`bh. [ebs smgbpmrgcamat systmg rmkuoms
hcn`r cak gctmrbchs o`sts krcgctbochhy cak chh`ws
tem s`bh t` gcbatcba c emchtey, stctbo nchcaom rctemr
teca nmbal tbhhmk mvmry ymcr. [ebs bs p`hyouhturm, a`t
g`a`ouhturm. \m crm sbgphy cttmgptbal t` bgbtctm
acturm `a c sgchhmr sochm, cak ba s` k`bal, wm crm
gcbatcbabal tem nchcaom `f c emchtey cak kbvmrsm
mo`systmg webhm sbguhtcam`ushy gcxbgbzbal pr`ffits.
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\ey Lr`w Gmkbobach Emrns0 33
tem fcrgmr‒s emchte, cs wmhh cs tem emchte `f nmamffiobch
p`hhbactbal cak prmkct`ry basmots cak tem surr`uak-
bal mavbr`agmat. [em rmcs`as f`r h`wmr basmot cakkbsmcsm prmssurm `a p`hyouhturch emrn fcrgs crm rmhc-
tbvmhy sbgphm: kbvmrsbffioctb`a, te`uletfuh phcatbal `f
basmotcrbms, cak lr`wbal `f ‘wbhk‗ phcat spmobms. [ebs
chh ckks up t` c emchtebmr, g`rm pr`ffitcnhm matmrprbsm.
Bt chh`ws us t` f`ous ̀ a lr`wbal emchtey phcats webhm
gcbatcbabal kbvmrsbty ba `ur hcaksocpm. Bt bs c wba-
wba sbtuctb`a f`r tem eugcas, tem phcats, cak tem
basmots cak `temr ormcturms tect kwmhh `a tebs hcak
cak bts cbr cak wctmr.
Kmeykrctb`a ^mkuoms YmrbsecnbhbtyYmrbsecnbhbty bs ca`temr oechhmalm tect gcay ‘o`avma-
tb`ach‗ fcrgmrs fcom. \emtemr bt nm gbhd, vmlmtcnhms,
`wmrs, frubt, gmct, `r mvma s`gm lrcbas, bt `ftma
o`gms k`wa t` c rcom clcbast tbgm t` lmt tem f``k
bat` oust`gmrs‒ dbtoemas nmf`rm tem ncotmrbc cak
fualb o`gm ba cak sp`bh tem pcrty.
Eble pmst cak kbsmcsm susomptbnbhbty crm `ftma tem
ncam `f tem o`gg`kbty cak vmllbm fcrgmr nut f`r-
tuactmhy rcrmhy oechhmalm tem gmkbobach emrn fcrgmr
we` mgph`ys p`hyouhturch gmte`ks. @vmr 29 pmromat
`f tem phcats o`gg`ahy usmk f`r gmkbobach purp`sms
crm ouhtbvctmk, k`gmstboctmk vmrsb`as `f wbhk phcats.
[emsm k`gmstboctmk phcats crm stbhh rmhctbvmhy bakbs-
tbalubsecnhm fr`g tembr wbhk o`uatmrpcrts. E`wmvmr,
`ftmatbgms, ter`ule wect bs da`wa cs smhmotb`a, temsm
spmobms `f phcats ecvm nmma ‘bgpr`vmk‗ up`a. _mhmo-
tb`a oca nm acturch ̀ r uaacturch. Ca mxomhhmat mxcgphm
`f acturch smhmotb`a bs tem [bnmtca _a`w H`tus. ‘[em
emblet `f tebs phcat ct `wmrbal ecs amcrhy echvmk
`vmr tem pcst omatury cs c rmsuht `f tem `wmrs nmbal
pbodmk f`r usm ba trckbtb`ach [bnmtca gmkbobam.‗6 [ebs
oecalm, chte`ule ocsmk ny eugcas, wcs a`t purp`sm-fuh cak bs temrmf`rm rmfmrrmk t` cs acturch smhmotb`a. C
l``k mxcgphm `f uaacturch smhmotb`a (chs` da`wa cs
smhmotbvm nrmmkbal) bs f`uak ba tem p`puhcr gmkbobach
emrn Lmrgca oecg`gbhm. _mmk lr`wmrs mstcnhbsemk
amw vcrbmtbms ̀ f tebs emrn, ocrmfuhhy smhmotmk t` pr`kuom
smmks tect lr`w phcats ct c uabf`rg emblet t` chh`w
f`r mcsm ba gmoecabzmk ecrvmstbal. Chte`ule temsm amw
vcrbmtbms ̀ f oecg`gbhm crm o`asbkmrmk ca bgpr`vmgmat
nmocusm `f tem stcakcrkbzmk lr`wte, temy crm stbhh vbr-
tuchhy tem scgm spmobms cs tem ̀ rblbach wbhk oecg`gbhm.
F`rtuactmhy f`r gmkbobach emrn lr`wmrs, chg`st chh`f tem phcats wm ouhtbvctm ecvm nmma chtmrmk hbtthm, bf ct
chh, fr`g tembr wbhk caomst`rs, cak cs c rmsuht tem baob-
kmaom ̀ f pmsts cak kbsmcsm pr`nhmgs bs rmhctbvmhy h`w.
[emsm phcats ecvm mv`hvmk `vmr tmas `f te`uscaks `f
ymcrs t` nm acturchhy rmsbstcat t` temsm termcts. Ba
fcot, gcay `f tem gmkbobachs wm lr`w, suoe cs ycr-
r`w (Coebhhmc gbhhmf`hbug), vchmrbca (Vchmrbcac
`fffiobachbs), cak calmhboc (Calmhboc `fffiobachbs) crm
da`wa cs ‘basmotcrbms,‗ phcats tect cttrcot nmamffiobch
prmkct`ry basmots tect pcrcsbtbzm cak prmy `a gchmv-
`hmat basmots. [eus, temy crm baormkbnhy mffmotbvm ct
gcbatcbabal tem nchcaom ̀ f nmamffiobch cak p`tmatbchhy
ecrgfuh basmots ba tem hcaksocpm, fcrg, cak lcrkma.
\m smm vmry hbtthm kbsmcsm `r bajurb`us basmot prms-
surm `a `ur fcrg4 temrmf`rm, wm k`a‒t ammk t` rmhy
`a pmstbobkms `r fualbobkms. [emsm trmctgmats oca nm
o`sthy, a`t ̀ ahy t` tem fcrgmr‒s n`tt`g hbam nut chs` t`
Fblurm 3-39. Oh`sm-up `f calmhboc nh`ss`gs. [ebs bs ca
mxomhhmat basmotcry.
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8/9/2019 The Organic Medicinal Herb Farmer: Ch 1 - Why Grow Medicinal Herbs?
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3> [em @rlcabo Gmkbobach Emrn Fcrgmr
Ca`temr nmamffit t` kmeykrctb`a bs tem cg`uat `f
wctmr wmblet tect bs rmg`vmk fr`g tem pr`kuot, scv-
bal `a peysboch hcn`r, sebppbal o`sts, cak s`rm ncods.
[em _cvvy O`asugmr
[em typboch emrnch pr`kuot o`asugmr bs rmhctbvmhy
wmhh-mkuoctmk cak da`whmklmcnhm cn`ut usms f`r
spmobffio emrns cak bs g`st hbdmhy g`rm o`aomramk
cn`ut eble quchbty teca cn`ut cff`rkcnbhbty wema bt
o`gms t` puroecsbal nuhd emrns `r emrnch pr`kuots.
Ba lmamrch, temsm mkuoctmk o`asugmrs wcat tembr
pr`kuots t` nm frmm fr`g ecrgfuh oemgbochs, omrtbffimk
`rlcabo wema cvcbhcnhm, cak s`uromk cs h`ochhy cs
p`ssbnhm. [emy wcat t` ecvm c rmhctb`asebp wbte tem
o`gpcay `r fcrg temy crm supp`rtbal. Emrnch pr`k-
uot rmtcbhmrs crm `ftma vmry da`whmklmcnhm cn`uttem pr`kuots temy smhh cak phcy ca bgp`rtcat r`hm
ba lubkbal o`asugmr oe`boms. ‘[em acturch oecaamh
ecs chwcys nmma g`rm mkuoctb`ach cak gbssb`acry
ba bts schms cppr`coe,‗ coo`rkbal t` Gcrd Nhugma-
tech, f`uakmr cak mxmoutbvm kbrmot`r ̀ f tem Cgmrboca
N`tcaboch O`uaobh (CNO). ‘C h`t `f rmtcbhmrs ecvm
tchdmk cn`ut tebs, tect temy crm cotbal hbdm autrb-
tb`absts f`r tembr oust`gmrs.‗
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8/9/2019 The Organic Medicinal Herb Farmer: Ch 1 - Why Grow Medicinal Herbs?
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\ey Lr`w Gmkbobach Emrns0 3?
]pt`a, prmsbkmat, Cgmrboca Emrnch Yecrgco`p`mbc
(CEY), _o`tts Vchhmy, Ochbf`rabc. ‘Ba `temr w`rks,
balrmkbmats tect usmk t` rmckbhy pcss gcaufcoturmr
spmobffioctb`as crm a`w fcbhbal wema pr`pmr bkmatbty
cak quchbty tmsts crm cpphbmk.‗5
\ebhm temsm amw rmluhctb`as crm caytebal nut
c pcacomc f`r tem emrnch pr`kuot gcaufcoturmr,
temy gcy nmamffit tem emrn fcrgmr ba c smo`ak wcy
ny emhpbal t` rmst`rm o`asugmr o`affikmaom ba tem
emrnch gcrdmtphcom4 o`asugmrs wbhh baormcsbalhy
trust tect temy crm lmttbal wect temy pcy f`r cak
tect bt wbhh nm p`tmatbchhy nmamffiobch t` tembr emchte,
a`t ecrgfuh. [ebs oca emhp t` pcvm tem wcy f`r
suoomss ba ca bakustry wemrm f`rgbal rmhctb`asebps
cak trust wbte oust`gmrs lmamrchhy pcys kbvbkmaks
ter`ule nrcak h`ychty.
Yr`ffitcnbhbty cak Gcrdmts
Cs wbte g`st or`ps lr`wa f`r tem gcrdmtphcom, tem
rmhctb`asebp nmtwmma supphy cak kmgcak bs `am `f
tem prbgcry fcot`rs ba kmtmrgbabal pr`ffitcnbhbty. \m
ecvm smma wect tem o`asmqumaoms oca nm wema tem
hctmst, lrmctmst emrn ebts tem gcrdmt. Kmgcak s`crs,
cak lr`wmrs jugp `a tem ncakwcl`a t` try t` lmt
ba `a tem cotb`a. Yhcatbal hcrlm cormclms coo`rkbal
t` gcrdmt eypm oca nm c rmobpm f`r kbscstmr nmocusm
`f tem eble pr`ncnbhbty `f tem gcrdmt‒s nmbal``kmk ny ̀ temr hbdm-gbakmk zmch`ts. Lr`wmrs we`
cttmgpt t` ‘rmck tem tmc hmcvms‗ cak phcat hcrlm
cormclms purmhy coo`rkbal t` spmouhctb`a chs` k` s`
ct c sblabffiocat rbsd.
[em gcrdmt f`r rcw nuhd n`tcabochs bs a`w, cak
pr`ncnhy chwcys wbhh nm, v`hctbhm. \ema pm`phm csd
us e`w wm oca cff`rk t` k` nusbamss ba suoe c v`hctbhm
gcrdmtphcom, wm tmhh temg, ‘\m try t` lr`w f`r schms
bastmck `f spmouhctb`a, cak wm kbvmrsbfy.‗ Ct Z\EF
wm lr`w `vmr ffifty kbffmrmat spmobms `f gmkbobachs,
bastmck `f `ahy f`ousbal `a tem `ams tect gcy smmg,
ct ffirst lhcaom, t` nm tem g`st p`puhcr. Rms, temrm bs
omrtcbahy spmouhctb`a bav`hvmk ba lumssbal e`w guoe
`f wect t` lr`w, nut gcdbal ‘mkuoctmk‗ lumssms ecs
nmma tem dmy t` `ur suoomss. Chg`st mvmry smmk wm
phcat ba tem sprbal `f c lbvma ymcr bs phcatmk coo`rk-
bal t` wect wm crm chrmcky ba o`atrcot t` pr`vbkm `a
F`r ymcrs wm ecvm trustmk tem emrnch pr`kuots
bakustry t` pr`vbkm us wbte scfm emrnch pr`kuots. \m
amvmr rmchhy eck guoe rmcs`a t` k`unt tect wect
wcs stctmk `a tem pr`kuot hcnmh wcs coourctm cak
tect wect wcs ba tem n`tthm wcs scfm cak mffmotbvm.
[ebs t`` oecalmk krcgctbochhy cs mxcgphms `f ckuh-
tmrctb`a `f balrmkbmats usmk ba emrnch pr`kuots ecvm
o`gm t` hblet.
Ba rmsp`asm t` pr`kuot ckuhtmrctb`a cak gcay
`temr o`aomras, ba 322; tem fmkmrch l`vmragmat bab-
tbctmk tem Kbmtcry _upphmgmat Emchte cak Mkuoctb`a
Cot, ̀ r K_EMC. [ebs cot kmffiams kbmtcry supphmgmats
(baohukbal emrnch pr`kuots) cs f``k, a`t kruls. [ebs
scvms gcaufcoturmrs fr`g ecvbal t` wmctemr tem
FKC‒s krul cppr`vch pr`omss tect oca o`st gcay
gbhhb`as `f k`hhcrs f`r c sbalhm pr`kuot cppr`vch.E`wmvmr, tebs pr`omss ecs nmma oechhmalbal f`r sgchh
emrnch pr`kuot gcaufcoturmrs, we` crm fcobal tem
eble o`sts css`obctmk wbte nmo`gbal o`gphbcat.
K_EMC gcakctms tect supphmgmat gcaufcoturmrs
f`hh`w L``k Gcaufcoturbal Yrcotboms (LGYs), cs
mstcnhbsemk ny tem FKC. Ca`temr rmqubrmgmat bs tect
pr`kuot hcnmhs nm ‘trutefuh cak a`t gbshmckbal‗ cak
stctm tem acgm cak qucatbty `f chh cotbvm balrmkbmats.
\ebhm gcay o`gpcabms wmrm k`bal tebs h`al
nmf`rm K_EMC cak LGYs, a`t chh wmrm, cak tect wcs
`ftma pr`nhmgctbo. _`gm ba tem bakustry wmrm g`rmf`ousmk ̀ a pr`ffit teca quchbty cak scfmty. O`asugmrs
`ftma hcodmk o`affikmaom tect tem pr`kuots temy wmrm
nuybal wmrm pr`kuomk wbte eble-quchbty n`tcabochs
cak wmrm mfffiocob`us. [em K_EMC, cak spmobffiochhy
tem LGYs, rcpbkhy oecalmk tem wcy emrnch pr`kuot
gcaufcoturmrs k` nusbamss. [ebs gcy cotuchhy nmamffit
tem emrn fcrgmr ba tw` wcys. Fbrst, bt o`uhk emhp t`
`pma p`ssbnhm gcrdmts tect wmrm a`t temrm nmf`rm.
O`gpcabms wbhh ammk t` h``d f`r lr`wmrs tect oca
gmmt temsm amw stcakcrks. [em amw rmluhctb`as phcom
strbot lubkmhbams `a pr`kuomrs t` tmst tem purbty,
bkmatbty, cak scfmty `f balrmkbmats o`atcbamk ba tembr
pr`kuots cak t` pr`vbkm coourctm k`ougmatctb`a `f
temsm tmsts. ‘\bte LGYs ba fuhh f`rom smvmrch o`gpc-
abms crm rmchbzbal tect tem supphy oecba ecs seruad
krcgctbochhy kum t` balrmkbmats tect ocaa`t pcss tem
bkmatbty cak quchbty LGY rmqubrmgmats,‗ scys ^`y
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3; [em @rlcabo Gmkbobach Emrn Fcrgmr
emrnch pr`kuot rmtcbhmrs. [ebs bs wemrm wm kmch ba tem
we`hmschm rmchg ny lr`wbal hcrlmr qucatbtbms ̀ f nuhd
emrns f`r hcrlmr o`gpcabms, weboe wm usuchhy smhh ct
c kbso`uatmk prbom ncsmk `a v`hugm. [emrm bs chg`st
a` spmouhctb`a ba lr`wbal f`r we`hmschm coo`uats
nmocusm chg`st chh ̀ f temsm schms crm o`atrcotmk f`r ct
tem nmlbaabal `f c lbvma lr`wbal smcs`a. [em gcss
gcrdmt gcdms up tem nuhd `f `ur lr`ss schms, cak
tem eblemr schms v`hugm emhps t` `ffsmt h`wmr pr`ffit
gcrlbas. Bt bs oruobch tect wm dmmp `ur o`sts `f pr`-
kuotb`a t` c gbabgug ba tebs gcrdmt nmocusm `f tem
tebaamr gcrlbas nmtwmma pr`ffit cak h`ss.
[em aboem gcrdmt sbkm `f `ur `pmrctb`a bs wemrm
tem pr`ffit gcrlbas crm lmamrchhy eblemr nut v`hugm
bs lmamrchhy h`wmr. Emrm bs wemrm wm ecvm t` gcdm
mkuoctmk lumssms cs t` e`w guoe `f weboe spmobmst` lr`w. [emsm crm prbgcrbhy gcbh-`rkmr, tmhmpe`am,
Batmramt, cak `temr kbrmot-rmtcbh schms t` bakbvbkuchs
`f krbmk cak frmse emrns cak vchum-ckkmk pr`kuots
suoe cs emrnch tmcs cak hbvm phcats. [ebs bs wemrm wm
makmcv`r t` baormcsm schms v`hugm cak t` coebmvm
eblemr pr`ffit gcrlbas. C vcst gcj`rbty `f tem aboem
gcrdmt oust`gmrs wm smhh t` hbvm wbteba c euakrmk
gbhms `f `ur fcrg. [ebs bs nmamffiobch `a s` gcay
hmvmhs t` us, `ur oust`gmrs, cak tem mcrte cak bts
acturch rms`uroms.
F`rtuactmhy tem gmkbobach emrn bakustry bsourrmathy mxpmrbmaobal str`al lr`wte. Ba >939
tem n`tcaboch cak acturch balrmkbmat mxp`rt trckm
rmcoemk cppr`xbgctmhy $?? nbhhb`a, coo`rkbal t`
tem Gcrdmt Amws _mrvbom (GA_) ‘Gmkbobach Yhcat
cak Mxtrcots‗ rmp`rt, punhbsemk ba tem GA_ Kmomg-
nmr >933 nuhhmtba.2 Ny >93= tem batmractb`ach emrn
supphmgmat cak rmgmkbms gcrdmt bs mxpmotmk t`
rmcoe $2? nbhhb`a, coo`rkbal t` c rmp`rt ny _ca J`sm,
Ochbf`rabc‟ncsmk Lh`nch Bakustry Cachysts, Bao.39
Ba >933/>93> k`hhcr schms baormcsmk cppr`xb-
gctmhy 5 pmromat f`r emrnch f`rguhcs, 2 pmromat f`r
tmcs, cak 3? pmromat f`r emrnch sbalhms cak `wmr
mssmaoms, coo`rkbal t` _YBA_soca kctc, f`r tem =>
wmmds makbal Gcroe 393>. [em tma t`p-smhhbal
pr`kuots ckkrmssmk bacggctb`a, pr`stctm emchte,
bgguabty, ckrmach supp`rt, kmt`x, strmss rmhbmf, shmmp,
cak hbnbk`.33Fblurm 3-3>. Ecaace ncllbal emrns f`r gcbh ̀ rkmrs.
Ye`t`lrcpe o`urtmsy `f Dctm Ohmcrhblet.
tem we`hmschm mak `r bs ncsmk `a ocrmfuh cachysbs `f
pr`jmotmk schms `a tem rmtcbh mak. Mvmry ymcr wm oca
o`uat `a ct hmcst `am or`p fcbhurm `r kmch nrmcdmr, nut
wbte s` gcay spmobms ba tem r`tctb`a wm emklm `ur
nmts clcbast tem bamvbtcnhms cak uaf`rmsmmas.
Gcss vmrsus Aboem Gcrdmt
\m hbdm t` rmfmr t` tem gmkbobachs gcrdmt ba tmrgs
`f tem gcss gcrdmt cak tem aboem gcrdmt . [em gcss
gcrdmt bs tem hcrlmr-sochm sbkm `f tem bakustry, weboe
o`asbsts prbgcrbhy `f eble-v`hugm nuhd emrn cak
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\ey Lr`w Gmkbobach Emrns0 3=
mstcnhbse s`hbk gcrdmts nmf`rm o`ggbttbal t` hcrlm
phcatbals. [emy se`uhk h``d t`wcrk lr`wbal emrns
wbte h`al-tmrg fcv`rcnbhbty ba tem emrnch gcrdmtphcom
webhm strbvbal t` kbvmrsbfy cak baa`vctm wbte amw
gcrdmts, amw spmobms `f batmrmst, cak vchum-ckkmk
pr`kuots. _` webhm wm sbguhtcam`ushy kbsouss tem rbsds
`f gcrdmt v`hctbhbty ch`al wbte tem pr`gbsm ̀ f stmcky
lr`wte ba tem emrn bakustry, hmt‒s ckkrmss s`gm bgp`rt-
cat o`asbkmrctb`as gmkbobach emrn fcrgmrs se`uhk tcdm
bat` coo`uat nmf`rm vmaturbal bat` tem lrmct uada`wa.
@f tem nurlm`abal emchte-gbakmk ]._. p`puhc-
tb`a, >? pmromat usm n`tcabochs, coo`rkbal t` c rmomat
survmy o`ggbssb`amk ny tem O`uaobh f`r ^msp`asbnhm
Autrbtb`a (O^A), \csebalt`a, K.O. [emsm stctbstbos
cak ̀ temrs se`w tect tem gmkbobach emrn gcrdmt, cs c
we`hm, bs str`al. [em ‘gust-ecvm emrn `f tem g`ate‗
gcy oecalm, nut ̀ vmrchh temrm bs c s`hbk f`uakctb`a ̀ f
kmgcak f`r temsm pr`kuots emrm ba tem ]abtmk _tctms
`a weboe t` nubhk c gmkbobach fcrgbal bakustry. \m
w`uhk ckvbsm lr`wmrs amw t` tem emrnch bakustry t`
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Fblurm >-3. C lh`rb`us ffimhk ̀ f Moebacomc purpurmc ct Z\EF.