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The Neurobiology of
Trauma and Approaches
for Healing
Presenter: Ryan C. Van Wyk, PsyD, LP
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OBJECTIVES
• Attendees will understand the
neurobiology of trauma
• Attendees will understand the importance
of identifying and treating trauma related
symptoms
• Attendees will be identify approaches to
treating PTSD and helping people heal
from trauma
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SAMHSA Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative Definition
Trauma results from an event, series of events, or set of circumstances that is
experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or threatening and that has lasting adverse effects on
the individual’s functioning and physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being.
“
”
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DEFINING TRAUMA …
• A wide array of experiences can be
experienced as traumatic
• {Potentially Traumatic Event}
• It is the intersection of the event and the
person’s capacity to integrate (internal
and external resources) their experience
that results in a lingering trauma
response
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DEFINING TRAUMA …
• Considerations:
• Acute vs. Chronic
• Degree of Intensity
• Resources at the time of event
• Experienced alone or with others
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• Hysteria (Freud, Breuer, and Janet)
• Combat survivors (Nostalgia, Shell Shock) • Thought to be the result of damage to the brain resulting
from explosions
• Treatment focused on rest and physical recovery
• By WWII – understanding had shifted to Combat Stress Reaction (battle fatigue)• This remains a relevant consideration, but is considered a
normative response that diminishes after 72 hours.
• DSM I – Gross Stress Reaction • Expected to resolve after experiences of disaster or
combat
PTSD in Veterans
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• PTSD was not added as a diagnosis until DSM III (1980)
• Understanding broadened as it was observed that civilians who had never experienced combat displayed similar symptoms after traumatic experiences
• Continued research has resulted in a refining of the diagnosis and its symptoms
• Recently reported PTSD lifetime prevalence rates:
• 3.6% of American men and 9.6% of American women
• With DSM V, PTSD has been removed from the Anxiety Disorders Category and placed in its own category – Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
• Recognition that PTSD is not necessarily just an anxiety disorder, it can also present with depression, anger, acting behaviors, dissociation
PTSD in Veterans
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• 5-20 percent of veterans who served in Afghanistan and Iraq meet criteria for PTSD after returning home
• Higher rates in personnel who experienced direct combat (those in brigade or regimental combat teams)
• Lower rates in population samples that include support personnel.
• These figures are comparable to those observed in Vietnam veterans.
PTSD in Veterans
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• Important to see the normalcy of
symptoms as a response to the combat
environment• Hypervigilance as protective in a high threat environment
• Obsessive thinking as proactive in mission planning and
execution
• Emotional numbing in order to sustain a focus on the mission
• Disruptions to sleep cycle and reduced deep wave sleep as
mission normative experiences
PTSD in Veterans
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So What Happens in Trauma??
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICS
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICS
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICS
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICS
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICSThe role of the orbital Prefrontal cortex (OPFC)
• Allows us to register sensations
• Stay attuned to others through non-verbal
communication
• Regulate Emotions and extinguish irrational fear
• Be reflective, to think about and choose the
most appropriate action or reaction
• Have empathy for others and treat them kindly
• Make decisions to act morally and ethically
• Becomes disordered with the experience of
trauma
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICS
We remember trauma less in words and more with our
feelings and our bodies (van der Kolk & Fisler, 1995)
Limbic System registers presence of threat
Thinking brain goes offline
Alert center activates the…
survival system response
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICS
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THE WINDOW OF TOLERANCE
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TRAUMATIC DYSREGUL ATION
• Disrupted Concentration
• Disturbed Executive
Functioning
• Trust
• Shame
• Social Difficulties
• Hyper-alert (orienting)
• Hypervigilance
• Aggressive
• Impulsivity
• Avoidance
• Disrupted Sleep
• Shutting Down
• Overreacting
• Decreased Patience
• Helplessness
• Emotional detachment
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICS
• The role of implicit memory (procedural
learning)
• Knowing without knowing
• Automated response patterns
• Association driven
• Not tagged as from the past (Siegel)
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICS
When we experience trauma, our sensory
system encodes the threat to anticipate
future threats to safety
Our implicit memory system looks for
similarities and familiarities to predict what
is going to happen next
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICS
If a traumatized person encounters this:
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NEUROBIOLOGY BASICS
The traumatized brain may see this:
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Our Level of Resilience
depends upon our capacity
to integrate
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An inability to effectively
integrate traumatic
experiences can result in
PTSD
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Judith Herman, 1992
When neither resistance [fight] nor
escape [flight] is possible, the human
system of self-defense becomes
overwhelmed and disorganized. Each
component of the ordinary response to
danger, having lost its utility, tends to
persist in an altered and exaggerated
way long after the actual danger is
over.
“
”
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What to Look for• Re-enactment (Self-destructive behavior)
• Re-experiencing (Nightmares, flashbacks)
• Hypervigilance – Mistrust, hypersensitivity
• Feeling Unsafe
• Hyper-arousal
• Hypo-arousal
• Avoidance Strategies – Eating Disorders, Substance Use, Self-injury
• Irritability, Depression, Anxiety, Numbness, Anhedonia, Shame, Worthlessness, Hopelessness
• Disrupted sleep, insomnia
• Chronic pain, headaches
• Self-neglect, no awareness of own needs
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T h e P e r v a s i v e E f f e c t s o f T r a u m a
• Our ability to make sense of our environment or experiences is affected and often derailed
• The part of the brain responsible for insight and self-awareness (orbitofrontal cortex) remains more often offline
• Avoidance becomes normative (situations, people, sensations, emotions, thoughts)
• People are affected globally (physical, affective, cognitive, spiritual, relational)
• Our beliefs about self, others, world change
• Body is often experienced as out of control – physical responses are driven by chronic hyperarousal or hypoarousal (dissociation)
• In remembering and re-experiencing, the past is often experienced as more real than the present, chronology is disrupted
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The Challenge of Working
with Veterans• Half of veterans in need of mental health
care still don’t receive services.
• High percentage dropout of treatment
before experiencing benefits.
• Estimated only 20 percent of veterans in
need of care receive adequate mental
health treatment.
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PHASE ORIENTED
• Establish Safety, Stabilize symptoms, improve ability to self-regulate
• Process trauma memories
• Integration
TREATING TRAUMA
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PHASE ORIENTED
• Establish Safety, Stabilize symptoms, improve ability to self-regulate (Present Focused)
• Process trauma memories (Past Focused)
• Integration (Future Focused)
TREATING TRAUMA
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SPECIFIC MODELS
• Seeking Safety
• Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model (TREM)
• Addictions and Trauma Recovery Integrated Model (ATRIUM)
• TRIAD Women’s Group
PRESENT FOCUSED TREATMENT
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Other Approaches that can be helpful
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
• Yoga
• Mindfulness Practices
PRESENT FOCUSED TREATMENT
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van der Kolk
To be safe in the here and
now you have to give
people what they needed in
the there and then.
“
”
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• Psycho-educational
• Normalizing (Avoid Pathologizing symptoms)
• Directive
• Validating
• Attuning
• Collaborative
• Non-Blaming
• Tend to language utilized
• Pacing
TRAUMA INFORMED CARE
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• How to assess?
• How to talk about?
• How to foster safety?
• Environment/Experiences/Interpersonal
• How to keep in treatment?
• How to understand behaviors?
• How to help them understand their behaviors?
• How to maintain compassion?
TRAUMA INFORMED COUNSELING
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van der Kolk, 2004
Words cannot integrate the
disorganized sensations and
action patterns that come
from the core imprint of
trauma.
“
”
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• Talking doesn’t always help
– Trauma is experienced, we have to help them have a different experience (physical, emotional, relational)
– Talking about the experiences can sometimes exacerbate symptoms and traumatic memories
– Be ready to stop the content of conversation if clients become dysregulated
• Undoing the unbearable state of aloneness –Fosha
THE INSUFFICIENCY OF WORDS
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• Procedural Learning – Mindfulness is the key to changing procedurally learned responses
• We make the implicit –> explicit
• We make the explicit -> experiential
• New experiences change the brain
• New pathways
• New response options
UNDOING PROCEDURAL MEMORY
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• 5 Core Organizers (Pat Ogden)
• Cognition
• Emotion
• Five-sense Perception
• Movement
• Inner Body Sensation
• We help clients recognize how experience is organized and what is dissociated
THE ORGANIZ ATION OF EXPERIENCE
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• Directed mindfulness (Ogden)
• Slow down the pace of speech
• Direct attention to five-core organizers
• Make simple observations
• Ask simple, direct questions
• Provide options for describing experience
• Connect/Disconnect five-core organizers
IN THE FACE OF DYSREGUL ATION
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Breathing (Outbreath)
Activate Digestive System
Distraction
Containment
Self-soothing
Grounding
Down-Regulation Strategies
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Focus on movement
Shift towards novelty
Increase blood flow
Mobilization
Engage the body
Temperature
Up-Regulation Strategies
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• Progressive Muscle Relaxation
• Breathing practices
• Body Scan
• Safe place Imagery
• Containment imagery
• Yoga-Calm
SKILL BUILDING
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EMDR
Prolonged Exposure
Cognitive Processing Therapy
Brainspotting
Comprehensive Resource Model
Sensorimotor Psychotherapy
Somatic Experiencing
Accelerated Resolution Therapy
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Narrative Exposure work
PROCESSING TRAUMA
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Neurofeedback/Biofeedback
Yoga
Martial Arts
Body Focused – Dance/Movement Therapy
Experiential therapies – including Equine, Psychodrama
Healing Touch/Body Work
Accupressure/Accupuncture
Tai Chi
Expressive/Factual Writing
OTHER WAYS TO HELP PEOPLE HEAL
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• Moderate Research Support
• Anti-depressants
• SSRIs, Tricyclics, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
• Trazodone for sleep
• Buspirone for Anxiety
• Benzodiazepines (Recent studies by VA are showing poor
outcomes for Benzodiazepines)
• Mood Stabilizers
• Anti-andrenergic Agents
• Propranolol
• Prazosin
Role of Psychopharmacology
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Check out:
www.mntraumaproject .org
for local resources, written resources, and more
information about local opportunities to learn more
about trauma and its treatment
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For Further Questions:
Please E-mail
r yan@mntraumaproject .org
Or
Ryan.vanw yk@nor thmemorial.com
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Thank You