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THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS
PLECOPTERA
(stoneflies)
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From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids +
Hymenoptera
Exopterygota = Hemipteroids + Paleoptera + Orthopteroids
Apterygota = Thysanura + Archaeognatha
Relative Abundance of the Major Insect Divisions
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Neoptera
Plecoptera
PhasmidaOrthoptera
Zoraptera
Blattaria
GrylloblattodeaMantophasmatodea
EmbiodeaDermaptera
MantodeaIsoptera
PsocopteraPhthirapteraThysanopteraHemipteraColeopteraRhaphidiopteraMegalopteraNeuropteraHymenopteraMecopteraSiphonapteraDipteraStrepsiptera
TrichopteraLepidoptera
Polyneoptera
Paraneoptera
Neuropterida
Panorpida?
HEMIMETABOLOUS
HOLOMETABOLOUS
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Plecoptera
PhasmidaOrthoptera
Zoraptera
Blattaria
GrylloblattodeaMantophasmatodea
EmbiodeaDermaptera
MantodeaIsoptera
Plecopterida
Orthopterida
Dictyoptera
Relationships of the Polyneoptera
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Main features of Polyneoptera
1. Chewing mouthparts
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Main features of Polyneoptera
1. Chewing mouthparts
2. Nymph with ocelli
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Main features of Polyneoptera
1. Chewing mouthparts
2. Nymph with ocelli
3. Numerous Malpighian tubules
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Main features of Polyneoptera
1. Chewing mouthparts
2. Nymph with ocelli
3. Numerous Malpighian tubules
4. CNS with abdominal and thoracic ganglia
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Embiodea(=Embioptera)
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea
Mantophasmatodea?
Orthoptera
Plecoptera
Phasmatodea
prognathous head
Aquatic nymphs
Ovipositor lost
Terrestrial nymphs
Silk glands
No silk glands
Cerci modified to forceps
Cerci not modified
Saltatorial hind legs
Hind legs not saltatorial
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Why aren’t stoneflies in the Paleoptera?
Similar wing venation
Similar nymphal forms
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Why aren’t stoneflies in the Paleoptera?
Wing folding
Gill types& location
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Stonefly wings
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Classification of Plecoptera
Order Suborder Superfamily Comment
Plecoptera Anarctoperlaria -southern Hemisphere-very primitive
Arctoperlaria Systellognatha -mandibles of adultatrophied
Euholognatha -mandibles of adultnormal
Systellognatha
Euholognatha
Anarctoperlaria
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Classification of Plecoptera
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Ecological Classification of Plecoptera
1. Winter stoneflies
-emerge in colder months
-nymphs are predaceous
-adults are non-feeding
2. Summer stoneflies
-emerge in warmer months
-nymphs are detritivores
-adults are algae or pollen feeders
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Ecological Classification of Plecoptera
1. Winter stoneflies 2. Summer stoneflies
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Stonefly life cycle
Male drums
Female answer
Mating
Female oviposits in stream
Eggs adhere
Summer stoneflies - anchor
Winter stoneflies - adhesive
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Drumming
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Drumming
http://www.cas.unt.edu/~StoneflyHome/Contents/Chap_12/
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General Evolutionary Trends
Originated in cold flowing water
Euholognatha-feed as adults-diurnal-herbivorous
Systellognatha-warmer slower water-carnivorous (nymphs)-nocturnal
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Plecoptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
>2000
Stoneflies, salmonflies
fast-moving streams -temperate/boreal climates
Adults - hind wings shorter; base of hind wing enlarged and pleated
Pleco - braided, ptera - wing
-Most primitive of Neoptera
Nymphs - Body flattened, Tracheal gills behind the head, at base of legs, or around the anus, two ‘tails’