Download - The Muscular System. or “Everything you ever wanted to know about Muscles, but were afraid to ask”…
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The Muscular System
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or “Everything you ever wanted to know about
Muscles, but were afraid to ask” !!!
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Did you know that ? - more than 50% of body weight
is muscle !
- And muscle is made up of proteins and water
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The Muscular System
• Function: movement • 3 types of muscle
– Skeletal– Cardiac– Smooth
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Info About Muscles
• Only tissue able to contract • create movement by flexing
and extending joints– Flex = bring toward body– Extend = bring away
• Energy converters (many muscle cells contain many mitochondria)
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Drawings of 3 Types of Muscles
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Classification of Muscle
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Big Drawing
description of appearance
location
# of nuclei
method of control
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Three types of muscle
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
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Classification of Muscle
Skeletal- found attached to bones
Cardiac- found in heart
Smooth- Found in internal organs
Striated, multi- nucleated
Striated, 1 nucleus
Not striated, 1 nucleus
voluntary involuntary involuntary
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Characteristics of Muscle
• Muscle cell = muscle fiber (why?)• Contraction due to movement of
microfilaments (protein fibers)• All muscles share some prefixes:
* myo- and mys- refer to “muscle”* sarco- refers to “flesh”
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Shapes of Muscles
• Triangular- shoulder, neck• Spindle- arms, legs• Flat- diaphragm, forehead• Circular- mouth, anus
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Skeletal Muscle
• Most are attached by tendons to bones• Cells have more than one nucleus
(multinucleated)• Striated- have stripes, banding• Voluntary- subject to conscious control• Tendons are mostly made of collagen fibers• Found in the limbs• Produce movement, maintain posture,
generate heat, stabilize joints
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Structure of skeletal muscle
• Each cell (fibre) is long and cylindrical• Muscle fibres are multi-nucleated• Typically 50-60mm in diameter, and up
to 10cm long• The contractile elements of
skeletal muscle cells aremyofibrils
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Skeletal muscle - Summary
• Voluntary movement of skeletal parts
• Spans joints and attached to skeleton
• Multi-nucleated, striated, cylindrical fibres
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Smooth Muscle
• No striations• Spindle shaped• Single nucleus• Involuntary- no conscious control• Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
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Smooth muscle• Lines walls of viscera
• Found in longitudinal or circular arrangement
• Alternate contraction of circular & longitudinal muscle in the intestine leads to peristalsis
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Structure of smooth muscle
• Spindle shaped uni-nucleated cells• Striations not observed • Actin and myosin filaments are present(
protein fibers)
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Smooth muscle - Summary
• Found in walls of hollow internal organs
• Involuntary movement of internal organs
• Elongated, spindle shaped fibre with single nucleus
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Cardiac Muscle
• Striations• Branching cells• Involuntary• Found only in the heart• Usually has a single nucleus, but can have
more than one
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Cardiac muscle
• Main muscle of heart• Pumping mass of heart• Critical in humans• Heart muscle cells
behave as one unit• Heart always contracts
to it’s full extent
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Structure of cardiac muscle• Cardiac muscle cells (fibres) are
short, branched and interconnected• Cells are striated & usually have 1
nucleus• Adjacent cardiac cells are joined via
electrical synapses (gap junctions)• These gap junctions appear as dark
lines and are called intercalated discs
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Cardiac muscle - Summary
• Found in the heart• Involuntary rhythmic
contraction• Branched, striated
fibre with single nucleus and intercalated discs
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Muscle Control
Type of muscle
Nervouscontrol
Type of control
Example
SkeletalSkeletal Controlled by CNS
Voluntary Lifting a glass
Cardiac Regulated by ANS
Involuntary Heart beating
Smooth Controlled by ANS
Involuntary Peristalsis
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Types of Responses• Twitch-
– A single brief contraction– Not a normal muscle function
• Tetanus– One contraction immediately followed by
another– Muscle never completely returns to a relaxed
state– Effects are compounded
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Where Does the Energy Come From?
• Energy is stored in muscles in form of ATP• ATP comes from breakdown of glucose
during Cell Respiration• Occurs in Mitochondria of cell• When a muscle is fatigued (tired) it is unable
to contract because of lack of Oxygen• Lactic Acid is produced when lack of O2,
causing muscle soreness
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Exercise and Muscles
• Isotonic- muscles shorten and movement occurs ( most normal exercise)
• Isometric- tension in muscles increases, no movement occurs (pushing one hand against the other)
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How are Muscles Attached to Bone?• Origin = fixed attachment to immovable bone• Insertion = attachment to movable bone; moves
with contraction• Muscles are always attached to at least 2 points• Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an
attached bone• Bones act as levers
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Muscles work in pairs.They can only PULL, they can’t push.
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Muscle pair example
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What are 3 other antagonistic pairs & their actions?
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Muscle Attachments
Origin
Insertion
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FlexionTypes of Musculo-Skeletal Movement
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Extension
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Hyperextension
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Abduction, Adduction & Circumduction
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Rotation
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More Types of Movement……
• Inversion- turn sole of foot medially• Eversion- turn sole of foot laterally• Pronation- palm facing down• Supination- palm facing up• Opposition- thumb touches tips of fingers
on the same hand
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The Skeletal Muscles
There are about 650 muscles in the human body. They enable us to move, maintain posture and generate heat. In this section we will only study a sample of the major muscles.
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SternocleidomastoideusFlexes and Rotates Head
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MasseterElevate Mandible
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TemporalisElevate & Retract Mandible
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TrapeziusExtend Head, Adduct, Elevate or
Depress Scapula
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Latissimus DorsiExtend, Adduct & Rotate Arm Medially
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DeltoidAbduct, Flex & Extend Arm
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Pectoralis MajorFlexes, adducts & rotates arm medially
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Biceps BrachiiFlexes Elbow Joint
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Triceps BrachiiExtend Elbow Joint
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Rectus AbdominusFlexes Abdomen
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External ObliqueCompress Abdomen
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External IntercostalsElevate ribs
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Internal IntercostalsDepress ribs
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DiaphragmInspiration
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Forearm Muscles• Flexor carpi—Flexes wrist• Extensor carpi—Extends wrist• Flexor digitorum—Flexes fingers• Extensor digitorum—Extends fingers• Pronator—Pronates • Supinator—Supinates
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Gluteus MaximusExtends & Rotates
Thigh Laterally
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Rectus Femoris
Flexes Thigh, Extends Lower Leg
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GracilisAdducts and Flexes Thigh
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SartoriusFlexes Thigh, & Rotates Thigh
Laterally
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Biceps Femoris
Extends Thigh & Flexes Lower Leg
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GastrocnemiusPlantar Flexes Foot & Flex Lower Leg
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Tibialis AnteriorDorsiflexes and Inverts Foot