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The
Muscular
System
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1. How did the term “MUSCLE” come into being?
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Because flexing muscle look like mice scurrying beneath the skin, some scientist dubbed them “muscles” – Latin for “little mouse”.
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2. What is the essential function of muscle?
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Muscle will contract or shorten.
As a result of this, muscle is responsible for all movement.
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3. How are all muscle tissue alike?
3
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-1 All muscle cells are elongated , thus called MUSCLE FIBERS.
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-2 All muscles will contract!
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-3 Similar terminology!
Myo- or Mys = Muscle
Sarco = flesh
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Question # 4 is a duplicate question!
Delete.
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5. List three different types of muscle tissue:
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-1 SKELETAL
-2 SMOOTH
-3 CARDIAC
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6. Explain what is meant by “striated” muscle:
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The muscle fibers appear to be striped.
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7. Answer the following questions regarding skeletal muscle.
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Body Location
Attached to bones.
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Cell shape and appearance:
Single, very long, multinucleate cells with obvious striation.
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Regulation of contractions.
Voluntary; via nervous system control.
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Speed of contraction
Slow to fast
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Rhythmic Contraction?
NO
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Sketch of Skeletal muscle fiber.
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8. Since Muscle tissue is extremely delicate, what keeps it from snapping into as it exerts such tremendous force?
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Thousands of their fibers are bundled together by connective tissue, which provides strength and support to the muscle as a whole.
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9. What is a fascile?
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A bundle of muscle fibers
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10. Explain the various connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscle:
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ENDOMYSIUM
A delicate connective sheath that is wrapped around each individual muscle fiber.
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Perimysium:
Coarse fibrous membrane wrapped around a fascile.
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Epimysium
Tough overcoat of connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle. Tendon
BONE
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11. Compare and contrast tendons and the aponeuroses:
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Compare: Both attach muscle to bone
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Contrast:Tendon is a strong cord, the aponeuroses are sheet like tissue.
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12. List the three ways that muscle fibers may be arranged:
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-1 Spindle shaped.
-2 Fan pattern
-3 A circle
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13. Answer the following questions regarding Smooth muscle.
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Body LocationTypically in walls of hollow visceral organs.
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Cell shape and appearance:
Single, fusiform, one nucleus; no striations
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Regulation of contractions.
Involuntary; nervous system controls; hormones, chemicals,
stretch.
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Speed of contraction
Very slow, but consistant!
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Rhythmic Contraction?
Yes, in some
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Sketch of Smooth muscle fiber.
nucleus
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14a. Explain the “two-layer” arrangement of smooth muscle.
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1 circular layer of muscle
+
1 longitudinal layer
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14b. Explain how the body used this “two-layer” arrangement of smooth muscle:
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As the two layers alternately contract and
relax, they change the size and shape of the
organ. Page 1 of 2
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Slow and steady!
Alternate contractions push food through the digestive tract, urine through urinary system, and blood through veins.
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15. Compare the muscular contractions of the smooth muscle to the contractions of the skeletal muscle:
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Skeletal muscle is like a speedy windup car that quickly runs down; but smooth muscle is like a heavy-duty engine that runs SLOW BUT STEADY.
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16. Answer the following questions regarding Cardiac Muscle.
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Body Location
Walls of the heart.
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Cell shape and appearance:
Branching chains of cells; one nucleus; complex striations.
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Regulation of contractions.
Involuntary; the heart has a pacemaker; also nervous system controls; hormones
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Speed of contraction
Slow!
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Rhythmic Contraction?
yes
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Sketch of Cardiac muscle fiber.
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16. How are the muscle fibers arranged that make up the heart?
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Cardiac muscle bundles are wrapped in a spiral arrangement for added strength.
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17. Explain how muscles are involved in producing movement.
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-1 Skeletal muscles contract and pull the bones.
-2 Smooth muscles contract and force items through the smooth muscles.
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.-3 Muscles work in Antagonistic pairs!
One muscle contracts and pulls the bone one way, then its partner will contract and pull the bone the opposite way.
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18. Explain how the muscles are involved in maintaining posture:
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The skeletal muscles function almost continuously, making one tiny adjustment after another so that we can maintain an erect posture despite the never-ending pull of gravity.
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19. Explain how the muscles are involved in stabilizing joints:
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As the skeletal muscles pull on bones to cause movement, they stabilize the joints of the skeleton.
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20. Explain how the muscles are involved in generating body heat:
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When muscles contract, ¾ of its energy escapes as heat. This heat is vital in maintaining normal body temperature.
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Begin Day #2
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21. What is a sarcomere?
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A single contraction unit in muscle.
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22. What is a myofibril>
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A muscle fiber
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23. Differentiate the two kinds of filaments that make up a myofibril:
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is a thin filament composed ob two beaded strains twisted together.
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is thick with a bulbous head and a tail.
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24. Explain the sliding – filament model of muscle contraction:
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a) Each sarcomere consist of two sets of actin filaments that are attached at each end of the sarcomere.
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b) In between the attached actin filaments is a single unattached myocin filament.
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c) Fiber tow-chains called “Cross bridges” shoot out from the myosin and anchor on to the actin filaments.
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d) As the myosin contracts, it tows along the actin which shortens the muscle fiber. After contraction, the cross bridges release.
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25. Discuss the control pathway of muscular contraction:
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The nervous system sends a signal to the muscle.
At the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine
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Causes the release of calcium ions which causes an action potential in the muscle.
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26. Explain the control mechanism of muscular contraction:
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a) When the muscle is at rest, the actin binding sites are blocked and myosin cannot form cross bridges with them.
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b) The release of calcium ions clears the binding sites – so the contraction proceeds;
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c) Afterwards, calcium ions are actively transported back into the membrane storage system.
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27. Where does the energy come from for contraction?
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a)Short Intense contraction:
Creatine phosphate used to recreate ATP from ADP.
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b) Moderate contraction:
ATP created from electron transport phosphorylation.
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c) Intense, Prolonged Contraction:
Anaerobic fermentation occurs. Small amounts of ATP released. SORE muscles result from LACTIC ACID buildup.
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28. What is the relationship between muscle tension and contraction?
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a) The cross-bridges tht form during contraction exert muscle tension.
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b) When muscle tension is greater than the force opposing it – contraction occurs. (muscles shorten)
When the opposing force is greater – muscles lengthen and contraction stops.
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29. List three things that determine muscle strength:
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A.
MUSCLE
SIZE
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B.
Number of muscle cells contracting.
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c.
The speed at which the nervous system is stimulating the
muscle cells.
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30. What is meant by a motor unit?
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A motor neuron and the muscle cells under its
control.
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31.
Differentiate a TWITCH and TETANUS:
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A BRIEF contraction caused by a single brief
stimulus is a muscle TWITCH.
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Rapid, Continuous, repeated stimulation that will NOT let go is
TETANUS.
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32. What causes Muscle Fatique?
“Continuous high frequency stimulation”
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33. Discuss the differences in recovery time necessary from
muscle fatigue:
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a. BRIEF INTENSE EXERCISE:
RECOVER QUICKLY!
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b. Prolonged, moderate exercise
Recovery much more slowly.
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33. List the 5 Golden Rules of skeletal muscle
activity:
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1.All muscles cross at least one joint.
2.Typically, the bulk of the muscle lies proximal to the joint crossed.
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3. All muscles have at least two attachments:
The origin and the
insertion.
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4. Muscles can only pull; they never push.
5. During contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the origin.
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33. Differentiate the muscular
POINT OF ORIGIN and the
POINT OF INSERTION.
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Point of origin =
Attachment to immovable
bone.
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Insertion:
Attachment to bone that will move!
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34. Identify the following common body movements
DELETE
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35. Define the following types of
muscle:
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Prime MoverThe one muscle within a group of muscles that does most of the work
during a common movement.
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SynergistMuscles that either pull with the prime mover, or reduces
unnecessary movement
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FixatorThey hold a bone still or stabilize the origin for a prime mover.
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36. Explain how muscles are
named:
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a)Direction of the muscle fiber:
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Rectus = muscle is straight up and down.
Oblique = slanted muscle
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b)Size of the muscle:
Maximus = largest
Minimus = smallest
Longus = long
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c) Location of the muscle:
Some muscles are named for the bones they are associated with.
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d)Number of Origins
Biceps = two points of origin!
Triceps = three points of origin
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Quadriceps?
Four points of origin!
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e) Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion:
Occasionally, muscles are named after both their attachment sites.
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sternocleidomastoidOrigin
Sternum
Clavicle
Insertion:
Mastoid process of
the temporal
bone
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f) Shape of the muscle:
Some muscles have a distinctive shape!
Ex. Deltoid = triangular
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g) Action of the muscle
When muscles are named for their action, their name refers to the type of movement they cause.
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“Straightens forearm at elbow.”
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“Draws the arm forward and in toward body”
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“Draws shoulder blade forward, helps riase arm, assist in pushes”
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“Compresses the Abdomen, permits lateral rotation”
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“Depresses the chest cavity, compresses the abdomen, and bends the backbone”
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“Bends the thigh at hip and bends lower leg at knee; rotates the thigh in outward direction”
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“Flexes, laterally rotates, and draws thigh toward body”
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“Flexes the thigh at the hip; extends the leg at knee”
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“Flexes the foot toward the shin”
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“Bends the forearm at the elbow”
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“Raises the Arm”
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“Lifts the shoulder blade and braces the shoulder; draws the head back”
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“Rotates, and draws arm backward and toward body”
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“Extends and rotates thigh outward when walking, running, and climbing.”
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“(hamstring) draws the thigh backward or bends the knee”
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“Bends lower leg at the knee when walking; extends the foot when jumping.
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