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The Maghreb
HIST 100711/6/13
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The Spread of Islam
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North Africa before Islam
• Not integrated into empires• Urban centers– Connections to Europe and Byzantium– Christianity
• Small scale agriculture• Pastoralist nomads• Berbers
Roman amphitheater in El Djem, Tunisia
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Arab Conquests
• 643-648: First invasion, across Libya– First Fitna
• 665-689: Second invasion, conquer Tunisia– Second Fitna
• 692-709: Third invasion, conquer Morocco• 711: Invasion of Spain• Establish numerous small states• Qayrawan: Capital of Arab Ifriqiya
Great Mosque of Qayrawan, Tunisia
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Berbers and Islam
• Subject population vs. welcomed converts• Jizya and slavery• Kharijism • 740-743: Berber Revolt
– Berber tribal revolt– With Islamic trappings
• Ends with Berber states centered on tradingposts• Rustamids (r. 761-909): Kharijite Berber state centered on
Tahert
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Idrisids (r. 789-926)
• Zaydi Shi’ites• Idriss I (r. 788-791): grandson of the Shi’ite Imam Hasan b. `Ali
and founder of Idrisid state• 787 – Flees `Abbasids• Seeks help of Awraba Berbers• Marries daughter of chief (birth of Morocco?)• Uses Shi’ite charisma and Berber muscle to conquer Morocco
Tomb of Idris I, Moulay Idriss, Morocco
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Idrisids and Fez
• 789 – Establish the city of Fez as Idrisid capital• Encourage immigration of Arabs• Especially those escaping from `Abbasids and
Umayyads of Spain• Establish a core of Arab supporters to counter Berbers
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`Abbasids and Aghlabids
• Aghlabids (r. 800-909)• `Abbasid governors of Ifriqiya turned independent dynasty• Centered on Qayrawan• The Wild West– Rebellious Arab soldiers– Berber attacks
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Aghlabids and Italy
• 827 – 902: Conquest of Sicily– Part of Byzantine Empire– Along with southern Italy
• 847 – 871: Emirate of Bari – Muslim state on Italian Peninsula• 9th century piracy• 965 – 1091: Emirate of Sicily • Norman conquest of Italy• Arabs in the Norman court
Painting made for Norman king of Palermo, 1150
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Fatimids in North Africa
• Isma`ili Shi’ite missionaries convert Kutana Berbers• 909: al-Mahdi declares himself caliph• Establish capital in Tunisia• Conquest of North Africa (and Sicily)• Destruction of Kharijite dynasties• 969: Conquest of Egypt• 972: Abandonment of North Africa
Walls of Mahdia, first Fatimid capital
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Zirids (r. 973-1148)
• Sanhaja Berbers governing North Africa for the Fatimids
• Removal of Fatimid resources, especially navy• Sicily becomes fully independent• 1016: Shi’ite revolt violently put down• 1049: Zirids break with Fatimids, recognize
`Abbasid authority
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New Arab Invasions
• Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym• Bedouin Arab tribes sent by Fatimids• 1057: Zirids lose Qayrawan• Breakdown of unified North Africa• Hammadids (r. 1014-1152): Sanhaja Berber offshoot of Zirids ruling north-eastern Algeria
Beni Hammad Fort
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Almoravids (r. 1040-1147)
• Sanhaja Berbers from the Western Sahara• Trans-Saharan Trade• Gold-Salt Trade• Sijilmasa: Key trade center in northern Sahara• Almoravids pressured by Zanata Berbers to the north and the Ghana Empire to the south
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Almoravids and Islam
• 1040: Berber chieftain goes on pilgrimage to Mecca• `Abdallah b. Yasin: Maliki religious scholar from
Qayrawan returns with chieftan• Teaches Qur’an, hadith, and law• Enforces strict moral code– No music, no alcohol, changes tax codes
• Promotes coming of the last days• The inner jihad• Ribat – al-murabitun - Almoravids
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Maraboutism
• Marabout: religious scholar and teacher, but also Sufi saint
• Guide to a religious community• Syncretism• Ribat – murabit – marabout• Baraka, shrines, and ziyara
A marabout’s tomb in southern Morocco
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Almoravids
• 1055 – take Sijilmasa from Ghana• Establish control over Trans-Saharan Trade• 1070 – Establish Marrakesh as capital• 1080 – complete conquest of Morocco• 1082 – aid requested from Spanish Muslims• Create a single state uniting Sahara, Morocco, and Spain
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Almoravids and Empire
• Amir al-muslimin• Scribes from Spain• Christian mercenaries• Black ghulam• Maliki religious scholars• Elimination of Shi’ism and Kharijism
Almoravid General Abu Bakr
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Muhammad b. `Abdallah b. Tumart (ca. 1080-1130)
• Berber religious scholar who studied in Baghdad and Damascus
• Mixture of strict Sunni law with Sufi charisma• 1117: Returns to Morocco as a fiery, puritan preacher• Heir to the Prophet• Return to the time of the Prophet• Mahdi, imam, and ma`sun (sinless)• Berber military strength with religious charisma
Ibn Tumart Mosque