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Social and Political Breakdown 1300-1453
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
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The Black Death
Precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition
agricultural improvements increase food supply;European population doubles, 10001300,
thereafter outstripping food production
13151317: crop failures produce worst famine ofMiddle Ages
bubonic plague (Black Death) followedtrade routes from Asia into Europe,
probably via fleas on rats from Black Seaarea
BLACK DEATH, 13481350
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXDZQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXDZQ -
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aromatic amulets
Pretty necklaces that would mask the smell and protect frominfection
temperance & moderation
A pure life would keep them safe?
promiscuity & abandon
YOLO!
flight & seclusion
GTFO of here! Stay AWAY!!self-flagellation
ritualistic beating (popular w/ religious fanatics).
They believed God would cure them.
May have actually spread the disease.
POPULAR REMEDIES
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dramatic labor shortage, climbing wages for laborers & artisans
falling agricultural, climbing luxury pricesnoble landownershardest hit
attempts to freeze wages & force peasants to stay on landpeasant revolts
cities (artisans) benefit from demand for luxury goods
ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
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Artisan guilds win some political power
Kings take advantage of weakened nobility & church
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL
CONSEQUENCES
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Nominal cause:
English king Edward IIIs claim on French throne, thwarted by accession offirst Valois king, Philip VI (r. 13281350)
Larger cause:English-French territorial, commercial, & cultural rivalry
French weakness: larger & wealthier, but more internal discord
HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1337
1453)
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Flanders allies with England, recognizing Edward asking of France, 1340
English seize Calais, 1346
English rout near Poitiers, 1356; French king JohnII taken captive
1360 treaty: John II ransomed, English claims inFrance recognized, Edward renounces claim toFrench throne
FIRST PHASE (EDWARD III)
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English war effort flags due to peasant revolts
Recommences with English victory atAgincourt, 1415
Duchy of Burgundy joins English
Treaty of Troyes, 1420: named English HenryV successor to French Charles VI, but bothsoon die
SECOND PHASE
TREATY OF TROYES
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French teenage peasant Joan of Arc declares call from God todeliver besieged Orlans from English
tired English repulsed, followed by string of French victories
Joan captured 1430, tried & burned as heretic at English-heldRouen
English forced back, conclude war with Calais as only Frenchpossession (1453)
Joan of Arc
THIRD PHASE
JOAN OF ARC
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68 years of peace, 44 of war; France devastated, but national feelingawakened; English & French peasants suffer most from taxes & services
SUMMARY
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Papal monarchy established by Pope Innocent IIIstrengthened the church politically, but weakened it
spirituallyundermined popular support
Innocents successors: tightened & centralized church legalproceedings; elaborated clerical taxation; broadened papal
powers of appointment
Demise of Hohenstaufens took away galvanizing enemy ofchurch, made it vulnerable
LATE MEDIEVAL CHURCH
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French & English kings raise taxes on clergy; Bonifacedecrees new taxes need papal consent
French king Philip the Fair cuts off flow of money toRome; Boniface concedes
BONIFACE VIII (R. 12941303) VS.
PHILIP THE FAIR (R. 12851314)
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Boniface issues Unam Sanctam(1302), as confrontation with Philip ramps up,asserting subordination of temporal to spiritual power
French army assault & molest Boniface, who later dies
Result: popes never again seriously threaten European rulers
BONIFACE VIII (R. 12941303) VS.
PHILIP THE FAIR (R. 12851314)
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Pope Clement V moves papal court here to escape strife of Rome
to get needed revenue, papal taxes go up, and sale of indulgences begins
Pope John XXII (r. 13161334)most powerful Avignon pope
AVIGNON PAPACY (13091377)
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Lollards: followers of Wycliffe, English spokesman for rights of royalty against popes;challenged indulgences, papal infallibility, transubstantiationanticipates Protestantism
Hussites: followers of Huss, rector of University of Prague
similar to Lollards
JOHN WYCLIFFE (D. 1384) AND
JOHN HUSS (D. 1415)
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GREAT SCHISM (13781417)
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Urban VI and Clement VIIrival popes; England & allies support Urban, France& allies support Clement
Conciliar Theory: idea that a representative council could regulate actions of pope
Council of Pisa (14091410): deposed Urban & Clement (who refused to stepdown), elected Alexander Vthree contending popes
Council of Constance (14141417): provides for regular councils every few years
Council of Basel (1431
1449): height of conciliar government of church;negotiated directly with heretics (Hussites)
results of conciliar movement: greater religious responsibility to laity & seculargovernments
Ummm..... explain that to me???
THIS GETS KINDA
COMPLICATED
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-western-schism-and-the-tale-of-3-popes.htmlhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-western-schism-and-the-tale-of-3-popes.htmlhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-western-schism-and-the-tale-of-3-popes.html -
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Mongols, or Tatars, sweep through China, Islamic world, &Russia, 13th c.
Ghengis Khan (11551227) invades Russia, 1223Russian cities become tribute-paying principalities of part ofMongol Empire known as the Golden Horde.
Russians impressed into Mongol military service, womentaken as wives/concubines, some sold into slavery
partial Islamization of Russian society.1380: beginning of Mongol decline in Russia; ends 1480under Ivan the Great.
Meanwhile .
MONGOL RULE IN RUSSIA
(12431480)