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The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine
Dr. Michael P. GillespieDr. Michael P. Gillespie
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Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.
Define combining forms for gastrointestinal organs and know the meaning of related terminology.
Describe signs, symptoms, and disease conditions affecting the digestive system.
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Digestive or gastrointestinal system
performs four main functions:ingestiondigestionabsorptionelimination
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Ingestion—Food material taken into mouth
Digestion—Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract. Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients.
Proteins → amino acids Sugars → glucose Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides
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Digested food passes into bloodstream through lining cells of small intestine.
Nutrients travel to all cells of the body
Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.
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Body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
The large intestine concentrates feces.
The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.
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The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral cavity.
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Major parts of the oral cavity
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Major parts of the oral cavity
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Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch
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Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch
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Anatomy of a tooth
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Anatomy of a tooth
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Salivary glands
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Deglutition
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Deglutition
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Parts of the stomach
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Parts of the stomach
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Villi in the lining of the small intestine
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Parts of the large intestine
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Parts of the large intestine
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Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Besides producing bile andreleasing bilirubin, the liver:
helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
removes toxins and poisons from the blood
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1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?A. gluconeogenesisB. emulsificationC. hyperbilirubinemiaD. glycogenolysis
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The pancreas and its functions
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Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus
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Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus
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2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine?A. cecumB. duodenumC. jejunumD. pylorus
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3. Which term means swallowing?A. masticationB. deglutitionC. emulsificationD. peristalsis
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Examples of Combining FormsExamples of Combining Forms
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning TerminologyTerminology
bucc/obucc/o cheekcheek buccal mucosabuccal mucosa
celi/oceli/o belly, abdomenbelly, abdomen celiacceliac
dent/ident/i toothtooth dentibuccaldentibuccal
esophag/oesophag/o esophagusesophagus esophagealesophageal
sialaden/osialaden/o salivary glandsalivary gland sialadenitissialadenitis
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Three types of anastomoses
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Examples of SuffixesExamples of Suffixes
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning TerminologyTerminology
-ase-ase enzymeenzyme lipaselipase
-chezia-chezia defecationdefecation hematocheziahematochezia
-iasis-iasis abnormal conditionabnormal condition choledocholithiasischoledocholithiasis
-prandial-prandial mealmeal postprandialpostprandial
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4. Which term means inflammation of the lip?A. cholecystitisB. celiacC. appendicitisD. cheilitis
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Examples of signs and symptoms: anorexia – Lack of appetite ascites – Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
eructation – Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
steatorrhea – Fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
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aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
dental caries – tooth decay
herpetic stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus.
oral leukoplakia – white plaques or patches
periodontal disease – inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone.
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achalasia – Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
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esophageal varices – Swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus.
gastric carcinoma – Malignant tumor of the stomach.
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
peptic ulcer – Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum.
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hernia – Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.
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anal fistula – Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.
colonic polyposis – Polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.
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colorectal cancer – Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both.
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Crohn disease – Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract.
diverticulosis – Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings in the intestinal wall.
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dysentery – Painful, inflamed intestines
hemorrhoids – Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
ileus – Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
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intussusception – Telescoping of the intestines
IBS – Irritable bowel syndrome- group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension
ulcerative colitis – Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
volvulus – Twisting of the intestines on itself
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cirrhosis – Chronic degenerative disease of the liver
pancreatitis – Inflammation of the pancreas
viral hepatitis – Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
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cholelithiasis – gallstones in the gallbladder