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Chemical Bonding
The keys to chemistry!
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Bonding3 types:
1.Ionic bondinge.g. Table Salt (NaCl)
2. Covalent bonding e.g. Water (H2O)
3. Metallic bonding e.g. Iron
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Chapter 15 Looks at:
Ionic bonding:Valence electrons are transferred between atoms
Metallic bonding:Valence electrons are mobile within the metal
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Valence ElectronsCan be determine from the electron configuration.
Na 2-8-1 1 valence e-
S 2-8-6 6 valence e-
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Lewis Dot Symbols(shows number of valence e-)
F
Na N
S
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Lewis Dot SymbolsYou Try It !!!
Write the dot structures for:
Al Ca
C Ne
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Def: Ionic Bond:The “electrostatic” attraction
between a cation (+) and an
anion (-).
NaCl
Cation+1 charge
Anion-1 charge
(charges not written)
+ -+ -
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Ionic Compounds: Review“Formula Unit”: the lowest ratio
of atoms in an ionic compound.
Formula unitis NaCl
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Ionic Formulas•Calcium bromide
Ca2+ Br-
CaBr2 (balance charge)
•Copper(I) sulfate
Cu+ SO42-
Cu2SO4
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Ionic Compounds: Try It
calcium nitrate
ammonium bromide
magnesium phosphate
calcium chromate
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The Octet Rule
When forming compounds, many atoms attain the electron configuration of a noble gas (8 valence electrons).
Ne (exception is He with 2 valence electrons)
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CationsMetals tend to lose valenceelectrons to achieve an octet.
Na[Ne]
Na+ + 1e-
Ca Ca2+ + 2e-
[Ar]
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13Atomic War!!
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Cations
Cu+1
[Ar]3d10
-1e-Cu
[Ar]3d104s1
Transition metals are more complicated.
“pseudo noble gas” e- configuration
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AnionsMany nonmetals gain electrons to achieve an octet.
F F -+ e-
[Ne]
O O 2-+ 2e-
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Cations & Anions
Try It !!!
Write the dot structure for:
nitrogen atom nitride ion
chlorine atom chloride ion
magnesium atom magnesium ion
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Ionic Compounds
Li F+ Li+ F -
[He] [Ne]
When Li and F react, an e- is lost by Li and gained by F.
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Ionic Compounds: AlBr3Recall for ionic compounds, total charge must be zero.
Br
Al Br
Br
Al 3 Br+3 -
[Ne] [Kr]
Dot formula for a compound
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Ionic Compounds
Write dot structures for reactions of these atoms:
Cs + F
K + O (total number of dots
stays the same)
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Properties of Ionic Compounds
•solid at room temperature•high MP•conduct electrical current when
molten or in water (DEMO) “electrolyte”
(Strong electrostatic forces hold ions in place.)
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Electrical Conductivity
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NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)H2O
mobile ions
Conduct electricity: • charged particle• free to move
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The Metallic Bond
What gives metals their special properties?
What holds metal atoms together?
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The Metallic BondRegularly spaced cations in a “sea” of valence electrons
++ + +
+ ++
+ + +++ +
e-e-
e-
e- e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-Na+
valence e-
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Def: Metallic Bond:Attraction between fixedmetal cations and mobilevalence electrons.
•electrically conductive•heat conductive•malleable•ductile
explains
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Metals
High density because of “close-packed” cubic or hexagonal crystal structures.
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Alloy a solid solution of
two or more metals.
Sterling silver: 93%Ag, 7%Cu
Stainless steel: 81%Fe, 18%Cr, .4%C, 1%Ni
What is: bronze ?14 carat gold ?
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Don’t move or I’ll fill you full of 98% Pb, 1.0% Sb & 0.75 %Ag
What’s the name of that
alloy?
Chemists in the Wild West
A bullet !
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Warm-up
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Write the formula for tin(II) phosphate.
Write the e- dot symbol for:Al, S, Ag, I
Define “ionic bond”.
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Warm-up
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What is the “octet rule?”Write the e- dot symbol for:
•barium•iodine•barium iodide