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The Iron Chancellor and the“Enemies of the Reich”
1872/73: Kulturkampf begins: Prussian laws impose lay school inspectors and regulate the training of priests.
1875: Unification of Marxist and Lassallean socialists.
1878/79: Détente with Catholicism; Anti-Socialist Law; shift to protective tariffs; alliance with Austria.
1883/84: Laws for national health insurance and disability pensions for factory workers
1884/85: Germany founds colonies in Africa and the South Pacific
1890: Kaiser Wilhelm II dismisses Bismarck
1898: Publication of Bismarck’s memoirs
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The German Empire of 1871-1918
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“Homage to Kaiser Wilhelm I,” (Berlin, 1871; Luther, Frederick the Great, & Blücher already
hang on the wall)
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Early session of the German Reichstag, 1872, in the former Royal Porcelain Factory
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Bismarck took alarm at the overlap between Catholicism and secessionism
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“Night on the Rhine,” Berliner Wespen,
March 17, 1871 (the
Center Party won 17% of the national
vote that year)
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“In Canossa: How the Delegate for Meppen [Windthorst] Would Like to See Bismarck Stymied,”
Der Ulk, May 22, 1872
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The Police offer “Assistance” to socialist leaders and Bishop Melchers, Ulk, 9 April 1874
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“Between Berlin & Rome” (May 1875)
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The Gothic parish church at Kiedrich, near Wiesbaden, contains another sort of “Bismarck
monument”
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Kiedrich Parish Church, Stations of the Cross (1877)
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Bismarck as Christ’s tormentor (Adalbert Falk looks on)
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“Modus vivendi” (March 1878):
After the election of Leo XIII, the Pope
offers his slipper for Bismarck to kiss, and the
Iron Chancellor reciprocates.
Ludwig Windhorst looks
on anxiously.
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“’Of One Mind.’(For Once!),”Punch, Jan.
1879.Bismarck and
Leo XIII together slam the door on “socialism, nihilism,
democracy.”
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Anton von Werner, “The Congress of Berlin, June-July 1878”(Bismarck cooperated with Benjamin Disraeli)
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“The same old hurdy-gurdy! ‘The Song of the
Bad Jews,’”Berliner Wespen,
July 16, 1875.The Kreuz-Zeitung
depicts:
1. Jewish politicians breaking into the national treasury
2. Bismarck bowing to “King Bleichröder”
3. “The persecution of the Christians in 1875” (Jewish stockbrokers slaughter German investors)
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“The Triple Alliance,”
Kladderadatsch, 1883:
France and Russia are left out in the cold
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The empires of East Central Europe:Italy joined the Triple Alliance with Germany and
Austria-Hungary in 1882
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“Dissolution of the Reichstag,” Kladderadatsch, 7 July 1878:
“The arrow is aimed at the Social Democrats, but what if he misses?”
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NATIONAL LIBERAL LEADERS, 1878Wehrenpfennig, Lasker, Heinrich von Treitschke, J. Miquel
Roggenbach, Karl Braun, Rudolf Gneist, Ludwig Bamberger
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“The Mighty Trinity” (September 1880): “The Reich Chancellor conferred yesterday with the Prime Minister of
Prussia and the new Minister of Commerce. Perfect harmony prevailed…”
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REPRESSION UNDER THE ANTI-SOCIALIST LAW IN THE 1880s:
The police dissolve a workers’ rally after judging that the speaker had advocated socialism.
The police search a worker’s apartment
for socialist pamphlets or
magazines, smuggled from
Switzerland.
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Robert Koehler, “The Strike” (Munich, 1886):With unions outlawed, strikes often erupted in
violence.
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The Calvinist Court Preacher Adolf Stöcker
founded a “Christian Social Party” in Berlin
in 1878 to inoculate
workers against Marxism.
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“Germany’s Dawn. The Kaiser
Proclaims Social Reform on the
Ethical Foundation of Christianity,” Die Wahrheit,
September 1882 (note the unhappy
Jew at left)
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“Experimental Socialism: ‘What a lovely show, but
alas, only a show.’”Kladderadatsch,
25 May 1884.The “Right to
Work” tames the working-class lion.
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“The Ideal of the Old-Age Pensions
Law,” Kladderadatsch, April 21, 1889:
Civil servants wait on the elderly hand and foot
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“The Partition of the Dark
Continent” (June 1884):
Colonialists exhort Bismarck not to
fall behind France and Great Britain
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King Leopold II of Belgium, who hired H.M. Stanley to found the “Congo Free State,” and Stanley’s Congo Expedition
of 1874-1877
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The Berlin Congo Conference of 1884/85 recognized Leopold’s “Congo Free State,” agreed to suppress slavery, and established rules to define “effective
occupation”
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The Partition of Africa:
The Marginal European presence
in 1878 and the colonial empires of
1914
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“The New Petticoat”
(March 1885):Bismarck has
just sold Germania the latest French
fashion, a colonial
petticoat. Her old housekeeper,
Windthorst, is appalled by the
expense
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RESULTS OF THE SAMPLE REICHSTAG ELECTIONS, 1871-1884
Year Soc.Dem.
Left Liberal
National
Liberal
Center Party
Free Conserv
.
German Conserv
.
Seces-sionist
1871
3/0.5 9/12 30/33 19/17 9/10 14/15 6/6
1877 9/3 8/9 30/36 25/23 8/10 10/10 10/8
1884 10/6 18/17 18/13 23/25 7/7 15/20 8/11
• Each result is expressed as a percentage of the popular vote, then of the Reichstag seats.
• In each district, if no candidate received an absolute majority in the first round, the election would be held again; in the second round, a plurality sufficed.
• Voter turnout in 1871 was only 51%.
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THE NEW KAISER VISITS
CHANCELLOR BISMARCK AT
FRIEDRICHSRUH.Bismarck said,
“The Kaiser is like a balloon; if you let
go of the string, you never know where he’ll wind
up.”
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Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888-1918) The Pilot Leaves the
Ship,Punch, March 1890
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Bismarck in retirement (in 1895 at
Friedrichsruh, outside
Hamburg)
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“Chancellors Come in Three
Sizes,”Lustige Blätter, January 1895
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Bismarck in the uniform of a cavalry
general, Bad Kreuznach,
1896
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The official Bismarck monument in Berlin (1897-1901):
Sibylle peers into the book of history, and Germania puts her heel on the leopard of rebellion and discord
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Germania, built from 1874 to 1885 by Johannes
Schilling with contributions from the veterans of the
Franco-Prussian War
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Germania Detail: The Conquest of Paris and Lyrics to “The Watch on the Rhine”
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The voluntary Bismarck monument outside Hamburg
(completed in 1906)
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Bismarck as Medieval Knight