C H A P T E R 6
The Iron Age Fauna
David S. Reese, with contributions by Mark J. Roseand Deborah Ruscillo
1. Introduction and Methodology (D. S. Reese)
2. Artifactual Evidence for Sacrifice (D. S. Reese)
3. The Mammal Remains (D. S. Reese, with D. Ruscillo)
4. The Fish Remains (M. J. Rose)
5. The Bird Remains (D. S. Reese)
6. The Marine Invertebrates (D. S. Reese)
7. The Insects (D. S. Reese)
Appendix 6.1. Iron Age Shell Purple-Dye Production in the Aegean(D. S. Reese)
1. Introduction and MethodologyDavid S. Reese
The first ten years of excavation of Iron Age levels at Kommos (1976–85) produced thousandsof mammal remains (257 sheep/goat, 90 cattle, 69 pig, 19 hare, 8 dog, 5 equid, and 3 deerindividuals), over 45 rodent and shrew individuals, over 3,400 fish bones (215 individuals),101 bird bones (34 individuals), and about 94,000 marine invertebrate individuals. The Minoanfauna from those years of excavation was published in 1995 (Reese 1995a–d, f; M. J. Rose1995; Payne 1995).
Sampling and Water-Sieving
Various methods of recovery of faunal remains were employed at Kommos. Samples wereexcavated by trench and pail (Trench 33C, pail 81, for example) and, after study of the pottery,
415
416 The Iron Age Fauna
stratigraphy, and architectural phasing, various excavation units were combined to makepublishable deposits, which are used in the analyses that follow. All visible fauna was hand-collected during the course of the excavation. Floor deposits and other pails thought to beworthy of special attention were dry-sieved through multiple screens of 5 mm and 10 mm,respectively, and other samples were water-sieved in fresh water using 1–2 mm plastic windowscreening. The water-sieved and floated material was carefully sorted, and the bones, shells,and other faunal remains were combined with the hand-collected and dry-sieved samplesfrom the same deposit.
The IA animal bones, like the Minoan ones, were sand-blasted and are in fairly poorcondition, leaving rather few measurable bones. Also, many IA bone samples were heavilyburnt as part of ritual activity, meaning that many of these samples could not be closelycounted, but the burnt bone samples were carefully weighed to compare the various samples.
2. Artifactual Evidence for SacrificeDavid S. Reese
Some of the metal objects from the sanctuary—specifically the knives, blades, and obeloi (spitsor skewers) from specific votive contexts—may help in our understanding of the sacrifice orcooking of the animal remains. These and all the other metal implements, such as the bronzeknife blade fragment found within Altar C (B 205), are fully described elsewhere in this volume(J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5, Section 7).
The Geometric sanctuary at Zagora on Andros produced three iron knives and an obelos(Cambitoglou 1981: 83). At the Sanctuary of Artemis Elaphebolia near Atalanta in Boeotia,the altar produced votive iron and silver obeloi (Touchais 1977: 582–84, figs. 151, 153–54). AtGela in Sicily a set of knives were dedicated in a sanctuary (Orlandini 1966: 28, pl. 25.3).
3. The Mammal Remains (Pls. 6.1–6.6; Tables 6.1–6.12)David S. Reese, with Deborah Ruscillo1
Excavations of Iron Age levels at Kommos from 1976–85 produced over 27,300 mammal bones.Mammalian forms represented in the faunal remains include Lepus, Canis familiaris, Sus scrofa,Ovis aries/Capra hircus, Bos taurus, Equus, deer, and rodent and shrew bones. By far the mostcommon mammals exploited in IA Kommos were sheep/goats (Ovis/Capra), while cattle (Bos)were represented second in the frequency of remains recovered, and pig (Sus) was the thirdmost common species represented in the IA sample. One should be cautious, however, whenexamining statistics of this kind to determine the hierarchy of importance these species hadin the early Greek diet and way of life. First, although the sample is of a significant size,
The Mammal Remains 417
Table 6.1. Summary faunal description of Iron Age Kommos deposits.
Period and Location Trench Description
Temple A (SM to PG, ca. 1020–800 B.C.)
Floors 33C, ws 1,427 bones (2 Ovis/Capra MNI [one 1.5 years], Bos [adult],Sus [young]) with 125 burnt (8.8%), including Ovis/Capra (2teeth fragments, proximal femur head [butchered proximal],distal femur, caudal vertebra [small], shaft) and 2 Bos-sizedfragments1 Cervus antler tine fragment2 Lepus bones of one forelimb14 bird bones (Columba livia)95 fish bones (1 P. erythrinus) with 1 burnt vertebra1,015 marine invertebrates (780 Patella [76.8%], 144Monodonta) with 11 burnt (4 Patella, 4 Glycymeris, 3Monodonta)
Court 42A 26 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos-sized) with 4 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized22 marine shells (19 Patella) with 1 burnt Arcularia
Southern dump 34A2 374 bones (3 Ovis/Capra [one 1.75–2 years and one +2 years],Bos [subadult]) with 5 burnt (3 Ovis/Capra-sized and a Bosmolar [unerupted] and fragment [subadult])192 marine shells (135 Patella [70.3%], 31 Monodonta) with 21burnt (10.9%; 17 Monodonta, 3 Patella, 1 M. trunculus)
Northeastern dump #1, 42A, ws 455 bones (1250 g, 2 Ovis/Capra [one +1.75–2 years], BosPG–LPG [adult]) with 380 g burnt (30.4%), including an Ovis/Capra
carpus/tarsus fragment and numerous Bos-sized horncorefragments84 marine shells with 81 Patella (96.4%)
Northeastern dump #2, 47A 527 bones (3 Ovis/Capra [−10 months, −1–1.25 years, +2LPG–PGB years], 2 Bos [2–2.5 years, +3 years], Sus [−2 years]) with 57
burnt (10.8%), including Ovis/Capra (mandible with M3 erupt-ing), radius shaft, proximal metatarsus, phalanx 1 [UF], rib, 5shaft fragments) and Bos (horncore fragment, premolar, mo-lar, astragalus fragment, carpus/tarsus, distal calcaneus [F],proximal metapodial [partly burnt], distal metapodial [possi-bly JF], 4 phalanx 1 [2 F, 2 broken], phalanx 2 [F], phalanx 3fragment, rib, 31 fragments [2 MNI burnt])1 Canis metacarpus6 bird bones (Puffinus and Calonectris)93 marine invertebrates (76 Patella, 81.7%) with 2 burnt (Pa-tella, Glycymeris)
Lower Temple A dump, 47A 175 g bone (Ovis/Capra [+1.5–2 years], Bos [adult] with 75 gabove Minoan road burnt (42.9%); Bos astragalus fragment only identifiable burnt
bone; one Ovis/Capra rib here cut
418 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Period of Temple A
Southeastern deposit 63A 268 bones (3 Ovis/Capra [one +2.5–3 years], 2 Bos [−2–2.25years, +2.25 years]) with 13 burnt, including Ovis/Capra (2molars, phalanx 2 [F], and 5 fragments [+1–1.25 years]) and 4Bos-sized fragments
Deposit produced a slightly curving iron blade (J. W. Shawand Harlan, Chap. 5, Section 7, 3)
Dump to southeast, PG 64A1, 65A1 + 34 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [−2–2.25 years]) with 2 burnt Ovis/65A2, ws Capra bones, a humerus shaft, another fragment
93 marine invertebrates with 85 Patella (91.4%)
PG below surface 68A 122 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [+2–2.25 years]) with 1 partlyburnt Bos shaft fragment1 Lepus mandible fragment167 marine shells (165 Patella, 98.8%)
Period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1 (ca. 1020–760 B.C.)
Deposit in south 51A 137 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult]) with 2 burnt (Ovis/Capra-sized fragment, Bos-sized rib)1 unidentified bird bone1 mugilid(?) fish vertebra25 marine shells (15 Patella)
Southeastern dump #1 52A 15 bones (Ovis/Capra [−1 year], Bos-sized) with 1 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized1 Equus molar1 Glycymeris
Southeastern dump #2, 68A 31 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 years], Bos [adult])mainly PG, some seventh 231 marine shells (226 Patella, 97.8%) with 1 burnt Patellacentury
Temple B, Phase 1 (ca. 800–760 B.C.)
Hearth 1 33C, ws 78 bones (Ovis/Capra, −1.75–2 years) with 46 burnt (59%), in-cluding an Ovis/Capra molar fragment, 2 metapodial epiphy-sis fragments, and 2 small ribs3 unburnt bird bones (Puffinus, Phalacrocorax, small passerine)9 unburnt fish remains (1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus)8 marine invertebrates (5 Patella) with 1 burnt Patella
Court 33C, 42A, ws 549 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [one +1.5–2 but −3–3.5 years], Bos[adult], Sus [+2–2.5 years]) with 30 burnt, mainly Ovis/Capra(vertebra [UF], 28 fragments) and 1 Bos-sized fragment2 Lepus bones with 1 burnt tooth4 bird bones (Falco, large passerine)42 fish bones (1 Diplodus)639 marine invertebrates (518 Patella [81%], 90 Monodonta)with 3 burnt (Patella, Monodonta, Glycymeris)
Dump to south 34A2 15 bones with an Ovis/Capra mandible and a Bos mandible(adult) and 10 marine shells
The Mammal Remains 419
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Temple B, Phases 1 and 2 (ca. 800–650 B.C.)
Floors 33C, ws 1,529 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−6–8 months, +10 months but−1–1.25 years], Bos [adult]) with 225 burnt (14.7%), includingOvis/Capra (posterior skull fragment, premaxilla, pelvis frag-ment, patella fragment, metapodial fragment, proximal pha-lanx 2, vertebra, and 5 ribs) and a Bos phalanx 2 fragment1 Lepus humerus (Temple B, Phase 1, floor)10 bird bones (Calonectris, Larus)41 fish bones with 1 burnt spine (3 fish: P. erythrinus, Gymno-thorax, Belone)963 marine invertebrates (844 Patella [87.6%], 82 Monodonta)with 12 burnt (8 Patella, 2 Monodonta, 1 Glycymeris, 1 Gibbula)Burnt remains probably derived from Hearth 1 or 2, althoughneither yielded any burnt Bos remains
Period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2
Pit in east, eighth century 58A, ws 30 small bones (60 g) with most burnt, including an Ovis/Ca-B.C. pra ulna shaft and 3 ribs
9 fish remains with 1 burnt sparid otolith47 marine invertebrates (31 Patella, 66%) with 16 burnt (34%;11 Patella, 3 Monodonta, Glycymeris, Eriphia)
Dump to south 63A, ws 36 marine shells (28 Patella, 77.8%) with 20 burnt (18 Patella, 2Monodonta)
Temple B, Phase 2 (ca. 760–650 B.C.)
Hearth 2 33C, ws 190 g bone (180 g burnt, 5 g partly burnt; 97.4%), all Ovis/Capra (−2.5–3 years), with the identifiable burnt bones includ-ing 5 skull fragments, molar, scapula fragment, proximalulna (UF), patella, 4 carpus/tarsus, 3 vertebrae (1 caudal), 12ribs; also a partly burnt Ovis/Capra palate fragment andsmall rib183 fish remains with 38 burnt (20.7%): 12 sparids (5 burnt)with 1 P. erythrinus, 3 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus (3 burnt), 1Diplodus262 marine invertebrates (206 Patella [78.6%], 36 Monodonta)with 51 burnt (19.5%; 39 Patella, 5 Monodonta, 3 Glycymeris,Acanthocardia, Gibbula, Donax, Conus)
Lower hearth/floor 29A1, ws 203 bones (Ovis/Capra, −3–3.5 years) with 111 burnt (54.7%;around Tripillar Shrine J. W. Shaw 1980a: pl. 62f) including proximal femur head, 2
distal femur fragments, proximal metapodial, proximal pha-lanx 12 unburnt Lepus bones25 fish bones with 3 burnt (1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus)75 marine invertebrates (44 Patella [58.7%], 8 Monodonta) with2 burnt (Patella, Monodonta)
420 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Court 42A, ws 1,690 g bone (2 Ovis/Capra [−1–1.25 years, +1.5–2 years], Bos[+2–2.5 years], Sus [+2 years]) with 1,300 g burnt (76.9%), in-cluding Ovis/Capra (premolar, distal femur, 2 patella, proximalmetacarpus, proximal metatarsus, distal metatarsus [UF], pha-lanx 1 [UF], vertebra fragment, rib (−1–1.25 years), Bos (distaltibia [F], vertebra fragment, and 15 fragments), and a Sus as-tragalus partly burnt and worn23 fish bones from 2 sparids and 1 serranid with 5 burnt (1sparid)2,477 marine invertebrates (2,384 Patella [96.2%], 66 Monodonta)with 48 burnt (34 Patella, 11 Monodonta, Charonia fragment, Eri-phia, Paracentrotus [charred])Burnt fauna (except probably the Sus astragalus) derived fromthe Temple B, Phases 2 and 3, Altar U; this deposit producedtwo iron knives (J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5, Section 7, 7and 23)
Double hearth in court 47A, ws 100 g bones (50 g burnt; 50%), all young SusA few burnt rodent bones396 fish bones with 45 burnt (11.4%; 2 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus)from 11 sparids (including 5 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus and 1 P.erythrinus)90 marine invertebrates (68 Patella [75.6%], 7 Monodonta) with24 burnt (26.7%; 19 Patella, 3 Monodonta, Dentalium, Natica)Deposit produced four knives (J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap.5, Section 7, 18–21)
Ashy fill east of double 47A, ws 20 small burnt bones (under 50 g; 100%) which are probably Sushearth 392 fish bones with 288 burnt (73.5%) from 9 burnt fish (8 spar-
ids [including 2 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus and 1 P. erythrinus] and1 cf. Epinephelus)13 marine invertebrates (8 Patella) with 6 burnt (3 Patella, 2 Mo-nodonta, 1 Sphaeronassa)
Period of Temple B, Phase 2
South sounding 36B, ws 1,125 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [1–1.25 years and +1.5–2 years], Bos[+1.5 years], Sus [2 years, female]) with 155 burnt (13.8%), in-cluding Ovis/Capra (premolar, sesmoid, phalanx 2 [F], +1–1.25years) and 1 Bos-sized fragment1 Canis mandible2 Equus upper incisors from eighth-century-B.C. dumpGallus eggshells from eighth-century dump118 fish bones with 17 burnt (14.4%) from 18 individuals with16 sparids (including 1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus and 1 P. erythri-nus), 1 serranid, 1 Symphodus; burnt bones from 4 sparids andthe serranid1,689 marine invertebrates (1,471 Patella [87%], 146 Monodonta)with 30 burnt (21 Patella, 6 Monodonta, Glycymeris, Cerastoderma,Paracentrotus)
The Mammal Remains 421
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3 (ca. 800–600 B.C.)
South sounding, under 29A1, ws 176 bones (Ovis/Capra [1.5–2 years], Bos-sized) with 2 burntslab floor of Temple C Ovis/Capra (radius shaft, fragment)
12 fish bones with 1 burnt spine (1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus)339 marine invertebrates (289 Patella [85.2%], 37 Monodonta)with 16 burnt (12 Monodonta, 3 Patella, Paracentrotus)Burnt remains may derive from the Temple B, Phase 2, lowerhearth/floor around the Tripillar Shrine; Temple B, Phases 2and 3, ritual deposit around the Tripillar Shrine; or Temple B,Phase 3, Hearth 3
Dump to south 34A2, ws 498 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1.75–2 years, +2 years], Bos [adult],2 Sus [one +1 but −2 years]) with 13 burnt including Ovis/Ca-pra (pelvis fragment and 11 fragments) and 1 Bos-sized frag-ment1 Puffinus bone, Columba eggshells48 fish bones with 8 burnt (16.7%) from 3 P. erythrinus/P. pa-grus with 2 MNI burnt1,344 marine invertebrates (1,260 Patella [93.8%], 45 Mono-donta) with 37 burnt (25 Patella, 10 Monodonta, M. trunculus,Erosaria)
Marine meal #1 43A, ws 1 unidentifiable mammal bone6 fish bones from 1 sparid1,795 marine invertebrates (1,739 Patella [96.9%], 32 Mono-donta) with 4 burnt Patella
Levels to north 44B 79 bones (Ovis/Capra [+3–3.5 years], Bos [adult])23 marine shells (19 Patella, 82.6%)
Levels to northeast 47A 375 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1 year and 1–1.25 years], Bos[+1.5–2 years], Sus [+2 years]) with 149 burnt (39.7%), includ-ing Ovis/Capra (astragalus fragment, proximal metacarpus,fragment) and Bos (2–3 partly burnt molars, 4 distal femurfragments, many shaft fragments, patella fragment, 4 carpus/tarsus, metapodial shaft, 11 carpus/tarsus or phalanx frag-ments, proximal phalanx 1 [F], phalanx 3 fragment, 44 frag-ments)1 Lepus humerus292 marine invertebrates (265 Patella [90.8%], 13 Monodonta)with 3 burnt PatellaBurnt remains probably derive from the Temple B, Phase 2,double hearth
Levels to west #1 37A, ws 455 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [one +1.5–2 years], Bos [+1.5–2years], Sus) with 9 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized33 fish bones with 4 burnt (12.1%) from 8 sparids (1 burnt)475 marine invertebrates (399 Patella [84%], 30 Monodonta)with 14 burnt (11 Patella, 3 Monodonta)
422 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Levels to west #2 43A 73 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 years], Bos [adult])1 fish bone (Labrus)213 marine invertebrates (170 Patella [79.8%], 16 Monodonta)with 1 burnt Patella
Levels to southwest 44A 413 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1.75–2 years, +1.75–2 years], Bos[adult], Sus [+1–2 years, male]) with 10 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized3 Lepus bones1 Puffinus bone1,612 marine invertebrates (1,522 Patella [94.4%], 42 Mono-donta) with 12 burnt (7 Patella, 4 Monodonta, 1 Glycymeris)
Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (ca. 760–600 B.C.)
Ritual deposit around 29A1, ws 380 g bones (2 Ovis/Capra [one −3–3.5 years], Bos [+1.25–1.5Tripillar Shrine years]) with 320 g burnt (84.2%), including Ovis/Capra
(proximal femur head, 4 distal femur fragments, 2 patella,2 vertebra [caudal, small], 2 ribs [small], −3–3.5 years) andBos (proximal phalanx 2 [F], 4 fragments, +1.25–1.5 years)5 Lepus bones with a burnt distal tibiaEggshell fragment248 fish bones with 1 burnt spine from 13 sparids (with 2 cf.Oblada melanura, 1 Diplodus)606 marine invertebrates (502 Patella [82.8%], 39 Monodonta)with 9 burnt (6 Patella, 1 Monodonta, 1 Glycymeris, 1 Cerasto-derma)
Altar U, constructed 700 42A, ws 37,950 g bones (9 Ovis/Capra [all −3–3.5 years with one orB.C., LG/Archaic, contents two −2.5–3 years and one +2.5–3 years], 3 Bos [one +2–2.5
years, two +3 years] with 37,900 g burnt (99.9%; J. W. Shaw1982a: pl. 56a); identifiable burnt Ovis/Capra bones: distalhumerus shaft, 17 proximal femur heads, 2 distal femurepiphyses (2 UF), 13 distal femur fragments (13 UF), 11 pa-tella, 2 distal tibia (2 F), 2 carpus/tarsus, astragalus, 3 calca-neus (2 UF and 1 F), 2 metapodial fragments, 3 phalanx 1 (3F), 6 vertebra, 30 ribs (9 MNI burnt); identifiable burnt Bos: 7skull fragments, 26 teeth fragments, 4 mandible fragments, 4scapula fragments, 4 proximal femur fragments, patella, 2 dis-tal tibia (2 F), 3 tarsus, 2 naviculocuboid, 7 astragalus, 8 calca-neus fragments (5 F, 1 butchered down center of shaft), proxi-mal metacarpus, proximal metatarsus, 3 metapodial shafts, 9distal metapodial fragments (1+ F), 4 phalanx 1 fragments, 9phalanx 1/2 fragments, 12 phalanx 2 fragments, phalanx 3,52 vertebra fragments (35 caudal); 3 MNI burnt2 unburnt fish bones (1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus)22 marine invertebrates (14 Patella) with 5 burnt (2 Patella, 2Glycymeris, Monodonta)
The Mammal Remains 423
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Court 42A, 62D 1,180 g bones (3 Ovis/Capra [one −10 months and one +1.5–2years], Bos [+2–2.5 years], Sus [−2–2.5 years]) with 550 gburnt (46.6%), including Ovis/Capra (proximal femur head[cut], distal femur fragment, carpus/tarsus, distal metapodialepiphysis [UF]) and Bos (4 teeth fragments, astragalus frag-ment, 3 vertebrae [1 butchered], 20 fragments)158 marine invertebrates (147 Patella, 93%) with 1 burntPatellaBurnt fauna probably derived from Altar U; no Sus bonesburnt
Building Q, late seventh 52B, 60B, 64A2, 17 bones (Ovis/Capra −1.75–2 years) with 2 burnt Ovis/Capracentury B.C., Room 30, ws bones (axis fragment, fragment)upper floor 3 fish bones (sparid)
279 marine shells (273 Patella, 97.8%) with 1 burnt Patella
Building Q, Room 30, 52B, 60B 91 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1.5 but −1.75–2 years], Bos-sized, Sus)lower floor with 2 burnt bones
312 marine invertebrates (298 Patella, 95.5%)
Building Q, Room 30, 52B 90 bones (Ovis/Capra, Sus [−1 year]) with 2 burnt bonesbelow floor 1 Canis canine
1 fish vertebra (mugilid)59 marine shells (53 Patella, 89.8%)
Building Q, Room 31, 60B, 64A, ws 256 bones (3 Ovis/Capra [one Ovis −1.75–2 years, one Ovis/dump on upper floor Capra +1.75–2 but −2.5–3 years], Bos [adult], Sus [−3.5 years,
female]) with 25 burnt (9.8%), including an Ovis/Capra distalfemur (UF, −3–3.5 years) and 20 fragments and a Bos tarsusand 3 fragments1 Canis palate1 Lepus metapodial17 fish bones from 1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus and 1 burnt elas-mobranch centrum2,925 marine invertebrates (2,798 Patella [95.7%], 110 Mono-donta) with 7 burnt (5 Patella, Monodonta)Dump produced a knife or saw blade with a serrated edgeand a possible rivet hole (J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5,Section 7, 37); an Ovis/Capra scapula butchered in halfthrough the glenoid and a Sus scapula butchered diagonallybehind the glenoid
Building Q, Room 31, 60B, 64A 11 bones (Bos-sized)lower floor 14 marine shells (11 Patella)
Building Q, Room 31, 60B 49 bones (Ovis/Capra, +10 months)below floor 8 marine shells
424 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Building Q, Room 37, 64A 3 bones with 2 burnt including an Ovis/Capra-sized scapulaupper floor (very young)
1,464 marine shells (1,424 Patella, 97.3%) with 40 burnt (39 Pa-tella, Monodonta)
Building Q, Room 37, 64A2, ws 866 marine shells (865 Patella, 98.7%)lower floor
Building Q, Room 38, 64A2 2 bones (Ovis/Capra-sized)upper floor 68 marine invertebrates (44 Patella [64.7%], 12 Monodonta)
with 1 burnt Patella
Building Q, Room 38, 64A2, ws 10 bones (Sus, young) with 5 burnt small fragmentslower floor 6 fish bones with 1 burnt sparid and 1 unburnt labrid
142 marine invertebrates (99 Patella, 69.7%) with 2 burnt (Pa-tella, Monodonta)
Building Q, Room 38, 64A2, ws 1,041 marine shells (1,030 M. trunculus [98.9%]) (Pl. 6.11)purple-dye evidence inlower and upper floors
Building Q, Room 39, 62B 17 marine shells (16 Patella)upper floor
Building Q, Room 40, 62B 1,110 marine shells (1,089 Patella, 98.1%)upper floor
Building Q, Room 40, 62B, ws 868 marine invertebrates (856 Patella, 98.6%)lower floor
Building V, constructed in 54A1 33 bones (Ovis/Capra [+2.5–3 years], Sus)late seventh century, floor 180 marine shells (173 Patella, 96.1%)
Dark earth, seventh 37A/3 26 fish bones with 16 burnt (61.5%) from 3 sparids (2 burnt)century
Period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3
Three-sided slab enclo- 56A, ws 8 bones (Sus, young) with 7 burnt bonessure, seventh century B.C. Eggshell fragment
13 fish bones17 marine invertebrates (14 Patella) with 1 burnt Patella
Contents of bowl (Callag- 50A, ws 2 bones (Ovis/Capra, +1–1.25 years) with 1 burnthan and Johnston, Chap. 25 fish bones4, Section 1, 316), seventh 12 marine invertebrates (8 Patella) with 1 burnt Patellacentury
Altar U, pit to east of 57A1, ws 5 bones with 4 burnt including an Ovis/Capra metacarpusand metatarsus and Sus posterior mandible4 Patella with 3 burnt
Marine meal #2 27B, ws 5 fish bones with 1 burnt from P. erythrinus2,983 marine invertebrates (2,898 Patella [97.2%], 59 Mono-donta) with 3 burnt (2 Patella and Monodonta)
The Mammal Remains 425
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Marine meal #3, seventh 27B, ws 21 fish bones with 13 burnt (61.9%) from 1 burnt sparidcentury 2,998 marine invertebrates (2,922 Patella [97.5%], 30 Mono-
donta) with 12 burnt (9 Patella, Arcularia, M. brandaris [slightlyburnt], Erosaria [burnt ?])
Marine meal #4, eighth– 43A, ws 30 bones (Ovis/Capra [−2.5 yrs, +2.5–3 but −3–3.5 years], Bosseventh century [adult]) with 14 burnt (46.7%) Ovis/Capra: 2 proximal femur
heads, carpus/tarsus (small, −3–3.5 years)2,882 marine invertebrates (2,827 Patella [98%], 35 Monodonta)with 17 burnt (14 Patella, 3 Monodonta)
Marine meal #5, south- 50A 18 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos)west, seventh century 1,674 marine invertebrates (1,670 Patella, 99.8%) with 1 burnt
Patella
Marine meal #6, south- 50A 20 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos-sized)west, seventh century 1,142 marine shells (1,124 Patella, 98.4%) with 3 burnt Patella
Marine meal #7, south- 50A, ws 4 bones with 1 burnt Ovis/Capra-sizedwest, seventh century 4 fish vertebra
1,388 marine shells (1,361 Patella [98.1%], 27 Monodonta) with5 burnt Patella
Marine meal #8, south- 50A, ws 14 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 2 burntwest, seventh century 2 fish bones with 1 burnt vertebra
7,345 marine invertebrates (6,968 Patella [94.9%], 334 Mono-donta) with 85 burnt (47 Patella, 34 Monodonta, 3 Thais, 1 Ceri-thium [partly burnt])
Marine meal #9, south- 50A, ws 43 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult]) with 3 burnt (2 Ovis/Ca-west, eighth–seventh pra-sized, 1 Bos-sized)century 25 fish bones
2,438 marine invertebrates (2,298 Patella [94.3%], 111 Mono-donta) with 3 burnt (Patella, Monodonta, Glycymeris)
Marine meal #10, south, 51A 39 bones (Ovis/Capra, +1.5–2 years) with 1 burntseventh century 1,942 marine shells (1,918 Patella, 98.8%) with 1 burnt Patella
Marine meal #11, south, 51A 46 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult]) with 3 burnt, including anseventh century Ovis/Capra-sized rib
1,393 marine invertebrates (1,334 Patella [95.6%], 49 Mono-donta)
Marine meal #12, south- 52A 53 bones (Ovis/Capra [+10 months], Bos [adult], Sus [+1 year])east, seventh century with 4 burnt, including 3 Ovis/Capra-sized shafts and a Bos-
sized shaft4,859 marine shells (4,764 Patella [98%], 75 Monodonta) with16 burnt (12 Patella, 3 Monodonta, M. trunculus [partly burnt])
Marine meal #13, south- 52A 21 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult])east, seventh century 7,103 marine shells (7,072 Patella, 99.6%)
426 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Marine meal #14, south- 63A, ws 57 bones (Ovis/Capra [+2.5–3 years], Bos [adult]) with 1 burnteast, seventh century Ovis/Capra-sized
1 bird bone fragment16 fish bones with 2 burnt from 1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus1,389 marine invertebrates (1,370 Patella, 98.6%) with 3 burnt(2 Patella, Monodonta)
Marine meal #15, 63A 32 bones (Ovis/Capra [+10 months], Bos-sized) with 1 burntsoutheast vertebra fragment
2 fish bones1,741 marine invertebrates (1,712 Patella, 98.3%) with 5 burnt(4 Patella, Paracentrotus)
East of later altars 54A, 54A2, 57A, 625 bones (3 Ovis/Capra [two +1.5–2 years with one +2.5–358A, 59A, 60A, but −3–3.5 years], Bos [−2–2.5 years], 2 Sus [1–2 years, +3.560B, 66B, 67A1, years, male]) with 6 burnt, including Ovis/Capra proximalws metacarpus, proximal metatarsus, phalanx 2 (F; +1–1.25
years); Sus mandible fragment; Ovis/Capra or Sus shaft frag-ment; and a Bos-sized fragment2 fish bones with 1 burnt from 1 sparid2,379 marine invertebrates (2,175 Patella [91.4%], 84 Mono-donta) with 52 burnt Patella
South of temple 50A, 51A, 62B 280 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1.5–2 years, +3–3.5 years], Bos[adult], Sus [1 year]) with 3 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized1 Calonectris (late eighth century)4,344 marine invertebrates (4,197 Patella, 96.6%) with 9 burnt(6 Patella, 2 Glycymeris [2 partly burnt], Eriphia)Deposit produced a knife blade (J. W. Shaw and Harlan,Chap. 5, Section 7, 24)
Southeast of temple 52A, 52B, 53A, 508 bones (22 Ovis/Capra [one Capra −1.75–2 years, two56A, 56A1, 63A, −1.75–2 years, 16 +1.5–2 years with one +3–3.5 years], 2 Bos64A, 64A1, 64A2, [one −3 years], 2 Sus [−2 years, adult; 1 male, 1 female]) with64A3, 65A1 65A7, 30 burnt, including Ovis/Capra (radius shaft fragmentws [young], metacarpus shaft fragment, metatarsus fragment)
and Bos (mandible fragment, calcaneus epiphysis, 3 carpus/tarsus, vertebra fragment, 11 fragments [−3 years]); no Susbones burnt3 Canis bones2 fish bones with 1 possibly burnt from 1 sparid3,651 marine invertebrates (3,468 Patella [95%], 108 Mono-donta) with 63 burnt (52 Patella, 9 Monodonta, Donax, Mactra,Pecten)Burnt remains likely from Temple B, Phases 2 and 3, Build-ing Q, Room 31 (64A); or Period of Temple B, Phases 2 and3, three-sided slab enclosure (56A)
The Mammal Remains 427
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Levels to west #1 37A, ws 7 bones with 5 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized59 fish bones with 2 burnt from 14 sparids1,187 marine invertebrates (1,066 Patella, 89.8%) with 66 burnt(57 Patella, 7 Monodonta, 2 Glycymeris)
Levels to west #2 43A 704 marine shells (678 Patella, 96.3%) with 1 burnt Patella
East of temple 62D 24 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos) with 2 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized1 Equus molar710 marine shells (703 Patella, 99%) with 2 burnt Monodonta
Dark earth, seventh 37A/6 27 fish bones with 1 burnt from 1 cf. Obladacentury
Temple B, Phase 3 (ca. 650–600 B.C.)
Hearth 3 29A1, ws 150 burnt bones (600 g; 7 Ovis/Capra [all −3–3.5 years], Bos),including Ovis/Capra (14 proximal femur heads, proximal fe-mur trochanter majus [UF], 10 distal femur fragments, 8 pa-tella, 15 vertebrae, 22 ribs) and Bos vertebra and rib1 unburnt Alectoris bone42 fish bones with 1 burnt from 1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus and1 Anguilla30 marine invertebrates (20 Patella, 66.7%) with 4 burnt (3 Pa-tella, Monodonta)
Rectangular Hearth 4 33C, ws 825 g bone (4 Ovis/Capra [four −3–3.5 years with one −1–1.25years and one +1.75–2 years], Sus [−1 year] with 750 g burnt(90.9%), including mainly Ovis/Capra: 3 skull fragments, 6teeth, mandible fragment, 7 proximal femur heads (7 UF), 7distal femur fragments, patella, astragalus, 12 carpus/tarsus,proximal metacarpus, 2 distal metapodial fragments (2 F), 7phalanx 1 (1 UF, 6 broken), 4 phalanx 2 (4 F), phalanx 3 frag-ment (4 MNI burnt); also Sus: 29 teeth (very small), phalanx 3(small); and Ovis/Capra or Sus vertebrae (3+, 2 caudal, allsmall) and ribs (numerous, small)1 Alectoris burnt coracoid (female), Puffinus, other eggshells428 fish bones with 278 burnt (65%) from 28 sparids (with 8P. erythrinus/P. pagrus, 2 P. erythrinus, 2 Diplodus); at least 16fish individuals burnt448 marine invertebrates (366 Patella [82%], 62 Monodonta)with 122 burnt (27.2%; 66 Patella, 52 Monodonta, 2 Cerithium,Thais, Venus [holed])
Lower floor 33C, ws 415 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [10 months, +1–1.25 but −2.5–3years], Bos [adult]) with 38 burnt (9.2%), including Ovis/Capra (distal humerus epiphysis, acetabulum fragment, car-pus/tarsus, phalanx 2 [F], 6 ribs [2 MNI burnt]) and 2 Bos-sized fragments1 Lepus tooth2 unidentified bird bones
428 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
33 fish bones from 1 Diplodus135 marine shells (112 Patella, 83%) with 2 burnt PatellaBurnt fauna probably derive from Rectangular Hearth 4
Upper floor 33C, ws 527 bones (Ovis/Capra [adult], Bos [adult]) with 34 burnt, in-cluding an Ovis/Capra-sized acetabulum fragment and 33fragments2 Canis bones (astragalus, phalanx 1)1 Lepus metatarsus1 bird (Phalacrocorax) bone58 fish bones from 3 sparids (with 1 Diplodus) and 1 Spari-soma436 marine invertebrates (346 Patella [79.4%], 49 Monodonta)with 5 burnt PatellaBurnt fauna derives from Rectangular Hearth 4
Court 42A 197 bones (7 Ovis/Capra [one 10 months, one −1.75–2 years,four others −3–3.5 years, one +3–3.5 years], 2 Bos [−3.5–4years, +3.5–4 years], Sus [young]) with 57 burnt (28.9%), withOvis/Capra (12 proximal femur heads [6 MNI; all −3–3.5years]) and Bos (2 proximal femur [1 UF, 1 broken], distal fe-mur [F], ca. 40 fragments [2 MNI burnt])1 Alectoris bone240 marine shells (212 Patella [88.3%], 22 Monodonta) with 1partly burnt ThaisDeposit produced an iron knife with rivets (J. W. Shaw andHarlan, Chap. 5, Section 7, 8); burnt bones associated withTemple B, Phases 2 and 3, Altar U, and court
General upper interior 33C, ws 2,500 bones (5 Ovis/Capra [one 10 months, one −1.75–2 years,pails one +2.5–3 but −3–3.5 years], Bos [+1.25–1.5 years], and 2 Sus
[one +1–2 years, female])275 burnt major mammal bones (11%), mainly Ovis/Capra:mandible fragment, radius shaft fragment, proximal ulna frag-ment (small), pelvis fragment, patella, 2 astragali (1 butch-ered), 3 carpus/tarsus, 2 metapodial fragments (1 small),shaft fragment (partly burnt), phalanx 1 (F), phalanx 3, verte-bra fragment, 5 ribs (2 MNI burnt; at least one +1–1.25 but−2.5–3 years), also a Bos mandible fragment, phalanx 2 (F),and 3 fragments8 Lepus bones with burnt distal metatarsus and astragalus (ar-ticulating hindlimb bones)35 bird bones from 3 Puffinus, 1–2 Calonectris, Alectoris, Col-umba, Buteo (claw only), large passerine, Puffinus eggshells370 fish bones with 6 burnt from 12 fish with 10 sparids(with 3 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus, 5 P. erythrinus, 1 Diplodus, and1 Oblada), 1 Squatina (tooth), 1 Sparisoma
The Mammal Remains 429
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
9,467 marine invertebrates (7,910 Patella [83.6%], 1,137 Mono-donta [12%]) with 88 burnt (55 Patella, 18 Monodonta, 6 Mactra,3 Glycymeris, 2 Cerastoderma, 2 Donax, Pisania [holed], Paracen-trotus)Deposit produced a curved knife and a blade fragment (J. W.Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5, Section 7, 9); butchered bones in-clude the aforementioned Ovis/Capra astragali and 5 Ovis/Capra or Sus vertebrae; burnt fauna probably from the Rectan-gular Hearth 4
Period of Temple B, Phase 3
Archaic court levels east 56A1, 57A, 57A2, 6 bones (Ovis/Capra-sized)of the later altars 58A, ws 143 marine shells (130 Patella, 90.9%)
Red material, Archaic 65A4, ws 2 small burnt Ovis/Capra-sized fragments1 fish vertebra23 marine invertebrates (15 Patella) with 1 burnt Patella
Southeast of temple 63A, ws 163 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [one +1.5–2 years], 3 Bos [one +2.25years], Sus)1 Cervus(?) molar73 marine shells (60 Patella, 82.2%) with 21 burnt (28.8%; 19Patella, 2 Monodonta)
Eastern area #1, seventh 68A, ws 14 bones (Ovis/Capra, −1.75–2 years)century 32 marine shells (31 Patella, 96.9%)
Eastern area #2, seventh 68A 14 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1.75–2 years], Bos-sized)century 142 marine shells (137 Patella, 96.5%) with 4 burnt Patella
Western area #1, seventh 68A 19 bones (Ovis/Capra and Bos-sized)century 81 marine shells (75 Patella, 92.3%)
Western area #2, seventh 68A 11 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 2 burnt fragmentscentury 1 Canis phalanx
2 fish bones with 1 burnt otolith from 2 sparids840 marine shells (833 Patella, 99.2%) with 2 burnt Patella
To southeast 52A 1 bone (Ovis/Capra)1 Tonna fragment
Hiatus Period (sixth–fourth century B.C.)
Dump to southeast, fifth 63A 163 bones (5 Ovis/Capra [one +2 years], Bos [+2.25 years], Suscentury [−2 years, female]) with 13 burnt, including a Bos molar and
12 Bos-sized fragments525 marine shells (506 Patella, 96.4%)
Southeast of temple and 54A, 56A1, ws 125 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [one +1.75–2 years but −3–3.5 years],east of later altars 2 Bos [2 adult], Sus) with 5 burnt Ovis/Capra bones: proximal
femur head (UF), patella fragment, vertebra (UF), rib (−3–3.5years)
430 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
13 marine invertebrates (4 Patella) with 4 burnt (3 Patella andMonodonta)Burnt bones likely derived from Altar H sacrifices
To southeast 65A3, 65A7, ws 5 bones (Ovis/Capra)7 marine shells (4 Glycymeris)
Wall removal 68A 82 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−3–3.5 years, +3–3.5 years], Bos-sized) with 70 burnt (85.4%), including Ovis/Capra (3 distalfemur fragments [1 UF, 1 F], vertebra fragment [UF], 3 ribs[small]; 2 burnt MNI, −3–3.5, +3–3.5 years) and 1 Bos-sizedfragment1 unburnt Sepia
Under wall removal 68A 141 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos-sized) with 132 burnt (93.6%),including Ovis/Capra (proximal femur [head JF], distal femur[probably F], vertebra [UF], 5 ribs, 117 fragments [3–3.5years] and 7 Bos-sized fragments1 unburnt Sepia
Period of Temple B, Phase 2–early Temple C (seventh–fourth century B.C.)
Sounding on the east, 11A 198 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 but −1.75–2 years], Bos800–500 [adult], 2 Sus [young, 2 years]) with 18 burnt, including an
Ovis/Capra proximal femur head and rib (−3–3.5 years)174 marine shells (108 Patella [62.1%], 48 Glycymeris [27.6%])
Period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C (ca. 650–375 B.C.)
Altar H, constructed 550– 20B1 68 bones (Ovis/Capra-sized) with 22 burnt (32.4%) fragments500 B.C., on 3 unburnt marine shells (2 Patella)
Altar H, above 20B1 134 Ovis/Capra bones with 29 burnt (21.6%), including a prox-imal femur head fragment and distal femur fragment (−3–3.5years)1 unburnt Lepus bone29 marine invertebrates (20 Patella, 69%) with 2 burnt Mono-donta
Altar H, east side, around 20B1 87 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1.5–2 years], Bos [adult], and 2 Susbase [−1 year, +2 years]) with 2 burnt Ovis/Capra bones, a distal
tibia (F, burnt at distal) and phalanx 1 fragment (+1.5–2years)64 unburnt marine shells (42 Patella [65.6%], 13 Monodonta)
Altar H, just east of 20B1, 54A 215 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1.5–2 years but −3–3.5 years], Bos[adult], Sus [+1–2 years]) with 34 burnt (15.8%), includingOvis/Capra (radius shaft, distal tibia [F], 31 fragments [+1.5–2years]) and Bos pelvis fragment and rib253 marine shells (204 Patella [80.6%], 39 Monodonta) with 7burnt (4 Monodonta, 3 Patella)
The Mammal Remains 431
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Altar H, earth around, on 20B1 20 unburnt bones (Ovis/Capra)western side 6 unburnt marine shells (2 Patella)
Altar H, around(?) 20B1 96 unburnt marine shells (74 Patella [77.1%], 18 Monodonta)
Temple C (375 B.C.–A.D. 160/170)
Temple C, above and on 29A1, ws Over 1,000 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1–1.25 years, 1–1.25 years],slab floor Bos [adult], 5 Sus [one −1 year, one −2 years, one −3–3.5
years; 3 female, 2 male]) with 125 g burnt, including an Ovis/Capra metapodial shaft, 6 Bos-sized fragments, and a Sus mo-lar fragment (adult)1 Equus molar3 Lepus bones10 bird bones of Gallus, Hydrobates, Columba; Gallus eggshells475 fish bones from 29 fish with 18 sparids (with 3 P. erythri-nus/P. pagrus, 1 P. pagrus, 1 Diplodus, 2 Oblada), 1 Sciaena, 1Umbrina, 2 Spicara, 1 Dicentrarchus, 1 cf. Epinephelus, 1 Gaidrop-saurus, 1 Conger, 1 Gymnothorax, 1 Sparisoma, 1 Solea, 1 Clarias235 marine invertebrates (55 Patella [23.4%], 30 Donax [55valves], 20 Mactra [35 valves]) with 6 burnt (2 Cerastoderma,Patella, Monodonta, Erosaria, Barbatia)Floor deposit includes an iron knife blade with a bronze haftand an ivory handle (J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5, Sec-tion 7, 42); 2 butchered Sus ulnae from 2 MNI; few burnt re-mains likely from the central rectangular hearth or the south-eastern upper hearth
Temple C, central rectan- 29A1, 46A, ws 100 g burnt bones (100%) including an Ovis/Capra or Sus-gular hearth sized tooth root fragment and rib
Eggshells (Puffinus [2 shells], Columba, Gallus, Larus, Alectoris,unidentified), with burnt Columba and Larus12 unburnt fish bones from 1 sparid26 marine invertebrates (10 Cerastoderma) with 18 burnt(69.2%; 10 Cerastoderma, 2 Patella, Donax, Mactra, Barbatia,Cyclope, Lepas, Balanus)
Temple C, northwestern 29A1 4 bones (Ovis/Capra or Sus)enclosure 11 marine invertebrates (4 Tonna)
Temple C, northeast 29A1 31 bones (2 Sus, 1–2 years, male)corner 1 Patella
Temple C, above benches 29A1 14 bones (Bos [adult], Sus)1 Spondylus
Temple C, below reused 29A1, ws 18 bones (Sus)Minoan stone lamp Eggshell fragments(Schwab 1996: no. 42) 4 fish bones from 1 sparid
9 marine invertebrates (5 Tonna, 2 Mactra; J. W. Shaw 1980a:pl. 60d)
432 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Temple C, upper floor, 29A1, ws 282 unburnt bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 years], 2 Sus [+1.550 B.C.–A.D. 160/170 years but −2 years, +2 years])
1 small mammal metapodialPuffinus; unidentified eggshells13 fish bones from 1 sparid47 marine invertebrates (14 M. brandaris, 5 Patella, 5Donax)
Temple C, small hearth 29A1 3 marine shells (3 burnt Cerastoderma)on south wall, upper floor
Temple C, southeastern 29A1, ws 90 g bone (2 Sus, young and adult) with 65 g burnt (72.2%),upper hearth including Sus (5 incisors, 2 premolar fragments [1 large],
molar fragment, 2 tooth root fragments, vertebra centrumfragment, distal phalanx) and a burnt Lepus distal tibiaSome burnt Puffinus eggshells22 fish bones with 5 burnt from 1 serranid and 1 sparid55 marine invertebrates (25 Cerastoderma [45.4%], 10 Donax)with 33 burnt (60%; 25 Cerastoderma, 2 Patella, 2 Monodonta,Thais, Arca, Cerithium, Lepas)
Temple C, exterior enclo- 34A3 111 bones with 110 (250 g) burnt (99.1%) Ovis/Capra (2sure south of doorway patella, 4 vertebrae fragments, rib, −3–3.5 years)
1 burnt Patella
Building F, constructed 11A 46 marine shells (32 Patella, 9 Glycymeris)550–500 B.C., floor
Building W, constructed 50A1 1 Glycymeris375–350 B.C., floor
Building W, below floor 55A 6 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 3 burnt73 marine invertebrates (22 Dentalium [30.1%], 20 Patella, 5Donax [12 valves]) (Pl. 6.13)
Building D, constructed 14A, 20B2 23 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1.5–2 years], Bos [adult])375–350 B.C., upper fill
Building D, fill above 14A, 20B2 6 marine shells (4 Glycymeris)walls
Building D, above floor 20B2 11 bones1 Glycymeris
Building D, original floor 14A, 20B2 32 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult])1 Cervus molar
Building D, outside to 20B2 10 bones (Bos, adult)north 6 marine invertebrates (3 Patella)
The Mammal Remains 433
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Building D, outside to 20B2 18 unidentifiable bonessouth 95 shells (94 Patella, 98.9%)
Room A1, constructed 23A, ws 132 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [+1.25–1.5 years], Sus) with 1150–50 B.C., floor burnt Ovis/Capra or Sus fragment
10 marine invertebrates (3 Patella) with 1 burnt Patella
Room A1, above bench in 23A 1 Tonnanorthwest corner
Room A1, central hearth 23A and 46A1, 23 small bones with 20 burnt (87%) Ovis/Capra or Sus frag-ws ments
Eggshells: Puffinus (2 MNI), Larus, unidentified38 marine invertebrates (19 Patella, 50%) with 5 burnt (4 Pa-tella, Monodonta)
Room A1, floor contents 44B 31 bones (Ovis/Capra)5 marine shells (3 Patella)
Building B, constructed 10A 36 bones (Ovis/Capra)150–50 B.C., western 9 marine shells (5 Patella)room, upper late reoccupa-tion level
Building B, western room, 10A 40 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 1 burnt bonelevel of roof tile collapse 8 marine shells (4 Patella)
Building B, western room, 10A 10 bones (Ovis/Capra)soil layer above lower 5 marine shells (4 Patella)floor, inner room
Building B, western room, 10A 90 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult], Sus) with 1 burnt Ovis/Ca-first floor pra or Sus bone
34 marine shells (20 Patella [58.8%], 9 Glycymeris)
Building B, eastern room, 10A 1 Ovis/Capra boneupper collapse 7 marine shells (2 Patella, 2 Glycymeris)
Building B, eastern room, 10A 25 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 1 burnt Ovis/Capra tooth frag-upper late occupation mentlevel 1 fish (Umbrina) otolith
9 marine shells (7 Patella)
Building B, eastern room, 10A 3 burnt Ovis/Capra or Sus fragmentsupper floor 6 marine invertebrates (3 Patella) with 2 burnt (Patella, Ceras-
toderma)Burnt fauna probably derived from the hearth in the south-east corner
Building B, eastern room, 10A, 46A2 1 small burnt Ovis/Capra or Sus bonehearth in southeast cor- Puffinus eggshellsner, upper floor 12 marine invertebrates (7 Patella) with 3 burnt (2 Patella, Cer-
astoderma)
434 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Building B, eastern room, 10A 17 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult], Sus [young]) with 8 burnton lower floor Ovis/Capra or Sus fragments
7 marine shells (4 Patella)
Building B, eastern room, 10A 104 unburnt bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult], Sus)lower floor 13 marine shells (4 Patella, 4 Glycymeris) with 1 burnt Glycym-
eris
Building B, eastern dump 59A 23 marine shells (19 Patella, 82.6%)joining with, late first cen-tury B.C.
Building E, roof tile level, 10A 35 marine shells (27 Patella, 77.1%)constructed 150–50 B.C.
Building E, middle room, 20A 31 marine shells (26 Patella, 83.9%)on slab floor
Building E, north room 67A 4 marine invertebrates with 1 burnt Monodonta
Building E, south room 67A 1 Glycymeris
Building E, hearth interior 52B 37 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 36 burnt (50 g; 97.3%), including(in southeast) a proximal femur head fragment, rib, 34 fragments (−3–3.5
years)
Period of Temple C
Altar C, constructed 375– 10A1, 33A 3,150 g bone (24 Ovis/Capra [22 −3–3.5 years with one350 B.C., used to Early Ro- +1–1.25 years, one 3–3.5 years, one +3–3.5 years], Bos [−3.5–4man period, inside and on years], and Sus); 3,050 g burnt (96.8% [J. W. Shaw et al. 1978:
pl. 41b]), including Ovis/Capra (molar, 45 proximal femurheads [43 UF, 1 JF, and 1 F], proximal femur trochanter majus,5 femur shaft fragments, 36 distal femur [all UF], 7 patella, 14vertebrae fragments [probably 10 vertebra], 11 ribs [24 MNI;22 −3–3.5 years, one 3–3.5 years, one +3–3.5 years]) and Bos(proximal femur head fragment, vertebra centrum fragment,ca. 50 fragments, −3.5–4 years)28 unburnt marine shells (26 Patella, 92.9%)Bronze blade fragment found on the altar (J. W. Shaw andHarlan, Chap. 5, Section 7, 39)Southern end of altar produced a terra-cotta bull (M. C.Shaw, Chap. 3, C9)
Altar C, west of 10A1 1,790 g bone (5 Ovis/Capra [all −3–3.5 years], Bos [adult], Sus[adult]) with 1,700 g burnt (95%), including Ovis/Capra (9proximal femur heads, 9 distal femur fragments, 8 patella, 2vertebrae fragments, 42 ribs [5 MNI; all −3–3.5 years]) andBos (distal femur fragment, 3 ribs, and 20 fragments)6 unburnt marine shells (3 Patella)
The Mammal Remains 435
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
Altar C, east of 10A1 820 g bone (2 Ovis/Capra [two −3–3.5 years], Bos [adult])with 770 g burnt (93.9%), including Ovis/Capra (3 proximal fe-mur heads [2 UF, 1 fragment], 2 distal femur [UF shaft, UFdistal epiphysis], patella, 3 vertebra fragments, 30 ribs [2MNI]) and 3 Bos-sized fragments3 unburnt marine shells (2 Patella)
Altar C, surface around 33A 58 bones (2 Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult], Sus [adult, male]) with 19sides burnt (32.8%), including 1 Ovis/Capra distal femur fragment
Altar C, slab enclosure 33A1 12 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 2 burnt fragmentssouth of
Altar L, constructed 29A 1 unburnt Ovis/Capra molar found on altar150–50 B.C.
Altar M, constructed 29A 1 unburnt Bos premolar (adult) found on altar150–50 B.C.
Ovis/Capra metapodial 29A, 29A1, 63A 52 bones (9 Ovis/Capra [two −1.75–2 years and one +1.75–2collection, second century years], Sus [young]), mainly Ovis/Capra metapodialsB.C. 3 marine shells
Dump to south, used into 34A, 34A1 1,450 bones (10 Ovis/Capra [two −1.75–2 years, eight +1.5–2the first century B.C years, with one 3–3.5 years], Bos [adult], Sus [2 years, fe-
male]) with 15 burnt bones, including Ovis/Capra: (3 distalmetacarpus [1 UF, 2 broken], and 10 fragments [2 MNI burnt;−1.75–2 years] and 2 Bos-sized shaft fragments); also a butch-ered Ovis/Capra distal humerus and 11 cut ribs (9 Ovis/Capraor Sus and 2 Bos)1 Canis tooth1 Lepus humerus1 Gallus bone, Puffinus eggshells13 fish bones with 12 elasmobranch centra25 marine invertebrates (72 Glycymeris [57.6%], 15 Patella)
General pails above found- 29A2, 34A3, 42A, 1,684 bones (6 Ovis/Capra [one −1–1.25 years, four +2.5–3ing level outside entrance 62D years, one +3–3.5 years], Bos [adult], Sus [1 year, +2 years, fe-to Temple C male]) with 5 burnt bones, including 4 Ovis/Capra (radius
shaft, 3 fragments) and a Bos-sized fragment1 Equus molar1 unidentified bird bone23 marine shells (6 Patella, 5 Glycymeris)
Upper levels next to Build- 20B 168 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 years], Bos [adult], Sus [+2ing D years]) with 11 burnt Ovis/Capra bones, including an acetabu-
lum fragment and a distal femur fragment, possibly from onehindleg
436 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.1. (Continued)
Period and Location Trench Description
75 marine invertebrates (39 Patella [52%], 13 Monodonta, 10Glycymeris)
Levels to southwest 44A 143 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 years], Bos [adult], Sus[young male])285 marine shells (267 Patella, 93.7%) with 1 burnt Patella
South of temple, fourth 50A, 50A1, 51A, 229 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1.75–2 years, +2.5–3 years], Boscentury B.C. 51A1 [adult], Sus) with 5 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized fragments
1 bird (Turdus merula[?]) bone2 fish remains from 1 Umbrina (otolith) and 1 Sparisoma365 marine invertebrates (338 Patella, 92.6%) with 1 burntPatella
Southeast of temple, 52A, 52B, 53A, 181 bones (4 Ovis/Capra [three +1.5–2 years one +2 years],fourth century B.C. 56A1, 63A, 64A, Bos [adult], Sus) with 12 burnt bones (11 Ovis/Capra-sized
64A1, 64A2, 65A, and a Bos astragalus fragment)65A1, 65A2, 65A5 216 marine invertebrates (122 Patella [56.5%], 45 Glycymeris
[20.8%]) with 1 burnt PatellaKnife/shaft fragment (J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5, Sec-tion 7, 41), 1 butchered Ovis/Capra or Sus vertebra
East of altars, fourth 54A, 54A1, 57A, 75 bones (Ovis/Capra [+10 months], Bos [adult], Sus) with 1century B.C. 58A, 59A, 60A, burnt Ovis/Capra metatarsus shaft
60B, 67A 157 marine invertebrates (132 Patella [84.1%], 17 Glycymeris)with 1 partly burnt Thais
Above founding level 47A 637 bones (4 Ovis/Capra [one −1.75–2 years, two +2.5–3outside on northeast, first years], Bos [adult], 2 Sus [one −2 years, male]) with 26 burntcentury B.C. bones, including Ovis/Capra (molar, metatarsus shaft, and 23
fragments) and Bos-sized shaft fragment3 bird bones with Gallus48 marine invertebrates (39 Patella, 81.3%) with 1 burnt Patella
South sounding 36B1/1 1 bird bone, unidentified
To southeast, first 51A, 52A, 56A1 586 bones (6 Ovis/Capra [two −1.5–2 years, one 1.5–2 years,century B.C. one +1.75–2 years], 3 Bos [all +2.25 years], Sus [adult male])
with 23 burnt bones, including Ovis/Capra (5 patella, vertebra[UF], 2 ribs [1 small]) and Bos (molar fragment and 14 frag-ments)1 Canis mandible30 marine shells (12 Patella [40%], 7 Glycymeris)
+ MNI= over = minimum number of individuals− UF= under = unfusedF ws= fused = water-sievedJF = just fused
Tab
le6.
2.C
atal
ogue
ofbu
rnt
faun
alre
mai
nsfr
omIr
onA
geK
omm
os.
Perc
enta
geof
Peri
odan
dL
ocat
ion
Bon
esor
Spec
imen
sB
urnt
Bon
esB
ones
Bur
nt*
Iden
tifi
cati
onan
dC
omm
ents
Tem
ple
A
Floo
rs1,
427
bone
s;58
0g
125;
180
g8.
8;31
.0O
vis/
Cap
ra:2
teet
hfr
agm
ents
,pro
xim
alfe
mur
head
(but
cher
edpr
oxim
al),
dis
tal
fem
ur,c
aud
alve
rteb
ra(s
mal
l),s
haft
;Bos
-siz
ed:2
frag
men
ts95
fish
bone
s1
Ver
tebr
a1,
015
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s11
4P
atel
la,4
Gly
cym
eris
,3M
onod
onta
Cou
rt26
bone
s4
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed22
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Arc
ular
ia
Sout
hern
dum
p37
4bo
nes
5O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
:sha
ft,2
frag
men
ts;B
os:m
olar
(une
rupt
ed),
1fr
agm
ent
(sub
adul
t)19
2m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
2110
.917
Mon
odon
ta,3
Pat
ella
,M.t
runc
ulus
Nor
thea
ster
nd
ump
#145
5bo
nes;
1,25
0g
380
g30
.4O
vis/
Cap
ra:c
arpu
s/ta
rsus
frag
men
t;B
os-s
ized
:ho
rnco
refr
agm
ent,
mos
tbu
rnt
frag
men
ts
Nor
thea
ster
nd
ump
#252
7bo
nes
5710
.8O
vis/
Cap
ra:m
and
ible
(M3
erup
ting
),ra
diu
ssh
aft,
prox
imal
met
atar
sus,
phal
anx
1(U
F),r
ib,5
shaf
tfr
agm
ents
(1.5
–2ye
ars)
;Bos
:hor
ncor
efr
agm
ent,
prem
olar
,mol
ar,a
stra
galu
sfr
agm
ent,
carp
us/
tar-
sus,
dis
tal
calc
aneu
s(F
),pr
oxim
alm
etap
odia
l(p
artl
ybu
rnt)
,dis
tal
met
apod
ial
(pos
sibl
yJF
),4
phal
anx
1(2
F,2
brok
en),
phal
anx
2(F
),ph
alan
x3
frag
men
t,ri
b,31
frag
men
ts(2
MN
I;on
e2–
2.5
year
s,on
e+3
year
s)93
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s2
Pat
ella
,Gly
cym
eris
Tem
ple
A,l
ower
dum
p,ab
ove
175
gbo
ne24
;75
g42
.9B
os:a
stra
galu
sfr
agm
ent,
frag
men
tM
inoa
nro
ad
Per
iod
ofT
emp
leA
Sout
heas
tern
dep
osit
268
bone
s13
Ovi
s/C
apra
:2m
olar
s,ph
alan
x2
(F),
5fr
agm
ents
(+1–
1.25
year
s);B
os-s
ized
:4fr
agm
ents
Dum
pto
sout
heas
t34
bone
s2
Ovi
s/C
apra
:hum
erus
shaf
t,fr
agm
ent
Tab
le6.
2.(C
onti
nued
)
Perc
enta
geof
Peri
odan
dL
ocat
ion
Bon
esor
Spec
imen
sB
urnt
Bon
esB
ones
Bur
nt*
Iden
tifi
cati
onan
dC
omm
ents
PGbe
low
surf
ace
122
bone
s1
part
lybu
rnt
Bos
shaf
tfr
agm
ent
Per
iod
ofT
emp
leA
–Tem
ple
B,P
has
e1
Dep
osit
inso
uth
137
bone
s2
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed;B
os-s
ized
rib
Sout
heas
tern
dum
p#1
15bo
nes
1O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
Sout
heas
tern
dum
p#2
231
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Pat
ella
Tem
ple
B,P
has
e1
Hea
rth
178
bone
s46
59.0
Ovi
s/C
apra
:mol
arfr
agm
ent,
2m
etap
odia
lepi
phy-
sis
frag
men
ts,2
ribs
(sm
all,
−1.7
5–2
year
s)8
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Pat
ella
Cou
rt54
9bo
nes
30O
vis/
Cap
ra:v
erte
bra
(UF)
,28
frag
men
ts;B
os-
size
dfr
agm
ent
639
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s3
Pat
ella
,Mon
odon
ta,G
lycy
mer
is
Tem
ple
B,P
has
es1
and
2
Floo
rs1,
529
bone
s;1,
600
g22
5;14
0g
14.7
;8.8
Ovi
s/C
apra
:pos
teri
orsk
ull
frag
men
t,pr
emax
illa,
pelv
isfr
agm
ent,
pate
llafr
agm
ent,
met
apod
ial
frag
men
t,pr
oxim
alph
alan
x2,
vert
ebra
,5ri
bs;
Bos
:pha
lanx
2fr
agm
ent
41fi
shbo
nes
1A
xial
spin
e96
3m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
118
Pat
ella
,2M
onod
onta
,Gly
cym
eris
,Gib
bula
Per
iod
ofT
emp
leB
,Ph
ases
1an
d2
Pit
inea
st30
smal
lbo
nes;
60g
Mos
tbu
rnt
Ovi
s/C
apra
:uln
ash
aft,
3ri
bs9
fish
bone
s1
Spar
idot
olit
h47
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s16
34.0
11P
atel
la,3
Mon
odon
ta,G
lycy
mer
is,E
riph
ia
Dum
pto
sout
h36
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s20
55.6
18P
atel
la,2
Mon
odon
ta
Tem
ple
B,P
has
e2
Hea
rth
219
0g
bone
180
g;5
g97
.4O
vis/
Cap
ra:5
skul
lfra
gmen
ts,m
olar
,sca
pula
frag
-pa
rtly
burn
tm
ent,
prox
imal
ulna
(UF)
,pat
ella
,4ca
rpus
/ta
r-su
s,3
vert
ebra
(1ca
udal
),12
ribs
;par
tly
burn
tO
vis/
Cap
ra:p
alat
efr
agm
ent,
rib
(sm
all,
−2.5
–3ye
ars)
183
fish
bone
s38
20.8
5sp
arid
MN
I(3
P.e
ryth
rinu
s/P
.pag
rus)
262
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s51
19.5
39P
atel
la,5
Mon
odon
ta,3
Gly
cym
eris
,Aca
ntho
car-
dia,
Gib
bula
,Don
ax,C
onus
Low
erhe
arth
/fl
oor
arou
nd20
3bo
nes
111;
90g
54.7
Ovi
s/C
apra
:pro
xim
alfe
mur
head
,2d
ista
lfe
mur
Tri
pilla
rSh
rine
frag
men
ts,p
roxi
mal
met
apod
ial,
prox
imal
pha-
lanx
1(−
3–3.
5ye
ars)
25fi
shbo
nes
3Sp
arid
75m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
2P
atel
la,M
onod
onta
Cou
rt1,
690
gbo
ne1,
300
g76
.9O
vis/
Cap
ra:p
rem
olar
,dis
tal
fem
ur,2
pate
lla,
prox
imal
met
acar
pus,
prox
imal
met
atar
sus,
dis
tal
met
atar
sus
(UF)
,pha
lanx
1(U
F),v
erte
bra
frag
-m
ent,
rib
(−1–
1.25
year
s);B
os:d
ista
lti
bia
(F),
ver-
tebr
afr
agm
ent,
ca.1
5fr
agm
ents
(+2–
2.5
year
s);
Sus
astr
agal
us(p
artl
ybu
rnt
and
wor
n)23
fish
bone
s5
1–2
spar
idM
NI
2,47
7m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
4834
Pat
ella
,11
Mon
odon
ta,C
haro
nia
frag
men
t,E
riph
ia,P
arac
entr
otus
(cha
rred
)
Dou
ble
hear
thin
cour
t10
0g
bone
50g
50.0
Sus,
ofte
nyo
ung;
rod
ent,
afe
wbu
rnt
396
fish
bone
s45
;abo
utha
lf11
.46
spar
idM
NI
(wit
h3
P.e
ryth
rinu
s/P
.pag
rus)
blac
kan
dha
lfw
hite
90m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
2426
.719
Pat
ella
,3M
onod
onta
,Den
taliu
m,N
atic
a
Ash
yfi
llea
stof
dou
ble
hear
th20
bone
s20
;und
er50
g10
0.0
Sus:
smal
lfr
agm
ents
392
fish
bone
s28
873
.58
spar
ids
(wit
h1
P.e
ryth
rinu
s)an
d1
cf.E
pine
phe-
lus
13m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
63
Pat
ella
,2M
onod
onta
,Sph
aero
nass
a
Tab
le6.
2.(C
onti
nued
)
Perc
enta
geof
Peri
odan
dL
ocat
ion
Bon
esor
Spec
imen
sB
urnt
Bon
esB
ones
Bur
nt*
Iden
tifi
cati
onan
dC
omm
ents
Per
iod
ofT
emp
leB
,Ph
ase
2
Sout
hso
und
ing
1,12
5bo
nes
155
13.8
Ovi
s/C
apra
:pre
mol
ar,s
esm
oid
,pha
lanx
2(F
)(+
1–1.
25ye
ars)
;Bos
-siz
edfr
agm
ent
118
fish
bone
s17
14.4
4sp
arid
and
1se
rran
idM
NI
1,68
9m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
3021
Pat
ella
,6M
onod
onta
,Gly
cym
eris
,Cer
asto
derm
a,P
arac
entr
otus
Per
iod
ofT
emp
leB
,Ph
ases
1–3
Sout
hso
und
ing,
und
erth
esl
ab17
6bo
nes
2O
vis/
Cap
ra:r
adiu
ssh
aft,
frag
men
tfl
oor
ofT
empl
eC
12fi
shbo
nes
1A
xial
spin
e33
9m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1612
Mon
odon
ta,3
Pat
ella
,Par
acen
trot
us
Dum
pto
sout
h49
8bo
nes
13O
vis/
Cap
ra:p
elvi
sfr
agm
ent,
11fr
agm
ents
;Bos
-si
zed
frag
men
t48
fish
bone
s8
16.7
2sp
arid
MN
I1,
344
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s37
25P
atel
la,1
0M
onod
onta
,M.t
runc
ulus
,Ero
sari
a
Mar
ine
mea
l#1
1,79
5m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
4P
atel
la
Lev
els
tono
rthe
ast
375
bone
s;80
0g
149;
250
g39
.7;3
1.3
Ovi
s/C
apra
:ast
raga
lus
frag
men
t,pr
oxim
alm
eta-
carp
us,1
frag
men
t;B
os:2
–3pa
rtly
burn
tm
olar
s,4
dis
tal
fem
urfr
agm
ents
,man
ysh
aft
frag
men
ts,
pate
llafr
agm
ent,
4ca
rpus
/ta
rsus
,met
apod
ial
shaf
t,11
carp
us/
tars
usor
phal
anx
frag
men
ts,
prox
imal
phal
anx
1(F
),ph
alan
x3
frag
men
t,44
frag
men
ts(−
1.5–
2ye
ars)
292
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s3
Pat
ella
Lev
els
tow
est
#145
5bo
nes
9O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
33fi
shbo
nes
412
.11
spar
id47
5m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1411
Pat
ella
,3M
onod
onta
Lev
els
tow
est
#221
3m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1P
atel
la
Lev
els
toso
uthw
est
413
bone
s10
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed1,
612
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s12
7P
atel
la,4
Mon
odon
ta,G
lycy
mer
is
Tem
ple
B,P
has
es2
and
3
Rit
ual
dep
osit
arou
ndT
ripi
llar
380
gbo
ne32
0g
84.2
Ovi
s/C
apra
:pro
xim
alfe
mur
head
,4d
ista
lfe
mur
Shri
nefr
agm
ents
,2pa
tella
,2ca
udal
vert
ebra
(sm
all)
,2ri
bs(s
mal
l,−3
–3.5
year
s);B
os:p
roxi
mal
phal
anx
2(F
),4
frag
men
ts(+
1.25
–1.5
year
s);L
epus
dis
tal
tibi
a24
8fi
shbo
nes
1A
xial
spin
e60
6m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
96
Pat
ella
,Mon
odon
ta,G
lycy
mer
is,C
eras
tode
rma
Alt
arU
,con
tent
s37
,950
gbo
ne37
,900
g99
.9O
vis/
Cap
ra:d
ista
lhu
mer
ussh
aft,
17pr
oxim
alfe
mur
head
s,2
dis
tal
fem
urep
iphy
ses
(2U
F),1
3d
ista
lfe
mur
frag
men
ts(1
3U
F),1
1pa
tella
,2d
is-
tal
tibi
a(2
F),2
carp
us/
tars
us,a
stra
galu
s,3
cal-
cane
us(2
UF,
1F)
,2m
etap
odia
lfra
gmen
ts,3
pha-
lanx
1(3
F),6
vert
ebra
,30
ribs
(9M
NI
burn
t;al
l−3
–3.5
year
sw
ith
one
ortw
o−2
.5–3
year
san
don
e+2
.5–3
year
s);B
os:7
skul
lfr
agm
ents
,26
teet
hfr
agm
ents
,4m
and
ible
frag
men
ts,4
scap
ula
frag
-m
ents
,4pr
oxim
alfe
mur
frag
men
ts,p
atel
la,2
dis
tal
tibi
a(2
F),3
tars
us,2
navi
culo
cubo
id,7
astr
agal
us,8
calc
aneu
sfr
agm
ents
(5F,
1bu
tch-
ered
dow
nce
nter
ofsh
aft)
,pro
xim
alm
etac
arpu
s,pr
oxim
alm
etat
arsu
s,3
met
apod
ial
shaf
ts,9
dis
tal
met
apod
ial
frag
men
ts(1
+F)
,4ph
alan
x1
frag
-m
ents
,9ph
alan
x1/
2fr
agm
ents
,12
phal
anx
2fr
agm
ents
,pha
lanx
3,52
vert
ebra
frag
men
ts(3
5ca
udal
);3
MN
Ibu
rnt;
all
+3ye
ars
22m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
52
Pat
ella
,2G
lycy
mer
is,M
onod
onta
Cou
rt1,
180
gbo
ne55
0g
46.6
Ovi
s/C
apra
:pro
xim
alfe
mur
head
(cut
),d
ista
lfe
mur
frag
men
t,ca
rpus
/ta
rsus
,dis
tal
met
apod
ial
epip
hysi
s(U
F,−1
.75–
2ye
ars)
;Bos
:4te
eth
frag
-m
ents
,ast
raga
lus
frag
men
t,3
vert
ebra
(1bu
tch-
ered
),20
frag
men
ts15
8m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1P
atel
la
Bui
ldin
gQ
,Roo
m30
,upp
erfl
oor
17bo
nes
2O
vis/
Cap
ra:a
xis
frag
men
t,fr
agm
ent
279
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Pat
ella
Bui
ldin
gQ
,Roo
m30
,low
erfl
oor
91bo
nes
2O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
Tab
le6.
2.(C
onti
nued
)
Perc
enta
geof
Peri
odan
dL
ocat
ion
Bon
esor
Spec
imen
sB
urnt
Bon
esB
ones
Bur
nt*
Iden
tifi
cati
onan
dC
omm
ents
Bui
ldin
gQ
,Roo
m30
,bel
owfl
oor
90bo
nes
2O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
Bui
ldin
gQ
,Roo
m31
,dum
pon
256
bone
s25
Ovi
s/C
apra
:dis
tal
fem
ur(U
F),2
0fr
agm
ents
uppe
rfl
oor
(−3–
3.5
year
s);B
os:t
arsu
s,3
frag
men
ts17
fish
bone
s1
Ela
smob
ranc
hce
ntru
m2,
925
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s7
5P
atel
la,2
Mon
odon
ta
Bui
ldin
gQ
,Roo
m37
,upp
erfl
oor
3bo
nes
2O
vis/
Cap
raor
Sus:
scap
ula
(ver
yyo
ung)
1,46
4m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
4039
Pat
ella
,Mon
odon
ta
Bui
ldin
gQ
,Roo
m38
,upp
erfl
oor
68m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1P
atel
la
Bui
ldin
gQ
,Roo
m38
,low
erfl
oor
10bo
nes
5Sm
all
frag
men
ts6
fish
bone
s1
Spar
id14
2m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
2P
atel
la,M
onod
onta
Dar
kea
rth
26fi
shbo
nes
1661
.52
spar
idM
NI
Per
iod
ofT
emp
leB
,Ph
ases
2an
d3
Thr
ee-s
ided
slab
encl
osur
e8
bone
s7
Ovi
s/C
apra
orSu
s17
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Pat
ella
Con
tent
sof
bow
l(C
alla
ghan
and
2bo
nes
1O
vis/
Cap
raor
Sus
John
ston
,Cha
p.4,
Sect
ion
1,31
6)12
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Pat
ella
Alt
arU
,pit
toea
stof
5bo
nes
4O
vis/
Cap
ra:m
etac
arpu
s,m
etat
arsu
s;Su
spo
ster
ior
man
dib
le4
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s3
Pat
ella
Mar
ine
mea
l#2
5fi
shbo
nes
1V
erte
bra
2,98
3m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
32
Pat
ella
,Mon
odon
ta
Mar
ine
mea
l#3
21fi
shbo
nes
131
spar
idM
NI
2,99
8m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
129
Pat
ella
,Arc
ular
ia,M
.bra
ndar
is(s
light
lybu
rnt)
,E
rosa
ria
(bur
nt?)
Mar
ine
mea
l#4
30bo
nes
1446
.7O
vis/
Cap
ra:2
prox
imal
fem
urhe
ads,
carp
us/
tar-
sus
(sm
all)
,11
frag
men
ts(−
3–3.
5ye
ars)
2,88
2m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1714
Pat
ella
,3M
onod
onta
Mar
ine
mea
l#5
1,67
4m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1P
atel
la
Mar
ine
mea
l#6
1,14
2m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
3P
atel
la
Mar
ine
mea
l#7
4bo
nes
1O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
1,38
8m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
5P
atel
la
Mar
ine
mea
l#8
14bo
nes
2O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
2fi
shbo
nes
1V
erte
bra
7,34
5m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
8547
Pat
ella
,34
Mon
odon
ta,3
Tha
is,C
erit
hium
(par
tly
burn
t)
Mar
ine
mea
l#9
43bo
nes
32
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed;1
Bos
-siz
ed2,
438
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s3
Pat
ella
,Mon
odon
ta,G
lycy
mer
is
Mar
ine
mea
l#1
039
bone
s1
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed1,
942
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Pat
ella
Mar
ine
mea
l#1
146
bone
s3
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
edri
b
Mar
ine
mea
l#1
253
bone
s4
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed:3
shaf
ts;B
os-s
ized
shaf
t4,
859
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s16
12P
atel
la,3
Mon
odon
ta,M
.tru
ncul
us(p
artl
ybu
rnt)
Mar
ine
mea
l#1
457
bone
s1
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed16
fish
bone
s2
1,38
9m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
32
Pat
ella
,Mon
odon
ta
Mar
ine
mea
l#1
532
bone
s1
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
edve
rteb
rafr
agm
ent
1,74
1m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
54
Pat
ella
,Par
acen
trot
us
Eas
tof
late
ral
tars
625
bone
s6
Ovi
s/C
apra
:pro
xim
alm
etac
arpu
s,pr
oxim
alm
eta-
tars
us,p
hala
nx2
(F,+
1–1.
25ye
ars)
;Ovi
s/C
apra
orSu
ssh
aft
frag
men
t;Su
sm
and
ible
frag
men
t;B
os-s
ized
frag
men
t2
fish
bone
s1
Axi
alsp
ine
2,37
9m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
52P
atel
la
Sout
hof
tem
ple
280
bone
s3
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed4,
344
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s9
6P
atel
la,2
Gly
cym
eris
(2pa
rtly
burn
t),E
riph
ia
Sout
heas
tof
tem
ple
508
bone
s30
Ovi
s/C
apra
:rad
ius
shaf
tfr
agm
ent
(you
ng),
met
a-ca
rpus
shaf
tfr
agm
ent,
met
atar
sus
frag
men
t;B
os:
man
dib
lefr
agm
ent,
calc
aneu
sep
iphy
sis,
3ca
rpus
/ta
rsus
,ver
tebr
afr
agm
ent,
11fr
agm
ents
(−3
year
s)
Tab
le6.
2.(C
onti
nued
)
Perc
enta
geof
Peri
odan
dL
ocat
ion
Bon
esor
Spec
imen
sB
urnt
Bon
esB
ones
Bur
nt*
Iden
tifi
cati
onan
dC
omm
ents
2fi
shbo
nes
1po
ssib
lyV
erte
bra
burn
t3,
651
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s64
52P
atel
la,9
Mon
odon
ta,D
onax
,Mac
tra,
Pec
ten
Lev
els
tow
est
#17
bone
s5
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed59
fish
bone
s2
Ver
tebr
a1,
187
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s66
57P
atel
la,7
Mon
odon
ta,2
Gly
cym
eris
Lev
els
tow
est
#270
4m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1P
atel
la
Eas
tof
tem
ple
24bo
nes
2O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
710
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s2
Mon
odon
ta
Dar
kea
rth
27fi
shbo
nes
1V
erte
bra
Tem
ple
B,P
has
e3
Hea
rth
315
0bo
nes;
600
g15
010
0.0
Ovi
s/C
apra
:14
prox
imal
fem
urhe
ads,
prox
imal
fem
urtr
ocha
nter
maj
us(U
F),1
0d
ista
lfe
mur
frag
-m
ents
,8pa
tella
,15
vert
ebra
,22
ribs
(7in
div
idu-
als;
all
−3–3
.5ye
ars)
;Bos
:ver
tebr
a,ri
b40
fish
bone
s1
Ver
tebr
a30
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s4
3P
atel
la,M
onod
onta
Rec
tang
ular
Hea
rth
482
5g
bone
750
g90
.9O
vis/
Cap
ra:3
skul
lfr
agm
ents
,6te
eth,
man
dib
lefr
agm
ent,
7pr
oxim
alfe
mur
head
s(7
UF)
,7d
ista
lfe
mur
frag
men
ts,p
atel
la,a
stra
galu
s,12
carp
us/
tars
us,p
roxi
mal
met
acar
pus,
2d
ista
lm
etap
odia
lfr
agm
ents
(2F)
,7ph
alan
x1
(1U
F,6
brok
en),
4ph
alan
x2
(4F)
,pha
lanx
3fr
agm
ent
(4M
NI;
one
−1–1
.25
year
s,on
e+1
.75–
2ye
ars,
all
−3–3
.5ye
ars)
;Sus
:29
teet
h(v
ery
smal
l),p
hala
nx3
(sm
all)
;Ovi
s/C
apra
orSu
s:3+
vert
ebra
e(2
caud
al,
all
smal
l),n
umer
ous
ribs
(sm
all)
;Ale
ctor
isbu
rnt
cora
coid
(fem
ale)
428
fish
bone
s27
865
.016
spar
idM
NI,
wit
h7
P.e
ryth
rinu
s/P
.pag
rus,
1D
iplo
dus
448
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s12
227
.266
Pat
ella
,52
Mon
odon
ta,2
Cer
ithi
um,T
hais
,Ven
us(h
oled
)
Low
erfl
oor
415
bone
s38
;75
g9.
2O
vis/
Cap
ra:d
ista
lhu
mer
usep
iphy
sis,
acet
abul
umfr
agm
ent,
carp
us/
tars
us,p
hala
nx2
(F),
6ri
bs(2
MN
I;on
e−1
0m
onth
s,on
e+1
–1.2
5ye
ars)
;Bos
-si
zed
:2fr
agm
ents
135
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s2
Pat
ella
Upp
erfl
oor
527
bone
s34
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed:a
ceta
bulu
mfr
agm
ent,
33fr
ag-
men
ts43
6m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
5P
atel
la
Cou
rt19
7bo
nes
5728
.9O
vis/
Cap
ra:1
2pr
oxim
alfe
mur
head
s(6
MN
I;al
l−3
–3.5
year
s);B
os:2
prox
imal
fem
ur(1
UF,
1br
o-ke
n),d
ista
lfe
mur
(F),
ca.4
0fr
agm
ents
(2M
NI;
one
−3.5
–4ye
ars,
one
+3.5
–4ye
ars)
240
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
part
lybu
rnt
Tha
is
Gen
eral
uppe
rin
teri
orpa
ils2,
500
bone
s27
511
.0O
vis/
Cap
ra:m
and
ible
frag
men
t,ra
diu
ssh
aft
frag
-m
ent,
prox
imal
ulna
frag
men
t(s
mal
l),p
elvi
sfr
ag-
men
t,pa
tella
,2as
trag
alus
(1bu
tche
red
),3
car-
pus/
tars
us,2
met
apod
ial
frag
men
ts(1
smal
l),
shaf
tfr
agm
ent
(par
tly
burn
t),p
hala
nx1
(F),
pha-
lanx
3,ve
rteb
rafr
agm
ent,
5ri
bs(2
MN
I;at
leas
ton
e+1
–1.2
5bu
t−2
.5–3
year
s);B
os:m
and
ible
frag
-m
ent,
phal
anx
2(F
),3
frag
men
ts(+
1.25
–1.5
year
s);L
epus
:dis
tal
met
apod
ial,
astr
agal
us37
0fi
shbo
nes
61
spar
id9,
467
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s88
55P
atel
la,1
8M
onod
onta
,6M
actr
a,3
Gly
cym
eris
,2C
eras
tode
rma,
2D
onax
,Pis
ania
(hol
ed),
Par
acen
trot
us
Per
iod
ofT
emp
leB
,Ph
ase
3
Red
mat
eria
l2
bone
s2
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
edfr
agm
ents
(sm
all)
23m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1P
atel
la
Tab
le6.
2.(C
onti
nued
)
Perc
enta
geof
Peri
odan
dL
ocat
ion
Bon
esor
Spec
imen
sB
urnt
Bon
esB
ones
Bur
nt*
Iden
tifi
cati
onan
dC
omm
ents
Sout
heas
tof
tem
ple
73m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
2128
.819
Pat
ella
,2M
onod
onta
Eas
tern
area
#214
2m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
4P
atel
la
Wes
tern
area
#211
bone
s2
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
edfr
agm
ents
2fi
shbo
nes
1Sp
arid
otol
ith
840
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s2
Pat
ella
Hia
tus
Per
iod
Dum
pto
sout
heas
t16
3bo
nes
13B
os:m
olar
,12
frag
men
ts
Sout
heas
tof
tem
ple
and
east
125
bone
s5
Ovi
s/C
apra
:pro
xim
alfe
mur
head
,pat
ella
frag
-of
late
ral
tars
men
t,ve
rteb
ra(U
F),r
ib(−
3–3.
5ye
ars)
13m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
43
Pat
ella
,Mon
odon
ta
Wal
lre
mov
al82
bone
s70
85.4
Ovi
s/C
apra
:3d
ista
lfe
mur
frag
men
ts(1
UF,
1F)
,ve
rteb
rafr
agm
ent
(UF)
,3ri
bs(s
mal
l),2
MN
I(o
ne−3
–3.5
year
s,on
e+3
–3.5
year
s);B
os-s
ized
frag
men
t
Und
erw
all
rem
oval
141
bone
s13
293
.6O
vis/
Cap
ra:p
roxi
mal
fem
ur(h
ead
JF),
dis
tal
fe-
mur
(pro
babl
yF)
,ver
tebr
a(U
F),5
ribs
,117
frag
-m
ents
(3–3
.5ye
ars)
;Bos
-siz
ed:7
shaf
tfr
agm
ents
Per
iod
ofT
emp
leB
,Ph
ase
2–ea
rly
Tem
ple
C
Soun
din
gon
the
east
198
bone
s18
Ovi
s/C
apra
:pro
xim
alfe
mur
head
(UF)
,rib
(−3–
3.5
year
s)
Per
iod
ofT
emp
leB
,Ph
ase
3–T
emp
leC
Alt
arH
,on
68bo
nes
2232
.4O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
:22
frag
men
ts
Alt
arH
,abo
ve13
4bo
nes
2921
.6O
vis/
Cap
ra:p
roxi
mal
fem
urhe
adfr
agm
ent
(UF)
,d
ista
lfe
mur
frag
men
t(−
3–3.
5ye
ars)
29m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
2M
onod
onta
Alt
arH
,eas
tsi
de
of,a
roun
dba
se87
bone
s2
Ovi
s/C
apra
:dis
tal
tibi
a(F
,bur
ntat
dis
tal)
,pha
-la
nx1
frag
men
t(+
1.5–
2ye
ars)
Alt
arH
,jus
tea
stof
215
bone
s34
15.8
Ovi
s/C
apra
:rad
ius
shaf
t,d
ista
lti
bia
(F),
31fr
ag-
men
ts(+
1.5–
2ye
ars)
;Bos
:pel
vis
frag
men
t,ri
b25
3m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
74
Mon
odon
ta,3
Pat
ella
Tem
ple
C
Tem
ple
C,a
bove
and
onsl
abfl
oor
Ove
r1,
000
bone
s12
5g
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed:m
etap
odia
lsh
aft;
Bos
-siz
ed:6
frag
men
ts;S
us:m
olar
frag
men
t(a
dul
t)23
5m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
62
Cer
asto
derm
a,P
atel
la,M
onod
onta
,Ero
sari
a,B
arba
tia
Tem
ple
C,c
entr
alre
ctan
gula
r10
0g
bone
100
g10
0.0
Ovi
s/C
apra
orSu
s:to
oth
root
frag
men
t,ri
bhe
arth
Egg
shel
lsSo
me
burn
tC
olum
ba,L
arus
26m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1869
.210
Cer
asto
derm
a,2
Pat
ella
,Don
ax,M
actr
a,B
arba
tia,
Cyc
lope
,Lep
as,B
alan
us
Tem
ple
C,s
mal
lhe
arth
onso
uth
3m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
3C
eras
tode
rma
wal
l,up
per
floo
r
Tem
ple
C,s
outh
east
ern
uppe
r90
gbo
ne65
g72
.2Su
s:5
inci
sors
,2pr
emol
arfr
agm
ents
(1la
rge)
,he
arth
mol
arfr
agm
ent,
2to
oth
root
frag
men
ts,v
erte
bra
cent
rum
frag
men
t,d
ista
lph
alan
x1/
2fr
agm
ent;
Lepu
sd
ista
lti
bia
22fi
shbo
nes
51
serr
anid
burn
tE
ggsh
ells
Som
ebu
rnt
Puf
finus
55m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
3260
.025
Cer
asto
derm
a,2
Pat
ella
,2M
onod
onta
,Tha
is,
Arc
a,C
erit
hium
,Lep
as
Tem
ple
C,e
xter
ior
encl
osur
eso
uth
111
bone
s11
0;25
0g
99.1
Ovi
s/C
apra
:2pa
tella
,4ve
rteb
rafr
agm
ents
,rib
ofd
oorw
ay(−
3–3.
5ye
ars)
1m
arin
esh
ell
1P
atel
la
Bui
ldin
gW
,bel
owfl
oor
6bo
nes
3O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
Roo
mA
1,Fl
oor
132
bone
s1
Ovi
s/C
apra
orSu
s10
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Pat
ella
Roo
mA
1,ce
ntra
lhe
arth
23bo
nes
2087
.0O
vis/
Cap
raor
Sus:
smal
lfr
agm
ents
38m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
513
.24
Pat
ella
,Mon
odon
ta
Bui
ldin
gB
,wes
tern
room
,lev
elof
40bo
nes
1O
vis/
Cap
raor
Sus
roof
tile
colla
pse
Tab
le6.
2.(C
onti
nued
)
Perc
enta
geof
Peri
odan
dL
ocat
ion
Bon
esor
Spec
imen
sB
urnt
Bon
esB
ones
Bur
nt*
Iden
tifi
cati
onan
dC
omm
ents
Bui
ldin
gB
,wes
tern
room
,fir
st90
bone
s1
Ovi
s/C
apra
orSu
sfl
oor
Bui
ldin
gB
,eas
tern
room
,upp
er25
bone
s1
Ovi
s/C
apra
toot
hfr
agm
ent
late
occu
pati
onle
vel
Bui
ldin
gB
,eas
tern
room
,upp
er3
bone
s3
Ovi
s/C
apra
orSu
sfl
oor
6m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
2P
atel
la,C
eras
tode
rma
Bui
ldin
gB
,eas
tern
room
,hea
rth
in1
bone
1O
vis/
Cap
raor
Sus
sout
heas
tern
corn
er,u
pper
floo
r12
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s3
2P
atel
la,C
eras
tode
rma
Bui
ldin
gB
,eas
tern
room
,on
low
er17
bone
s8
Ovi
s/C
apra
orSu
sfl
oor
Bui
ldin
gB
,eas
tern
room
,low
er13
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Gly
cym
eris
floo
r
Bui
ldin
gE
,nor
thro
om4
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Mon
odon
ta
Bui
ldin
gE
,hea
rth
inte
rior
37bo
nes
36;5
0g
97.3
Ovi
s/C
apra
:pro
xim
alfe
mur
head
frag
men
t,ri
b,34
frag
men
ts(−
3–3.
5ye
ars)
Per
iod
ofT
emp
leC
Alt
arC
,ins
ide
and
on3,
150
gbo
ne3,
050
g96
.8O
vis/
Cap
ra:m
olar
,45
prox
imal
fem
urhe
ads
(43
UF,
1JF
,1F)
,pro
xim
alfe
mur
troc
hant
erm
ajus
,5fe
mur
shaf
tfr
agm
ents
,36
dis
tal
fem
ur(a
llU
F),7
pate
lla,1
4ve
rtre
bra
frag
men
ts(p
roba
bly
10ve
rte-
bra)
,11
ribs
(24
MN
I;22
−3–3
.5,o
ne3–
3.5
year
s,on
e+3
–3.5
year
s);B
os:p
roxi
mal
fem
urhe
adfr
ag-
men
t,ve
rteb
race
ntru
mfr
agm
ent,
ca.5
0fr
ag-
men
ts(−
3.5–
4ye
ars)
Alt
arC
,wes
tof
1,79
0g
bone
1,70
0g
95.0
Ovi
s/C
apra
:9pr
oxim
alfe
mur
head
s,9
dis
tal
fe-
mur
frag
men
ts,8
pate
lla,2
vert
ebra
frag
men
ts,4
2ri
bs(5
MN
I;al
l−3
–3.5
year
s);B
os:d
ista
lfe
mur
frag
men
t,3
ribs
,20
frag
men
ts
Alt
arC
,eas
tof
820
gbo
ne77
0g
93.9
Ovi
s/C
apra
:3pr
oxim
alfe
mur
head
s(2
UF,
1fr
ag-
men
t),2
dis
tal
fem
ur(U
Fsh
aft,
UF
dis
tal
epip
hy-
sis)
,pat
ella
,3ve
rteb
rafr
agm
ents
,30
ribs
(2M
NI;
both
−3–3
.5ye
ars)
;Bos
-siz
ed:3
frag
men
ts
Alt
arC
,sur
face
arou
ndsi
des
of58
bone
s19
32.8
Ovi
s/C
apra
dis
tal
fem
urfr
agm
ent
Alt
arC
,sla
ben
clos
ure
sout
hof
12bo
nes
2O
vis/
Cap
ra-s
ized
frag
men
ts
Dum
pto
sout
h1,
450
bone
s15
Ovi
s/C
apra
:3d
ista
lm
etac
arpu
s(1
UF,
2br
oken
),10
frag
men
ts(2
MN
I;on
e−1
.75–
2ye
ars)
;Bos
-si
zed
:2sh
aft
frag
men
ts
Gen
eral
pails
abov
efo
und
ing
leve
l1,
684
bone
s5
Ovi
s/C
apra
:rad
ius
shaf
t,3
frag
men
ts;B
os-s
ized
outs
ide
entr
ance
toT
empl
eC
frag
men
t
Upp
erle
vels
next
toB
uild
ing
D16
8bo
nes
11O
vis/
Cap
ra:a
ceta
bulu
mfr
agm
ent,
dis
tal
fem
urfr
agm
ent
Lev
els
toso
uthw
est
285
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Pat
ella
Sout
hof
tem
ple
229
bone
s5
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed36
5m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1P
atel
la
Sout
heas
tof
tem
ple
181
bone
s12
Ovi
s/C
apra
-siz
ed:1
1fr
agm
ents
;Bos
astr
agal
usfr
agm
ent
216
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Pat
ella
Eas
tof
alta
rs75
bone
s1
Ovi
s/C
apra
met
atar
sus
shaf
t15
7m
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
1pa
rtly
burn
tT
hais
Abo
vefo
und
ing
leve
lou
tsid
eon
637
bone
s26
Ovi
s/C
apra
:mol
ar,m
etat
arsu
ssh
aft,
23fr
ag-
nort
heas
tm
ents
;Bos
-siz
edsh
aft
frag
men
t48
mar
ine
inve
rteb
rate
s1
Pat
ella
To
sout
heas
t58
6bo
nes
23O
vis/
Cap
ra:5
pate
lla,v
erte
bra
(UF)
,2ri
bs(1
smal
l);B
os:m
olar
frag
men
t,14
frag
men
ts
+=
over
JF=
just
fuse
d−
=un
der
MN
I=m
inim
umnu
mbe
rof
ind
ivid
uals
F=
fuse
dU
F=
unfu
sed
*Per
cent
age
ofbo
nes
orm
arin
ein
vert
ebra
tes
insa
mpl
eth
atw
ere
burn
tor
part
lybu
rnt
450 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.3. Minimum number of individuals (MNI) of major mammals by period.
Ovis/Capra Bos SusNumber of Total
Period Deposits MNI % MNI % MNI % MNI
Temple A 6 11 55.0 7 35.0 2 10.0 20
Period of Temple A 3 5 55.6 4 44.4 0 0 9
Period Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1 3 3 50.0 3 50.0 0 0 6
Temple B, Phase 1 3 3 50.0 2 33.3 1 16.7 6
Temple B, Phases 1 and 2 1 2 66.7 1 33.3 0 0 3
Period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2 1 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 1
Temple B, Phase 2 4 4 57.1 1 14.3 2 28.6 7
Period of Temple B, Phase 2 1 2 50.0 1 25.0 1 25.0 4
Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3 7 11 47.8 7 30.4 5 21.7 23
Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 12 23 65.7 6 17.1 6 17.1 35
Period Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 19 43 66.2 14 21.5 8 12.3 65
Temple B, Phase 3 6 26 72.2 6 16.7 4 11.1 36
Period of Temple B, Phase 3 7 8 57.1 5 35.7 1 7.1 14
Hiatus Period 5 11 61.1 5 27.8 2 11.1 18
Period of Temple B, Phase 2–early Temple C 1 1 25.0 1 25.0 2 50.0 4
Period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C 5 5 50.0 2 20.0 3 30.0 10
Temple C 23 19 42.2 9 20.0 17 37.8 45
Period of Temple C 17 79 71.8 16 14.6 15 13.6 110
Total for Site 124 257 61.8 90 21.6 69 16.6 416
it represents only a fraction of the animal individuals exploited in almost 1,200 years ofoccupation and use of the temples at Kommos (ca. 1020 B.C.–A.D. 160/170). Second, the animalremains are very fragmentary and often difficult to identify. The more fragile remains fromsmaller mammals will be underrepresented owing to their vulnerability. Third, one cow, steer,or bull can provide up to five times the amount of meat that one sheep or goat provides. Asmentioned earlier, at least 257 sheep/goat individuals are represented, along with at least 90cattle individuals, and at least 69 pig individuals. If examining just the numbers from thissample and taking into account the meat yield from a single cow, steer, or bull, it appearsthat cattle, rather than the smaller bovids, provided the most significant amount of meat.Ninety cattle individuals can yield as much meat as 450 sheep or goat individuals. Cattle canprovide milk and be used for traction as well.
The Mammal Remains 451
From the IA faunal sample, Ovis/Capra, Bos, and Sus represent over 99% of the mammalianremains: The occupants of the site and visitors to the temples exploited domestic speciesrather than wild/hunted animals, such as deer and hare, which appear rarely in the sample(compare Forstenpointner et al. 1999: 225–32 for the Artemision at Ephesos).
Sheep/Goat Remains (Pls. 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6; Tables 6.1–6.5, 6.8, 6.11)
Owing to the fragmentary nature of the sample, sheep and goat bones could not always beseparated. Hence, it is occasionally unclear whether one or both species are present in aspecific context. The two species Ovis aries and Capra hircus are, therefore, discussed togetherhere. Both species belong to the Family Bovidae and can be referred to as small bovids, incontrast to large bovids, which include cattle, oxen, and bison. Many researchers prefer tocall sheep/goats ovicaprids, combining their genus names. Over 70% of the faunal sample ofmammals are ovicaprids, accounting for 56% of the minimum number of individuals (MNI)of all the mammalian remains, excluding rodents and shrews. In all features excavated at IAlevels ovicaprids seem to have been the preferred mammal for meals or offerings. The onlyexception would be the faunal sample excavated from within Temple C, dating from 375B.C.–A.D. 160/170. The nine deposits excavated within the temple, not including adjacentareas, recovered twice as many pig individuals as ovicaprids.
In the earliest phases of Temples A and B and the surrounding associated dumps (ca.1020–750 B.C.) approximately 3,400 bones were recovered from excavation. Fifty-three percentof the total individuals counted from this period were ovicaprids. Excavation of the followingperiod, including all three phases of Temple B (ca. 800–600 B.C.), yielded approximately 14,700bones, 59% of which individuals were ovicaprids. In the levels of the Hiatus period (sixthand fifth centuries B.C.), over 500 bones were recovered, 61% of which were small bovids(although the sample was rather small). Finally, in the levels in Temple C and adjacent areas(ca. 375–350 B.C.–A.D. 160/170, most fauna retrieved from levels dating from 375–350 B.C.),over 8,750 bones were excavated, with 63% of the mammalian individuals excavated beingovicaprids. Over the whole site, approximately 62% of the total MNI are represented by smallbovid remains (see Table 6.3 for details).
Of the 257 ovicaprid individuals, the age of 215 could be determined (Table 6.5). Twenty-nine of the individuals were 2.5 years or older, leaving 186 individuals slaughtered beforethe age of 2.5 years. The young age of the majority indicates that 86.5% of the bovids wereslaughtered before maturity was reached (ca. 3.5 years), assuming that the 42 individuals forwhich age could not be determined follow the same pattern. This culling pattern is indicativeof a meat economy and resembles the culling patterns exhibited in modern Greece.2 Theapproximately 14% of individuals maintained until maturity were likely kept for breedingpurposes, milk, and/or wool products.
Evidence of butchery was found on over 45 bones (Table 6.11). Typical bones displaying
452 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.4. Minimum number of individuals (MNI) and age of major mammals by deposit.
Period and Location Species MNI Age
Temple A
Floors Ovis/Capra 2 One 1.5 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 Young
Court Ovis/Capra 1Bos-sized 1
Southern dump Ovis/Capra 3 One 1.75–2 years, one +2 yearsBos 1 Subadult
Northeastern dump #1 Ovis/Capra 2 One +1.75–2 yearsBos 1 Adult
Northeastern dump #2 Ovis/Capra 3 −10 months, −1–1.25 years, +2 yearsBos 2 2–2.5 years, +3 yearsSus 1 −2 years
Lower Temple A dump, above Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 yearsMinoan road Bos 1 Adult
Period of Temple A
Southeastern deposit Ovis/Capra 3 One +2.5–3 yearsBos 2 −2–2.25 years, +2.25 years
Dump to southeast Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 −2–2.25 years
PG below surface Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 +2–2.5 years
Period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1
Deposit in south Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 Adult
Southeastern dump #1 Ovis/Capra 1 −1 yearBos-sized 1
Southeastern dump #2 Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 yearsBos 1 Adult
Temple B, Phase 1
Hearth 1 Ovis/Capra 1 −1.75–2 years
Court Ovis/Capra 2 One +1.5–2 but −3–3.5 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 +2–2.5 years
Dump to south Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 Adult
Temple B, Phases 1 and 2
Floors Ovis/Capra 2 −6–8 months, +10 months but −1–1.25 yearsBos 1 Adult
Period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2
Pit in east Ovis/Capra 1
The Mammal Remains 453
Table 6.4. (Continued)
Period and Location Species MNI Age
Temple B, Phase 2
Hearth 2 Ovis/Capra 1 −2.5–3 years
Lower hearth/floor around Tri- Ovis/Capra 1 −3–3.5 yearspillar Shrine
Court Ovis/Capra 2 −1–1.25 years, +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 +2–2.5 yearsSus 1 +2 years
Double hearth in court Sus 1 Young
Period of Temple B, Phase 2
South sounding Ovis/Capra 2 1–1.25 years, +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 +1.5 yearsSus 1 2 years (female)
Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3
South sounding Ovis/Capra 1 1.5–2 yearsBos-sized 1
Dump to south Ovis/Capra 2 −1.75–2 years, +2 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 2 One +1 but −2 years
Levels to north Ovis/Capra 1 +3–3.5 yearsBos 1 Adult
Levels to northeast Ovis/Capra 2 −1 year, 1–1.25 yearsBos 1 +1.5–2 yearsSus 1 +2 years
Levels to west #1 Ovis/Capra 2 One +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 +1.5–2 yearsSus 1
Levels to west #2 Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 yearsBos 1 Adult
Levels to southwest Ovis/Capra 2 −1.75–2 years, +1.75–2 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 +1–2 years (male)
Temple B, Phases 2 and 3
Ritual deposit around Tripillar Ovis/Capra 2 One −3–3.5 yearsShrine Bos 1 +1.25–1.5 years
Altar U, contents Ovis/Capra 9 All −3–3.5 years with one or two −2.5–3 yearsand one +2.5–3 years
Bos 3 One +2–2.5 years, two +3 years
Court Ovis/Capra 3 One −10 months, one +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 +2–2.5 yearsSus 1 −2–2.5 years
454 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.4. (Continued)
Period and Location Species MNI Age
Building Q, Room 30, upper Ovis/Capra 1 −1.75–2 yearsfloor
Building Q, Room 30, lower Capra 1 +1.5–2 but −2.5–3 yearsfloor Bos-sized 1
Sus 1
Building Q, Room 30, below Ovis/Capra 1floor Sus 1 −1 year
Building Q, Room 31, dump on Ovis/Capra 3 One Ovis −1.75–2 years, one Ovis/Capraupper floor +1.75–2 but −2.5–3 years
Bos 1 AdultSus 1 −3.5 years (female)
Building Q, Room 31, lower Bos-sized 1floor
Building Q, Room 31, below Ovis/Capra 1 +10 monthsfloor
Building Q, Room 37, upper Ovis/Capra-sized 1floor
Building Q, Room 38, lower Sus 1 Youngfloor
Building V, floor Ovis/Capra 1 +2.5–3 yearsSus 1
Period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3
Three-sided slab enclosure Sus 1 Young
Contents of bowl C 6547 (Callag- Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 yearshan and Johnston, Chap. 4, Sec-tion 1, 316)
Altar U, pit to east of Ovis/Capra 1Sus 1
Marine meal #4 Ovis/Capra 2 −2.5–3 years, +2.5–3 but −3–3.5 yearsBos 1 Adult
Marine meal #5 Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1
Marine meal #6 Ovis/Capra 1Bos-sized 1
Marine meal #7 Ovis/Capra-sized 1
Marine meal #8 Ovis/Capra 1
Marine meal #9 Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 Adult
Marine meal #10 Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 years
Marine meal #11 Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 Adult
The Mammal Remains 455
Table 6.4. (Continued)
Period and Location Species MNI Age
Marine meal #12 Ovis/Capra 1 +10 monthsBos 1 AdultSus 1 +1 year
Marine meal #13 Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 Adult
Marine meal #14 Ovis/Capra 1 +2.5–3 yearsBos 1 Adult
Marine meal #15 Ovis/Capra 1 +10 monthsBos-sized 1
East of later altars Ovis/Capra 3 Two +1.5–2 years with one +2.5–3 but −3–3.5years
Bos 1 −2–2.5 yearsSus 2 1–2 years, +3.5 years (male)
South of temple Ovis/Capra 2 −1.5–2 years, +3–3.5 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 1 year
Southeast of temple Ovis/Capra 22 One Capra −1.75–2 years, two Ovis/Capra−1.75–2 years, sixteen +1.5–2 years with one+3–3.5 years
Bos 2 One −3 yearsSus 2 −2 years, adult (one female, one male)
East of temple Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1
Temple B, Phase 3
Hearth 3 Ovis/Capra 7 All −3–3.5 yearsBos 1
Rectangular Hearth 4 Ovis/Capra 4 Four −3–3.5 years with one −1–1.25 years andone +1.75–2 years
Sus 1 −1 year
Lower floor Ovis/Capra 2 −10 months, +1–1.25 but −2.5–3 yearsBos 1 Adult
Upper floor Ovis/Capra 1 AdultBos 1 Adult
Court Ovis/Capra 7 One 10 months, one −1.75–2 years, four others−3–3.5 years, one +3–3.5 years
Bos 2 −3.5–4 years, +3.5–4 yearsSus 1 Young
General upper interior pails Ovis/Capra 5 One 10 months, one −1.75–2 years, one +2.5–3but −3–3.5 years
Bos 1 +1.25–1.5 yearsSus 2 One +1–2 years (female)
456 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.4. (Continued)
Period and Location Species MNI Age
Period of Temple B, Phase 3
Archaic court levels east of the Ovis/Capra-sized 1later altars
Southeast of temple Ovis/Capra 2 One +1.5–2 yearsBos 3 One +2.25 yearsSus 1
Eastern area #1 Ovis/Capra 1 −1.75–2 years
Eastern area #2 Ovis/Capra 1 +1.75–2 yearsBos-sized 1
Western area #1 Ovis/Capra 1Bos-sized 1
Western area #2 Ovis/Capra 1
To southeast Ovis/Capra 1
Hiatus Period
Dump to southeast Ovis/Capra 5 One +2 yearsBos 1 +2.25 yearsSus 1 −2 years (female)
Southeast of temple and east of Ovis/Capra 2 One +1.75–2 but −3–3.5 yearslater altars Bos 2 Adult
Sus 1
To southeast Ovis/Capra 1
Wall removal Ovis/Capra 2 −3–3.5 years, +3–3.5 yearsBos-sized 1
Under wall removal Ovis/Capra 1 3–3.5 yearsBos-sized 1
Period of Temple B, Phase 2–early Temple C
Sounding on the east Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 but −1.75–2 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 2 Young, 2 years
Period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C
Altar H, on Ovis/Capra-sized 1
Altar H, above Ovis/Capra 1 −3–3.5 years
Altar H, eastern side of, Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 yearsaround base Bos 1 Adult
Sus 2 −1 year, +2 years
Altar H, just east of Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 but −3–3.5 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 +1–2 years
Altar H, earth around, on west Ovis/Capra 1side
The Mammal Remains 457
Table 6.4. (Continued)
Period and Location Species MNI Age
Temple C
Temple C, above and on slab Ovis/Capra 2 −1–1.25 years, 1–1.25 yearsfloor Bos 1 Adult
Sus 5 One −1 year, one −2 years, one +3–3.5 years (3female, 2 male)
Temple C, northeastern corner Sus 2 One −2 years (male)
Temple C, above benches Bos 1 AdultSus 1
Temple C, below reused Sus 1Minoan stone lamp (Schwab1996: 42)
Temple C, upper floor Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 yearsSus 2 +1.5 but −2 years, +2 years
Temple C, southeastern upper Sus 2 Young, adulthearth
Temple C, exterior enclosure Ovis/Capra 1south of doorway
Building W, below floor Ovis/Capra 1
Building D, upper fill Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 Adult
Building D, original floor Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 Adult
Building D, outside to north Bos 1 Adult
Room A1, floor Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 +1.25–1.5 yearsSus 1
Room A1, central hearth Ovis/Capra or 1Sus
Room A1, floor contents Ovis/Capra 1
Building B, western room, Ovis/Capra 1upper late reoccupation level
Building B, western room, level Ovis/Capra 1of roof tile collapse
Building B, western room, soil Ovis/Capra 1layer above lower floor, innerroom
Building B, western room, first Ovis/Capra 1floor Bos 1 Adult
Sus 1
Building B, eastern room, upper Ovis/Capra 1collapse
458 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.4. (Continued)
Period and Location Species MNI Age
Building B, eastern room, upper Ovis/Capra 1late occupation level
Building B, eastern room, on Ovis/Capra 1lower floor Bos 1 Adult
Sus 1 Young
Building B, eastern room, Ovis/Capra 1lower floor Bos 1 Adult
Sus 1
Building E, hearth interior (in Ovis/Capra 1 −3–3.5 yearssoutheast)
Period of Temple C
Altar C, inside and on Ovis/Capra 24 Twenty-two −3–3.5 years with one +1–1.25years, one 3–3.5 years and one +3–3.5 years
Bos 1 −3.5–4 yearsSus 1
Altar C, west of Ovis/Capra 5 All −3–3.5 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 Adult
Altar C, east of Ovis/Capra 2 Both −3–3.5 yearsBos 1 Adult
Altar C, surface around sides of Ovis/Capra 2Bos 1 AdultSus 1 Adult (male)
Altar C, slab enclosure south of Ovis/Capra 1
Altar L Ovis/Capra 1
Altar M Bos 1 Adult
Ovis/Capra metapodial col- Ovis/Capra 9 Two −1.75–2 years, one +1.75–2 yearslection
Sus 1 Young
Dump to south Ovis/Capra 10 Two −1.75–2 years, eight +1.5–2 years withone 3–3.5 years
Bos 1 AdultSus 1 2 years (female)
General pails above founding Ovis/Capra 6 One −1–1.25 years, four +2.5–3 years, onelevel outside entrance to +3–3.5 yearsTemple C Bos 1 Adult
Sus 2 1 year, +2 years (male)
Upper levels next to Building D Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 +2 years
Levels to southwest Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 Young (male)
The Mammal Remains 459
Table 6.4. (Continued)
Period and Location Species MNI Age
South of temple Ovis/Capra 2 −1.75–2 years, +2.5–3 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1
Southeast of temple Ovis/Capra 4 Three +1.5–2 years, one +2 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1
East of altars Ovis/Capra 1 +10 monthsBos 1 AdultSus 1
Above founding level outside Ovis/Capra 4 One −1.75–2 years, two +2.5–3 yearson northeast Bos 1 Adult
Sus 2 One −2 years (male)
To southeast Ovis/Capra 6 Two −1.5–2 years, one 1.5–2 years, one+1.75–2 years
Bos 3 Three +2.25 yearsSus 1 Adult male
+ = over− = under
signs of butchery were vertebrae and rib fragments. On Floors 1 and 2 of Temple A (ca.1020–800 B.C.) an ovicaprid femur head was found butchered at the proximal end, likely fromdismemberment of the back leg from the trunk of the body. Similar cut marks were foundon proximal femora and the adjoining acetabulum of the pelvis from the court of Temple B(ca. 700 B.C.) and east of the later altars of Temple C. In the northeastern dump #1 of TempleA, dating to the Protogeometric period, a mandible fragment was found with cut marks justposterior to the third molar (M3). A cut mark in this area suggests an attempt to separate thejaw from the skull and/or to remove the tongue, still a delicacy in modern times.
Butchery marks found on the radius and distal humerus, like those found in associationwith Temple B (ca. 800–600 B.C.) and the south dump associated with Temple C (first centuryB.C.) suggest the butchering of shanks (forelimbs), the pieces of which are commonly used instews. Butchered atlas fragments were recovered from Building Q, Rooms 30 and 31 (lateseventh century B.C.), and contemporary Marine meal #10. The atlas is the first cervical vertebraof the neck. Butchery in this area indicates decapitation. Scapula fragments found with cutmarks were recovered from Building Q, Room 31, and Room A1 (ca. 150–50 B.C.) north ofTemple C. Butchered scapulae, or shoulder blades, imply the separation of the forelimbs fromthe trunk of the body. To the southeast of Temple C (fourth century B.C.) a tibia shaft wasfound with cut marks and a cut through to the distal end. Cuts such as these indicate theseparation of the lower back leg from the metatarsus (around the hock). These lower portions
460 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.5. Age of Ovis/Capra.
Period and Location MNI Element Comments Age
Temple A
Floors 2 D tibia JF 1.5–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsMetapodial UF −1.75–2 years
Southern dump 3 Mandible With dP4 −1.75–2 yearsMandible M3 worn down +2 years
Northeastern dump #1 2 Mandible With M3 +1.5–2 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsMetapodial F +1.75–2 yearsMetapodial F +1.75–2 yearsMetapodial F +1.75–2 years
Northeastern dump #2 3 D radius UF −10 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsP radius F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 UF, burnt −1–1.25 yearsMandible M3 erupting, burnt −1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsMandible Worn M3 +2 years
Lower Temple A dump, 1 D tibia F +1.5–2 yearsabove Minoan road
Period of Temple A
Southeastern deposit 3 P radius F +10 monthsPhalanx 2 F, burnt +1–1.25 yearsM3 Unworn +1.5–2 yearsM3 Unworn +1.5–2 yearsM3 Unworn +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsM3 Worn down +2 yearsCalcaneus F +2.5–3 years
Period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1
Southeastern dump #1 1 Mandible M2 erupting −1 year
Southeastern dump #2 1 Phalanx 1 F +1–1.25 years
Temple B, Phase 1
Hearth 1 1 Metapodial UF, burnt −1.75–2 yearsepiphysisMetapodial UF, burnt −1.75–2 yearsepiphysis
Court 2 Mandible With dP4 −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsD radius UF −3–3.5 yearsP tibia UF −3–3.5 years
The Mammal Remains 461
Table 6.5. (Continued)
Period and Location MNI Element Comments Age
Temple B, Phases 1 and 2
Floors 2 Scapula UF −6–8 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 UF −1–1.25 yearsP humerus head UF −3–3.5 years
Temple B, Phase 2
Hearth 2 1 P ulna UF, burnt −2.5–3 years
Lower hearth/floor around 1 P femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsTripillar Shrine
Court 2 D humerus F +10 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 UF, burnt −1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsMandible With M3 +1.5–2 yearsMetatarsus UF, burnt −1.75–2 years
Period of Temple B, Phase 2
South sounding 2 D humerus F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 UF −1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 2 F, burnt +1–1.25 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsCalcaneus epi- UF −2.5–3 yearsphysis
Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3
South sounding 1 dP4 −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 years
Dump to south 2 Scapula F +6–8 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsP radius F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsM3 Worn down +2 yearsD ulna UF −2.5–3 years
Levels to north 1 P femur F +3–3.5 years
Levels to northeast 2 Mandible M2 erupting −1 yearPhalanx 1 JF 1–1.25 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsCalcaneus UF −2.5–3 yearsP femur UF −3–3.5 years
Levels to west #1 2 M3 +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 years
462 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.5. (Continued)
Period and Location MNI Element Comments Age
Levels to west #2 1 Phalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 2 F +1–1.25 years
Levels to southwest 2 Premolar YoungD humerus F +10 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsM3 +1.5–2 yearsMetapodial UF −1.75–2 yearsMetacarpus F +1.75–2 yearsMetacarpus F +1.75–2 yearsCalcaneus UF −2.5–3 years
Temple B, Phases 2 and 3
Ritual deposit around 2 P femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsTripillar Shrine
Altar U, contents 9 D tibia F, burnt +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F, burnt +1.5–2 yearsCalcaneus UF, burnt −2.5–3 yearsCalcaneus UF, burnt −2.5–3 yearsCalcaneus F, burnt +2.5–3 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsD femur UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsepiphysisD femur UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsepiphysis13 D femur UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsfragments
Court 3 Humerus All UF −10 monthsHumerus All UF −10 monthsMetapodial UF, burnt −1.75–2 yearsepiphysis
The Mammal Remains 463
Table 6.5. (Continued)
Period and Location MNI Element Comments Age
Metacarpus UF −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsP femur head Burnt −3–3.5 years
Building Q, Room 30, 1 P radius F +10 monthslower floor
dP4 Capra −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsCalcaneus UF −2.5–3 years
Building Q, Room 31, 3 dP4 Ovis −1.75–2 yearsdump on upper floor
Metapodial UF −1.75–2 yearsPhalanx 1 UF −1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F, large +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 2 F +1–1.25 yearsMetacarpus F +1.75–2 yearsP ulna UF −2.5–3 yearsP ulna UF −2.5–3 yearsD femur UF, burnt −3–3.5 years
Building Q, Room 31, 1 P radius F +10 monthsbelow floor
Building V, floor 1 M3 +1.5–2 yearsCalcaneus F +2.5–3 years
Period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3
Contents of bowl C 6547 1 Phalanx 2 F +1–1.25 years(Callaghan and Johnston,Chap. 4, Section 1, 316)
Marine meal #4 2 D ulna UF −2.5–3 yearsD ulna F +2.5–3 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF −3–3.5 years
Marine meal #10 1 D tibia F +1.5–2 years
Marine meal #12 1 D humerus F +10 months
Marine meal #14 1 Calcaneus F +2.5–3 years
Marine meal #15 1 P radius F +10 months
East of later altars 3 D humerus F +10 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsP radius F +10 monthsP radius F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 years
464 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.5. (Continued)
Period and Location MNI Element Comments Age
Phalanx 2 F, burnt +1–1.25 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsMetatarsus F +1.75–2 yearsMetatarsus F +1.75–2 yearsMetatarsus F +1.75–2 yearsMetatarsus F +1.75–2 yearsCalcaneus F +2.5–3 yearsP tibia UF −3–3.5 years
South of temple 2 P radius F +10 monthsD tibia UF −1.5–2 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsP femur F +3–3.5 years
Southeast of temple 22 Radius Burnt YoungPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 2 F +1–1.25 yearsdP4 Capra −1.75–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 years